The presentation include basic introduction about Sleepers, Ballasts, Track Fitting & Fastenings. The presentation is made according to KUK syllabus.For any query feel free to drop a line in my inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com.
Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems.
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Points & crossings: Turnout, switches, throw switches, diamond crossing, cross-overs, single slip and double slip, scissor cross-over, Triangle & turntable. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems.
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Points & crossings: Turnout, switches, throw switches, diamond crossing, cross-overs, single slip and double slip, scissor cross-over, Triangle & turntable. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Railway Track Components. A Railway Track has many Components in it. they are as follows, Rails; Sleepers; Ballast; Formations or subgrades; A good quality and strong aggregate materials, steel I section to use in the construction of railway tracks. 1. Rails. Rails are the first main element in the Railway Track Components. It is of an I section make with steel. Two rails fix opposite to each other.
components of a railroad track
rail track components
railroad components
parts of a railroad track
parts of a rail
parts of a railroad crossing
rail components
railroad switch part components
components of a railroad track
rail track components
railroad track switch components
railway track and structure
Significance of Road, Rail, Air and Water transports - Coordination of all modes to achieve sustainability - Elements of permanent way – Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, - Track Stress, coning of wheels, creep in rails, defects in rails – Route alignment surveys, conventional and modern methods- - Soil suitability analysis - Geometric design of railways, gradient, super elevation, widening of gauge on curves- Points and Crossings
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Railway Track Components. A Railway Track has many Components in it. they are as follows, Rails; Sleepers; Ballast; Formations or subgrades; A good quality and strong aggregate materials, steel I section to use in the construction of railway tracks. 1. Rails. Rails are the first main element in the Railway Track Components. It is of an I section make with steel. Two rails fix opposite to each other.
components of a railroad track
rail track components
railroad components
parts of a railroad track
parts of a rail
parts of a railroad crossing
rail components
railroad switch part components
components of a railroad track
rail track components
railroad track switch components
railway track and structure
Significance of Road, Rail, Air and Water transports - Coordination of all modes to achieve sustainability - Elements of permanent way – Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, - Track Stress, coning of wheels, creep in rails, defects in rails – Route alignment surveys, conventional and modern methods- - Soil suitability analysis - Geometric design of railways, gradient, super elevation, widening of gauge on curves- Points and Crossings
Railway Engineering:
Permanent Way, Rail Gauge, Broad Gauge, Meter Gauge, Narrow Gauge, Choice of Gauge, Uniformity of Gauge, Rails - Double headed, Bull Headed, Flat footed Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Formation, Types of sleepers, Merits and Demerits, Functions of sleepers, Requirements of good sleepers,Spacing of sleepers, Sleeper Density, Characteristics of good ballast, Capacity of a railway track, Track Fixtures and Fastening, Types of fixtures and fastening, Fish Plates, Dog Spikes, Rail Joints, Creep of Rails, Indication of Creep, Disadvantages of creep in rails, Remedies for prevention of creep, Theory of creep, Coning of Wheels, Theory of coning, Adzing of sleepers, Gradients, Grade compensation on curves, Radius and degree of curves, Super-elevation, Negative cant, Cant Deficiency, Equilibrium speed, Maximum permissible speed, Necessity of geometric design, Track defects, Transition curves, Vertical curves, Points and crossings, Types of crossings, Turnouts, Switches, Interlocking, Signalling, Classification and types of Signals, Semaphore type signal, Detonating signals, Dock signals, Shunting Signals, Warner Signals, Reception & Departure Signals, Railway Station, Purpose of a Railway Station, Site selection for Railway Stations, Track Drainage, Why Need of Proper Drainage.
Airport Engineering:
Basic Terms (AAI, ICAO, IATA), Airport System plan, Master plan, Airport Classification, Site Selection, Imaginary Surfaces, Aircraft Characteristics, Important components of Airport Layout, Runway, Runway Configuration, Runway Orientation, Factors affecting Runway Orientation, Wind Direction Indicator, Wind Rose Diagram - Type I & Type II, Basic Runway Length, Corrections for Elevation, Temperature & Gradient, Actual Runway Length, Runway Geometric (ICAO), Taxiways, Exit Taxiways, Location of Exit Taxiways, Holding Aprons, Hanger, Terminal Building, Aircraft Parking, Airport Marking & Lightning.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Permanent way: Requirement, its component. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com.
Railway Engineering: signaling, interlocking, train control systemBathla Tuition Centre
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Railway Signaling, Interlocking & trail control system.
Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
National planning for construction & infrastructure developmentBathla Tuition Centre
The slides comprises of national planning for construction & infrastructure development; mainly focuses on position of construction industry vis-a-vis other industries, five year plan outlays for construction, current budgets for infrastructure works.
