Radiology is a dynamic specialty that uses various imaging modalities like X-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat diseases. Radiologists communicate results to other doctors and patients. While radiologists spend time interpreting images, they also perform procedures, see and talk to patients, and are involved in multi-disciplinary teams. There are many radiology subspecialties focused on different body systems and imaging modalities. Radiology residents train for 4 years including call duties and take their board exams in their third year before pursuing optional fellowship training in a subspecialty.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including lobar pneumonia, round pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, atypical pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung abscess. It provides definitions, etiologies, clinical presentations, and radiographic features of each condition. For tuberculosis specifically, it describes features of primary tuberculosis, post-primary tuberculosis, and miliary tuberculosis. It also discusses complications of pneumonia and differential diagnoses for various pulmonary findings.
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of nodular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Imaging of kidny i htn by dr.abd alla shady mdFarragBahbah
Renovascular hypertension is a common cause of secondary hypertension that results from renal artery stenosis. It can be diagnosed through imaging tests like Doppler ultrasound, MRI/CT angiography, and renal scintigraphy. These tests identify anatomical narrowing of the renal arteries and assess renal perfusion and function before and after administration of drugs that stimulate the renin-angiotensin system. Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting are endovascular procedures used to treat renovascular hypertension in select patients with refractory or progressive hypertension related to renal artery stenosis. The choice of imaging test depends on factors like renal function and bilateral versus unilateral involvement to identify and characterize renal artery stenosis safely and effectively.
Multiplanar reformatted images in CT scans of the chest allow radiologists to view the scans in different planes and orientations beyond just axial sections. This helps identify patterns of diffuse lung disease, distributions of lesions, and other findings more quickly. Techniques like longitudinal reformation, minimum intensity projection (mIP), maximum intensity projection (MIP), multiplanar virtual reality (VR) averaging, and three-dimensional VR and volume intensity projection (VIP) generate reformatted images that provide additional clinical information about characteristics and locations of abnormalities in a more efficient manner compared to just reviewing numerous axial images.
Bronchial Artery Embolization- By Dr.Tinku JosephDr.Tinku Joseph
Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a minimally invasive procedure used to control massive or recurrent hemoptysis by occluding the blood supply to the lungs via selective catheterization and embolization of abnormal bronchial vessels. BAE has a high rate of immediate bleeding control of 57-100% and long-term control of 70-88%. Potential complications include tissue infarction if smaller embolic particles are used and transverse myelitis if branches supplying the spinal cord are inadvertently occluded. Careful angiography is required to identify the origin of vessels like the artery of Adamkiewicz to avoid neurologic complications during the procedure.
This document provides an overview of imaging techniques used to evaluate the large bowel and various pathologies that can affect it. It discusses anatomy, investigations like barium enema and CT colonography. Conditions covered include large bowel obstruction, colorectal tumors like polyps and adenomas, and polyposis syndromes. Imaging findings for various lesions are presented along with descriptions of features seen on barium enema, CT, and colonoscopy.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including lobar pneumonia, round pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, atypical pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung abscess. It provides definitions, etiologies, clinical presentations, and radiographic features of each condition. For tuberculosis specifically, it describes features of primary tuberculosis, post-primary tuberculosis, and miliary tuberculosis. It also discusses complications of pneumonia and differential diagnoses for various pulmonary findings.
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of nodular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Imaging of kidny i htn by dr.abd alla shady mdFarragBahbah
Renovascular hypertension is a common cause of secondary hypertension that results from renal artery stenosis. It can be diagnosed through imaging tests like Doppler ultrasound, MRI/CT angiography, and renal scintigraphy. These tests identify anatomical narrowing of the renal arteries and assess renal perfusion and function before and after administration of drugs that stimulate the renin-angiotensin system. Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting are endovascular procedures used to treat renovascular hypertension in select patients with refractory or progressive hypertension related to renal artery stenosis. The choice of imaging test depends on factors like renal function and bilateral versus unilateral involvement to identify and characterize renal artery stenosis safely and effectively.
Multiplanar reformatted images in CT scans of the chest allow radiologists to view the scans in different planes and orientations beyond just axial sections. This helps identify patterns of diffuse lung disease, distributions of lesions, and other findings more quickly. Techniques like longitudinal reformation, minimum intensity projection (mIP), maximum intensity projection (MIP), multiplanar virtual reality (VR) averaging, and three-dimensional VR and volume intensity projection (VIP) generate reformatted images that provide additional clinical information about characteristics and locations of abnormalities in a more efficient manner compared to just reviewing numerous axial images.
