The document discusses various traditional and modern methods of rainwater harvesting practiced across India. It describes structures such as khadins, johads, tankas, kuls, and inundation channels used historically in Rajasthan, Himalayan regions, and flood plains. It also mentions modern rooftop collection systems and the use of filters, storage tanks, and recharge pits. Rainwater harvesting is seen as a sustainable solution to water scarcity and a way to supplement groundwater resources.

1. Rainwater Harvesting Std X – CBSE As per NCERT Geography textbook Contemporary India II

4. Not new to India Source: http://blog.shunya.net/shunyas_blog/2008/08/dholavira-a-har.html Rainwater storage reservoir at Dholavira (Rann of Kutch) – Harappan civilization (2500-1900 BC)

5. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems Widely prevalent in all parts of India Mountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley Flood plains to check floods during monsoons The Deccan plateau which has only monsoon fed (no perennial) rivers

7. Centuries old ‘Kul irrigation’ in the Western Himalayan mountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley Glacier melt is diverted into the head of a ‘kul’ or a diversion channel These ‘kuls’ channel the water over many kilometers They lead into a tank in the village from which water flow is regulated Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/methods/traditional/kuls.htm Accessed November 2008

11. Photo by Farhad Contractor, taken in Alwar district of Rajasthan Johads of Rajasthan (provide water for domestic use) Read about revival of Johads in ‘Reviving India’s water harvesting systems’

12. Tankas of Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi - Rajasthan Note the slope provided for the rainwater (palar pani) to flow into the tanka Pipes from the rooftop lead rainwater into the tanka catchment

19. Bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya

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