Traditional surveying techniques (introduction to civil engineering)Bathla Tuition Centre
The slides comprises of all Ancient surveying equipment & techniques, mainly focuses on the surveying tools when optics, electrical & sensors are not known.
The main focus of this ppt is in Highway Financing Project- Public Private Partnership & Engineering, Procurement, Construction project. The Failure of PPP & Introduction of EPC.
This sheet is a quiz-sheet of Class 10th chemistry first chapter for central as well as state board. This sheet is a revision test in just a single sheet.
These slides are of the technical event organized by the department of civil engineering & it composed of some ideas that the students can pick to make their projects.
The Slides comprises of all the elements of Airport Layout like Terminal Building, Hanger, Apron, Runway & Taxiway.
feel free to ask any question, just drop a line in comment box.
These notes covers chemistry chapter 2nd of class 11th which are strictly according to CBSE & state board syllabus.The contents covered are Model of atom, electronic configuration & many more..
These notes are of chemistry class 11th first chapter which are strictly according to CBSE & state Board. This notes covers Some basics concepts of chemistry i.e. Branches of chemistry, classification of matter & many more..
These slides are very help for the Diploma (civil engineering) as well students and those students who have great interest in model making. Some of the important models taken as a projects are Eiffel tower model, Geodesic dome, Load bearing spaghetti tower, spaghetti arch truss bridge, load bearing pops sticks truss bridge, load bearing pops sticks arch bridge, cable stayed bridge, Suspension bridge & hydraulic bridge.
the presentation is about Field Astronomy, generally deals with astronomical terms & Co-ordinate system related to field astronomy. Astronomical terms like celestial sphere, Zenith, Nadir & Celestial pole/ equators all are included in these slides; rather than that Celestial latitude & longitude co-ordinate system, Altitude & azimuth co-ordinate system, declination & Right ascension co-ordinate system & Declination & hour angle co-ordinate system are explained in these slides.
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
3. Sleepers are the members laid transverselymembers laid transversely under the rails
which are meant to support the rail over them & transfer the
load from rails to ballast.
RAILWAY SLEEPERS
4. Functions of Railway Sleepers
Maintain Alignment of track
Hold the Rails to Proper gauge
Distribute load over large area of ballast
Absorb vibrations caused by the train
Maintain proper super elevation on curves
Provide overall stability to the permanent way.
5. Requirement of Ideal Sleepers
CAN BE EASILY REMOVED, REPLACED, PACKED & LIFTED
WHEN REQUIRED
DURABLE
MAINTAIN CORRECT
GAUGE
MODERATE WEIGHT
RESIST IMPACT & VIBRATIONS
LESS MAINTENANCE COST
GOOD HOLDING CAPACITY
PROVIDE GOOD TRACK CIRCUITING
HIGH SCRAP VALUE
7. Wooden Sleepers
Wooden Logs of Hard wood such as Sal & teak and soft
wood such as Chir & Deodar.
Requirements:
Well seasoned
Free from all type of defects
Suitability
Every section of Rails
Any gauge of Track
All type of ballast
10. Metal Sleepers
Made up of concrete can either be made up of Reinforced
concrete & Pre-stressed concrete sleepers.
Requirements:
Bear tensile & compressive stresses
Packing of ballast not disturbed
Track circuiting is possible
Provide sufficient grip
Suitability
Every section of Rails
Any gauge of Track
All type of ballast
14. Concrete Sleepers
Made up of concrete can either be made up of Reinforced
concrete & Pre-stressed concrete.
Requirements:
Moderate Weight
Resist Impact & Vibration
Suitability
Fast & Heavy Traffic
Ideal track for elastic fastenings
18. Sleeper density
Number of Sleepers used per rail length.
Expressed as M+1, M+2, M+3 etc.
Where M is the Length of Rail in meters
The No. varies according to axle load, speed, type &
section of rails etc.
In case of LWR/CWR, this is expressed in the terms of No. of
sleepers per Km length.
For India, Number of sleepers per Rail length varies as M+4 to
M+7.
19. Ballast is the granular materialgranular material packed under & around the
sleepers to transfer loads from sleepers to the ballast.
Component: BALLAST
20. Functions of Railway Ballast
Distribute load uniformly on ground or subgrade.
Holds sleepers in correct position
Provide good drainage
Prevents growth of weeds
Make the track elastic to some degree
21. Requirement of good Ballast
STRONG
CLEAN
DURABLE
STABLE
NO HARMFUL EFFECTES ON RAIL &
SLEEPERS
ECONOMICAL
PROVIDE GOOD DRAINAGE
23. Size of Ballast
Best size of Ballast used varies from 1.9cm & 5.1cm with
reasonable proportion of intermediate sizes.