Bronchial Artery Embolization- By Dr.Tinku JosephDr.Tinku Joseph
Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a minimally invasive procedure used to control massive or recurrent hemoptysis by occluding the blood supply to the lungs via selective catheterization and embolization of abnormal bronchial vessels. BAE has a high rate of immediate bleeding control of 57-100% and long-term control of 70-88%. Potential complications include tissue infarction if smaller embolic particles are used and transverse myelitis if branches supplying the spinal cord are inadvertently occluded. Careful angiography is required to identify the origin of vessels like the artery of Adamkiewicz to avoid neurologic complications during the procedure.
This document provides an overview of imaging techniques used to evaluate the large bowel and various pathologies that can affect it. It discusses anatomy, investigations like barium enema and CT colonography. Conditions covered include large bowel obstruction, colorectal tumors like polyps and adenomas, and polyposis syndromes. Imaging findings for various lesions are presented along with descriptions of features seen on barium enema, CT, and colonoscopy.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of the nasopharyngeal diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various diseases of the nasopharynx seen on radiological imaging. It includes MRI and CT scans showing abscesses, inflammatory pseudotumors, carcinomas, lymphomas, sarcomas and other rare tumors in the nasopharynx such as teratomas, chordomas and paragangliomas. Classification and characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are also covered, noting it is most common in East Asia and associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Images demonstrate features of local invasion and extension to surrounding structures.
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, imaging, and pathologies of the diaphragm. It describes the diaphragm's muscular origins and innervation. Normal chest x-rays show the diaphragm is 2-3 mm thick. Pathologies include diaphragmatic paralysis, ruptures from trauma, and hernias such as Bochdalek and Morgagni hernias. Tumors like leiomyosarcomas can also involve the diaphragm. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating diaphragmatic abnormalities.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
This document contains 22 radiology case spots describing various pathologies. For each spot, the document provides a brief description of the imaging findings and diagnosis. The cases cover a wide range of topics including musculoskeletal, chest, neurologic, breast and vascular pathologies. Differential diagnoses are also provided for some cases to aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
This document discusses the imaging and characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). It defines an SPN and lists potential benign and malignant causes. Key imaging features that can help differentiate benign from malignant SPNs are described, including size, shape, edge characteristics, internal textures like calcification, fat and cavitation. The roles of CT, MRI, PET and other modalities are outlined. Determining the growth rate over time and performing biopsies are important for indeterminate nodules. Common benign entities like granulomas, hamartomas and infarcts are shown as examples.
Doppler ultrasound of the portal system - Normal findingsSamir Haffar
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound of the normal portal system, including:
1. Principles of Doppler ultrasound and how to adjust settings like color box size, velocity scale, gain, and wall filter to optimize the examination.
2. Sites for duplex insonation of the portal system and techniques for obtaining spectral waveforms.
3. Normal Doppler ultrasound findings of the portal vein, hepatic veins, and hepatic artery, including measurements and anatomy.
This document summarizes the key points about chest CT protocols and techniques:
1. Chest CT is used to further evaluate abnormalities found on chest x-rays and can diagnose many lung disorders due to its high resolution images. Proper patient positioning, administration of intravenous contrast, and adjusting scanning parameters are important for high quality images.
2. Chest CT protocols involve scanning from the thoracic inlet to the dome of the diaphragm with thin slices and reconstructions to visualize the lungs, mediastinum, chest wall, and upper abdomen. Contrast is used for certain indications to enhance visibility of vessels and lesions.
3. Indications for chest CT include evaluating lung tumors, pulmonary nodules, infections
Lung scintigraphy in various lung pathologiesljmcneill33
This document discusses various lung pathologies that can be evaluated using lung scintigraphy. It begins with the normal structure and function of the lung, then describes different categories of lung disease including degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic, infectious, and occupational diseases. Specific pathologies covered in detail include atelectasis, acute lung injury, obstructive lung diseases like emphysema and asthma, interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and granulomatous diseases including sarcoidosis and pulmonary eosinophilia. Images from lung scintigraphy and PET/CT are provided as examples for some of the pathologies.
This document discusses pulmonary interventional radiology procedures. It covers percutaneous lung biopsy techniques and indications. Minimally invasive image-guided procedures are described for draining fluid collections in the lungs and chest. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization is discussed as the standard treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations to reduce risks. Various embolic agents, advantages, and recanalization risks are summarized.
