its about rain water harvesting

1. RAIN WATER HARVESTNG
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of
rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run
off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in
many places, the water collected is redirected to a deep pit
(well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or
collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses
include water for gardens, livestock,[1] irrigation, domestic
use with proper treatment, indoor heating for houses, etc.
The harvested water can also be used as drinking water,
longer-term storage, and for other purposes such
as groundwater recharge.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest
methods of self-supply of water for households usually
financed by the user.

2. • History of rain water harvesting
• The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater
can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, when
waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors
of houses in village locations of the Levant, a large
area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus
Mountains, bound by the Mediterranean Sea in the
west, the Arabian Desert in the south,
and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC,
cisterns were essential elements of emerging water
management techniques used in dry-land farming.
• Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some
parts of Jerusalem and the entire Land of Israel. At the
site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai
(Khirbet et-Tell), a large cistern dating back to around
2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly
1,700 m3 (60,000 cu ft). It was carved out of solid rock,
lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep
from leaking.

3. • The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large
cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during
the Minoan period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns
have been discovered at Myrtos–Pyrgos, Archanes, and
Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos was found to have
a capacity of more than 80 m3 and date back to 1700 BC.
• Around 300 BCE, farming communities in Balochistan (now
located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch, India, used
rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other
uses.[4] rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings. Rainwater
from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganpathy
Nagar, Thanjavur, India) was collected in Shivaganga tank.[During
the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037
CE) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for
drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank
with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m3).
• Rainwater harvesting was also common in the Roman Empire.
While Roman aqueducts are well-known, Roman cisterns were
also commonly used and their construction expanded with the
Empire. For example, in Pompeii, rooftop water storage was
common before the construction of the aqueduct in the 1st century
BC.This history continued with the Byzantine Empire, for example
the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul.

4. • Though little-known, for centuries the town of
Venice depended on rainwater harvesting. The
lagoon which surrounds Venice is brackish water,
which is not suitable for drinking. The ancient
inhabitants of Venice established a system of
rainwater collection which was based on man-
made insulated collection wells.Water percolated
down the specially designed stone flooring, and
was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at
the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired
territories on the mainland, it started to import
water by boat from local rivers, but the wells
remained in use, and were especially important
in time of war when access to the mainland water
could be blocked by an enemy.

5. • India
• Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for
every building to avoid groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched
in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu.
Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural areas create awareness about
harvesting rainwater TN Govt site. It gave excellent results within five
years, and slowly every state took it as a role model. Since its
implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and
the water quality significantly improved.
• Karnataka: In Bangalore, adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for
every owner or the occupier of a building having the site area measuring
60 ft (18.3 m) × 40 ft (12.2 m) and above and for newly constructed
building measuring 30 ft (9.1 m) × 40 ft (12.2 m) and above dimensions. In
this regard, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated
and constructed “Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park” in the name of
Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2 acres (4,900 m2) of land situated at Jayanagar,
Bangalore. In this park, 26 different type of rainwater harvesting models
are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips. The auditorium
on the first floor is set up with a "green" air conditioning system and will be
used to arrange the meeting and showing of a video clip about the
rainwater harvesting to students and general public.An attempt has been
made at the Department of Chemical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore to
harvest rainwater using upper surface of a solar still, which was used for
water distillation

6. • In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has
traditionally been practised by the people of
the Thar Desert. Many ancient water harvesting
systems in Rajasthan have now been
revived. Water harvesting systems are widely
used in other areas of Rajasthan, as well, for
example the chauka system from the Jaipur
district.
• Maharashtra: At present, in Pune, rainwater
harvesting is compulsory for any new housing
society to be registered.
• In Mumbai, Maharashtra, rainwater harvesting is
not mandatory. The Mumbai City council is
planning to make rainwater harvesting
mandatory for large societies.

7. • Rainwater harvesting by freshwater-
flooded forests
• Rainwater harvesting is possible by
growing freshwater-flooded forests without
losing the income from the used, submerged
land.The main purpose of the rainwater
harvesting is to use the locally available
rainwater to meet water requirements
throughout the year without the need of huge
capital expenditure. This would facilitate the
availability of uncontaminated water for
domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs.

8. • Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels
• Good quality water resource, closer to populated
areas, is becoming scarce and costly for the
consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rain
water is major renewable resource of any land. Vast
area is being covered by solar PV panels every year in
all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used
for harvesting most of the rain water falling on them
and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and
suspended matter, can be generated by
simple filtration and disinfection processes as rain
water is very low in salinity.Exploitation of rain water
for value added products like bottled drinking water,
makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high
rainfall/ cloudy areas by the augmented income from
value added drinking water generation.

9. • Advantages
• Rainwater harvesting provide the independent water supply
during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries,
is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water
when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying
areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable
groundwater levels to be sustained. It also helps in the
availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free
of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting
in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for
both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing
the need for clean waterin water distribution systems, less
generated stormwater in sewer systems,and a reduction in
stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies.
• A large body of work has focused on the development of life
cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the
level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved
by implementing rainwater harvesting systems

10. Applications of rainwater harvesting
• Agriculture
• Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture
and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is able to significantly
reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because
of soil or water scarcity. In addition, the risks associated with
flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would
decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides,
could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are
able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion.
• Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use
rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean
water.To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are
constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills
and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is
collected for crops to grow.Water can be collected from roofs, dams
and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities
of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs,
enough is available to irrigate crops.

11. • Domestic use
• In China, Argentina, and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to
provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small
irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Gansuprovince in
China and semiarid northeast Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater
harvesting projects going on.
• About 40% of Thailand's rural population utilizes rainwater
harvesting. Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the
government in the 1950s. In the 1990s, after government funding for the
collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and provided
several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be
used today. This is one of the largest examples of self-supply of
water worldwide.
• Rainwater harvesting is mandatory for new homes built in Santa Fe, New
Mexico.
• Texas offers a sales tax exemption for the purchase of rainwater
harvesting equipment.
• Both Texas[ and Ohio allow rainwater harvesting to be used even for
potable purposes.
• Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot
projects for rainwater and graywater use among other water-saving
techniques.
• In the United Kingdom, water butts are often found in domestic gardens
and on allotments to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the
garden.

12. LITERATURE STUDY
• FURNITURE DIMENSIONS
• LIVING ROOM
• BEDROOM
• BATHROOM
• KITCHEN
• RAINWATER HARVESTING
BY
AAMINA