Size of Ballast depends upon
Types of sleepers
Location of the Track
Types of Sleepers & Location of Track Ballast Size
Wooden sleepers 5.1 cm
Steel sleepers track 3.8 cm
Under Switches & crossings 2.54 cm
24. Section of Ballast
Consists of Two Dimensions
Width of Ballast Section at the foot level of Rails
Depth of Ballast Section below the sleeper
The width of Ballast varies from 38 cm to 43 cm.
Minimum depth of Ballast (Db) =
Sleeper spacing (S) - width of sleeper (W)
2
(S)(S)
WW 2Db2Db WW
DbDb
25. Quantity of Ballast
Ballast Required per meter length
Depends upon Various factors
Type of Gauge
Type of Sleepers
Alignment of the Track (on Curves quantity of ballast is
slightly more.
Gauge Type of Sleepers Recommended Quantity of Ballast
B.G. Wooden & Metal Sleeper 1.036 cubic meter per meter run
M.G. Wooden & Metal Sleeper 0.71 cubic meter per meter run
N.G. Wooden Sleeper 0.53 cubic meter per meter run
26. Track Fittings & Fastenings
All the fittings Which is used to keep the rails in the proper
position & to set the point & crossing properly.
Important fittings commonly used in permanent way are
Fish Plate Bolts Keys
Spikes Chairs Plates
27. Fish Plates
At every rail joint, two fish plates on either side are provided to
maintain the continuity of the Rails.
Functions
Used in Rail Joints to Maintain the continuity of the rails
To allow for any expansion or contraction of the rail caused
by temperature variations
Maintain the correct alignment of the line horizontally &
Vertically.
Requirements
Permit free expansion & Contraction
Supports underside rail & top of foot
Easy to replace
Resist vertical & lateral bending
28. Bearing Plate
Provided in between the flat footed rails & The wooden
sleepers.
Made up of steel , Cast Iron etc.
Functions
Protect sleeper from sinking & Damage
Distribute load over large area
Help fastening to remain in position
Not used in case of B.H. & D.H. rails
since there are chairs.
29. Spikes
Used to fix rails, bearing plates & chairs to wooden sleepers
30. Dog Spikes
Resemble with the dog ear, generally used for holding the
flat footed rails to a wooden sleepers.
Advantages
Cheapest
Easy in Fixing & removing from sleeper
Maintain a better gauge
Disadvantages
Due to wave motion, spikes are
slightly are driven out of the sleepers
cause creep in the rail.
31. Screw Spikes
Tapered screw with V-threads, head is circular with square
projection.
Advantages
Holding power is more
Resist lateral Thrust
Strong
Disadvantages
Costly
Gauge Maintenance is difficult
32. Round Spikes
Head either cylindrical or hemispherical & have blunt end.
Used for fixing chairs of Bull headed Rails to wooden
sleepers
Used for fixing slide chairs of Point & Crossing
Have limited Use
Also Known as Rough Spikes
33. Elastic Spikes
Have special head & are provided with a steel spring
Head absorbs the wave motion without getting loose.
Provide better grip
Reduce wear & Tear of Rail
Reduce Creep of Rail also
Most commonly used in U.K.
3-spikes per Baseplates are used
34. Bolts
Used for connecting fish plates to the rails at rail joints,
bearing plates& chairs to wooden sleepers etc.
35. Chairs
For holding Double-headed & Bull-headed rails to fix to the
sleeper by round spikes Cast Iron chairs are Used.
Stock & tongue Rails are rest on special type of Chairs
Named as Slide Chairs
36. Keys
Small tapered pieces of timbers & steel used for fixing rails to
sleepers.
It is used to fix Double & bull headed rails to chairs.
Track Circuiting: A track circuit is a simple electrical device used to detect the presence & absence of a train on rail tracks.
Scrap Value: the expected or estimated value of the asset at the end of its useful life
CST 9 sleepers- combination of Plate & Box type sleepers
Triangular inverted pot on either rail seat, a plate with projected rib & a box on the top of the plate
CST 9 sleepers- combination of Plate & Box type sleepers
Triangular inverted pot on either rail seat, a plate with projected rib & a box on the top of the plate
Track Circuiting: A track circuit is a simple electrical device used to detect the presence & absence of a train on rail tracks.
Scrap Value: the expected or estimated value of the asset at the end of its useful life
Resembles with the ear of dog
Left slightly above the rail flange to allow wave motion