Know "Solitary Pulmonary Nodule" in a simple way !! (Radiology)Dr.Santosh Atreya
A solitary pulmonary nodule is defined as a well-circumscribed opacity less than 3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma. Most solitary nodules are benign, but some may represent early lung cancer. Common benign nodules include granulomas, hamartomas, and benign tumors. Imaging with CT scan is important to evaluate characteristics like size, shape, margin, internal features, and doubling time, which provide clues about whether a nodule is benign or malignant. Tissue sampling through biopsy may be needed for diagnosis in indeterminate cases.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used to diagnose conditions that present with acute abdomen such as abdominal pain, including plain radiography, ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
2) Common causes of acute abdomen discussed include appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, small bowel obstruction, mesenteric lymphadenitis, epiploic appendagitis, urolithiasis, ruptured aneurysm, and acute pancreatitis.
3) Imaging findings for diagnosing these conditions are provided, with ultrasound and CT noted as important first-line tests to identify the cause of acute abdomen and exclude serious complications.
1. The document describes various gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal conditions seen on imaging. It includes descriptions of total colonic aganglionosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pectus excavatum, Reiter's syndrome, median arcuate ligament syndrome, and Haglund syndrome among others.
2. The conditions are described and key radiographic findings are highlighted, such as the displacement and tapering of ureters seen in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Common presentations, classifications, and distinguishing radiologic features are summarized for each condition.
3. Different imaging modalities are discussed, with CT and MRI findings provided where relevant to demonstrate characteristics of the various diseases and injuries.
This document provides descriptions and radiographic signs of various pulmonary conditions seen on chest x-rays and CT scans. It includes definitions of terms like secondary lobule and centrilobular emphysema. Specific pathologies covered include Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary fibrosis patterns, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Radiographic findings are presented for different conditions along with accompanying CT images to illustrate signs like cysts, nodules, and reticulation. Differential diagnoses are discussed based on imaging appearance.
The document discusses various central nervous system infections, how they can be classified, their routes of entry and imaging appearances. It covers congenital infections including TORCH infections, acquired pyogenic infections such as meningitis, abscesses and ventriculitis. It also discusses viral, parasitic and fungal infections of the CNS. For each type of infection, the causative pathogens, locations, presentations and characteristic imaging findings are outlined.
Pediatric urinary tract infection..the role of imagingAhmed Bahnassy
Urinary tract infections are common in children and imaging plays an important role. Ultrasound can be used to (1) identify potential causes of infection, (2) determine if kidneys are normal or at risk for scarring, and (3) detect issues like reflux that facilitate infection. The document outlines ultrasound techniques for evaluating the urinary bladder, kidneys, and ureters in children with UTIs and describes findings of conditions like acute pyelonephritis, abscesses, and scarring. Ultrasound remains valuable for characterizing urinary tract anatomy and complications in pediatric UTI patients.
Brief discussion on ultrasonography of the chest: Benefits, Techniques and Instrumentation, Normal Anatomy, Diagnostic US of the chest, Limitations of Thoracic US, US based differential diagnosis, Take home points.
This document discusses several radiopharmaceutical techniques for imaging the gastrointestinal tract, including detecting gastrointestinal bleeding, Meckel's diverticulum, inflammatory bowel disease, and neuroendocrine tumors. Scintigraphy using radiolabeled red blood cells or colloids can help locate the source of gastrointestinal bleeding when endoscopy is inconclusive. Meckel's diverticulum can be identified by detecting ectopic gastric mucosa using technetium pertechnetate imaging. White blood cell scintigraphy with indium or technetium can demonstrate inflammatory bowel disease. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using indium-labeled octreotide is useful for detecting and staging neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid tumors.
This document provides an overview of imaging for abdominal trauma. It summarizes that FAST has high sensitivity for detecting free fluid but lower sensitivity for organ injuries compared to CT. CT is nearly 100% accurate for detecting hemoperitoneum and organ injuries and can help guide management. The document recommends performing FAST first in hemodynamically unstable patients and CT in stable patients, with CT also indicated for penetrating injuries to the back/flank and potentially the anterior abdomen.
The document discusses the virtues and vices of teleradiology as well as potential malpractice issues. It notes that while teleradiology can provide timely interpretations from subspecialists, it also poses risks such as limited access to prior images and clinical data as well as less communication with ordering physicians. The document also examines issues radiologists may face with incidental findings, such as whether to report things like small cysts that likely have little clinical significance but could theoretically be early cancers. Overall it presents many complex factors around these areas of radiology practice.
RADIOTHERAPY FOR ENDOMETRIUM AND CERVICAL CANCERSKanhu Charan
1. The document discusses radiotherapy techniques for treating gynaecological malignancies such as cancer of the cervix, endometrium, vulva, and ovaries.
2. It describes the evolution of radiotherapy from conventional 2D techniques to newer approaches like 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
3. Key factors in treatment planning and delivery discussed include patient immobilization, imaging techniques for treatment planning like CT and PET scanning, and methods of verifying accurate patient positioning and treatment delivery such as electronic portal imaging.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of the nasopharyngeal diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various diseases of the nasopharynx seen on radiological imaging. It includes MRI and CT scans showing abscesses, inflammatory pseudotumors, carcinomas, lymphomas, sarcomas and other rare tumors in the nasopharynx such as teratomas, chordomas and paragangliomas. Classification and characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are also covered, noting it is most common in East Asia and associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Images demonstrate features of local invasion and extension to surrounding structures.
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology, imaging, and pathologies of the diaphragm. It describes the diaphragm's muscular origins and innervation. Normal chest x-rays show the diaphragm is 2-3 mm thick. Pathologies include diaphragmatic paralysis, ruptures from trauma, and hernias such as Bochdalek and Morgagni hernias. Tumors like leiomyosarcomas can also involve the diaphragm. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating diaphragmatic abnormalities.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
This document contains 22 radiology case spots describing various pathologies. For each spot, the document provides a brief description of the imaging findings and diagnosis. The cases cover a wide range of topics including musculoskeletal, chest, neurologic, breast and vascular pathologies. Differential diagnoses are also provided for some cases to aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
This document discusses the imaging and characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). It defines an SPN and lists potential benign and malignant causes. Key imaging features that can help differentiate benign from malignant SPNs are described, including size, shape, edge characteristics, internal textures like calcification, fat and cavitation. The roles of CT, MRI, PET and other modalities are outlined. Determining the growth rate over time and performing biopsies are important for indeterminate nodules. Common benign entities like granulomas, hamartomas and infarcts are shown as examples.
Doppler ultrasound of the portal system - Normal findingsSamir Haffar
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound of the normal portal system, including:
1. Principles of Doppler ultrasound and how to adjust settings like color box size, velocity scale, gain, and wall filter to optimize the examination.
2. Sites for duplex insonation of the portal system and techniques for obtaining spectral waveforms.
3. Normal Doppler ultrasound findings of the portal vein, hepatic veins, and hepatic artery, including measurements and anatomy.
This document summarizes the key points about chest CT protocols and techniques:
1. Chest CT is used to further evaluate abnormalities found on chest x-rays and can diagnose many lung disorders due to its high resolution images. Proper patient positioning, administration of intravenous contrast, and adjusting scanning parameters are important for high quality images.
2. Chest CT protocols involve scanning from the thoracic inlet to the dome of the diaphragm with thin slices and reconstructions to visualize the lungs, mediastinum, chest wall, and upper abdomen. Contrast is used for certain indications to enhance visibility of vessels and lesions.
3. Indications for chest CT include evaluating lung tumors, pulmonary nodules, infections
Lung scintigraphy in various lung pathologiesljmcneill33
This document discusses various lung pathologies that can be evaluated using lung scintigraphy. It begins with the normal structure and function of the lung, then describes different categories of lung disease including degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic, infectious, and occupational diseases. Specific pathologies covered in detail include atelectasis, acute lung injury, obstructive lung diseases like emphysema and asthma, interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and granulomatous diseases including sarcoidosis and pulmonary eosinophilia. Images from lung scintigraphy and PET/CT are provided as examples for some of the pathologies.
This document discusses pulmonary interventional radiology procedures. It covers percutaneous lung biopsy techniques and indications. Minimally invasive image-guided procedures are described for draining fluid collections in the lungs and chest. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization is discussed as the standard treatment for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations to reduce risks. Various embolic agents, advantages, and recanalization risks are summarized.
Know "Solitary Pulmonary Nodule" in a simple way !! (Radiology)Dr.Santosh Atreya
A solitary pulmonary nodule is defined as a well-circumscribed opacity less than 3 cm in diameter surrounded by lung parenchyma. Most solitary nodules are benign, but some may represent early lung cancer. Common benign nodules include granulomas, hamartomas, and benign tumors. Imaging with CT scan is important to evaluate characteristics like size, shape, margin, internal features, and doubling time, which provide clues about whether a nodule is benign or malignant. Tissue sampling through biopsy may be needed for diagnosis in indeterminate cases.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used to diagnose conditions that present with acute abdomen such as abdominal pain, including plain radiography, ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
2) Common causes of acute abdomen discussed include appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, small bowel obstruction, mesenteric lymphadenitis, epiploic appendagitis, urolithiasis, ruptured aneurysm, and acute pancreatitis.
3) Imaging findings for diagnosing these conditions are provided, with ultrasound and CT noted as important first-line tests to identify the cause of acute abdomen and exclude serious complications.
1. The document describes various gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal conditions seen on imaging. It includes descriptions of total colonic aganglionosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pectus excavatum, Reiter's syndrome, median arcuate ligament syndrome, and Haglund syndrome among others.
2. The conditions are described and key radiographic findings are highlighted, such as the displacement and tapering of ureters seen in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Common presentations, classifications, and distinguishing radiologic features are summarized for each condition.
3. Different imaging modalities are discussed, with CT and MRI findings provided where relevant to demonstrate characteristics of the various diseases and injuries.
This document provides descriptions and radiographic signs of various pulmonary conditions seen on chest x-rays and CT scans. It includes definitions of terms like secondary lobule and centrilobular emphysema. Specific pathologies covered include Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary fibrosis patterns, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Radiographic findings are presented for different conditions along with accompanying CT images to illustrate signs like cysts, nodules, and reticulation. Differential diagnoses are discussed based on imaging appearance.
The document discusses various central nervous system infections, how they can be classified, their routes of entry and imaging appearances. It covers congenital infections including TORCH infections, acquired pyogenic infections such as meningitis, abscesses and ventriculitis. It also discusses viral, parasitic and fungal infections of the CNS. For each type of infection, the causative pathogens, locations, presentations and characteristic imaging findings are outlined.
Pediatric urinary tract infection..the role of imagingAhmed Bahnassy
Urinary tract infections are common in children and imaging plays an important role. Ultrasound can be used to (1) identify potential causes of infection, (2) determine if kidneys are normal or at risk for scarring, and (3) detect issues like reflux that facilitate infection. The document outlines ultrasound techniques for evaluating the urinary bladder, kidneys, and ureters in children with UTIs and describes findings of conditions like acute pyelonephritis, abscesses, and scarring. Ultrasound remains valuable for characterizing urinary tract anatomy and complications in pediatric UTI patients.
Brief discussion on ultrasonography of the chest: Benefits, Techniques and Instrumentation, Normal Anatomy, Diagnostic US of the chest, Limitations of Thoracic US, US based differential diagnosis, Take home points.
This document discusses several radiopharmaceutical techniques for imaging the gastrointestinal tract, including detecting gastrointestinal bleeding, Meckel's diverticulum, inflammatory bowel disease, and neuroendocrine tumors. Scintigraphy using radiolabeled red blood cells or colloids can help locate the source of gastrointestinal bleeding when endoscopy is inconclusive. Meckel's diverticulum can be identified by detecting ectopic gastric mucosa using technetium pertechnetate imaging. White blood cell scintigraphy with indium or technetium can demonstrate inflammatory bowel disease. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using indium-labeled octreotide is useful for detecting and staging neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid tumors.
This document provides an overview of imaging for abdominal trauma. It summarizes that FAST has high sensitivity for detecting free fluid but lower sensitivity for organ injuries compared to CT. CT is nearly 100% accurate for detecting hemoperitoneum and organ injuries and can help guide management. The document recommends performing FAST first in hemodynamically unstable patients and CT in stable patients, with CT also indicated for penetrating injuries to the back/flank and potentially the anterior abdomen.
The document discusses the virtues and vices of teleradiology as well as potential malpractice issues. It notes that while teleradiology can provide timely interpretations from subspecialists, it also poses risks such as limited access to prior images and clinical data as well as less communication with ordering physicians. The document also examines issues radiologists may face with incidental findings, such as whether to report things like small cysts that likely have little clinical significance but could theoretically be early cancers. Overall it presents many complex factors around these areas of radiology practice.
RADIOTHERAPY FOR ENDOMETRIUM AND CERVICAL CANCERSKanhu Charan
1. The document discusses radiotherapy techniques for treating gynaecological malignancies such as cancer of the cervix, endometrium, vulva, and ovaries.
2. It describes the evolution of radiotherapy from conventional 2D techniques to newer approaches like 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
3. Key factors in treatment planning and delivery discussed include patient immobilization, imaging techniques for treatment planning like CT and PET scanning, and methods of verifying accurate patient positioning and treatment delivery such as electronic portal imaging.
Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive tracers and imaging techniques to examine organ structure and function. It combines fields like chemistry, physics, and medicine. Nuclear imaging allows visualization of tissue structure and function by tracking how radiotracers are absorbed. Common nuclear medicine scans include thyroid scans to help diagnose thyroid abnormalities early. A thyroid scan involves administering a small amount of radioactive iodine and using a gamma camera to detect its distribution and uptake in the thyroid gland.
This document discusses radiation and its uses in dentistry. It begins with an overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of radiation. Radiation has benefits in medical diagnosis and treatment through uses like x-rays, gamma rays for sterilization, and nuclear medicine. In dentistry, x-rays are commonly used for diagnostic purposes to detect issues like dental caries, periodontal disease, cysts and tumors. Radiation also has therapeutic uses in dentistry through procedures like radiotherapy for malignant diseases. The document outlines several specific diagnostic imaging techniques used in dentistry like bitewings, periapicals and panoramic x-rays.
This document discusses x-rays and medical imaging technology. It covers:
1. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that can potentially damage DNA and increase cancer risk, though risk from medical imaging is generally small depending on dose, age, sex, and body region exposed.
2. X-rays are used in medical imaging to non-invasively diagnose disease, monitor therapy, and guide procedures through techniques like radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT scans.
3. Principles of radiation protection include justifying exams based on medical need and optimizing techniques to use the lowest dose for adequate diagnosis. Risks include potential long-term cancer risk and rare tissue effects.
Adverse reactions and management of contrast reactions Ashim Budhathoki
The document provides information on contrast media used in medical imaging. It begins with acknowledging those who helped with the project. It then discusses the objectives of the study which are to define contrast media, explain types and reactions, and responsibilities during contrast studies. The document classifies contrast media as positive or negative. Positive contrast media make structures appear brighter on images while negative contrast media make structures appear darker. It provides details on various contrast agents used for different medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound and their routes of administration.
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on radiologic errors given at a conference. It discusses defining medical errors and differentiating them from complications. Error rates from retrospective studies of radiology are presented, ranging from 25-90% for missed cancers depending on the imaging modality and body area. Prospective "real-time" error rates are estimated to be 3-4%. Causes of errors including perceptual and cognitive factors are reviewed. Standards of care, hindsight bias, outcome bias and efforts to reduce errors are also discussed. An anecdote is shared about lawyers and doctors continuing adversarial relationship on flights.
Presentation slides from our first meeting, held on Tuesday 10th September 2013 at the Royal College of Surgeons.
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This document provides an overview of the fourth edition of the textbook "Practical Radiotherapy Planning". The textbook is written by four authors who are professors and consultants in clinical oncology in the UK. It aims to provide guidance on radiotherapy treatment planning based on sound pathological and anatomical principles. The textbook covers topics such as radiobiology, organs at risk, brachytherapy, emergency radiotherapy, and treatment planning for many cancer sites. It emphasizes the underlying principles of treatment planning that can be applied to conventional, conformal and novel radiotherapy techniques. The textbook includes many clinical images to illustrate key planning concepts.
This survey of radiographers in Australian hospitals investigated their participation in abnormality detection systems for trauma radiographs, their perceptions of the benefits and barriers of radiographer commenting, and their views on radiographer image interpretation services. The results found that most radiographers participated in abnormality detection for less than 20% or more than 80% of examinations. Perceived benefits included assisting patient care, but barriers included limited access to image interpretation education and low confidence. Improving access to education was seen as an enabler for greater participation in detection and commenting systems.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized UN agency responsible for international health and public health. Through WHO, health professionals from 165 countries collaborate to help all people attain a level of health allowing a productive life by 2000. WHO promotes comprehensive health services, disease prevention and control, environmental improvement, health workforce development, research coordination, and health program planning and implementation. Progress requires international cooperation on standards, criteria, drug names, regulations, disease classification, and health statistics.
This document outlines a proposal for an Emergency Radiology Fellowship program. It notes the increasing subspecialization in medicine and complexity of technologies. An Emergency Radiology Fellowship would train radiologists in emergency settings through a competency-based curriculum involving practical skills. Selecting institutions with adequate emergency infrastructure and qualified faculty is important. While subspecialization provides expertise, the approach also needs to be multidisciplinary to avoid issues like fragmentation or conflicts of interest. The fellowship aims to address future imaging needs through specialized emergency training.
This study analyzed radiation doses received by patients from medical X-ray examinations in Nigeria between 2000-2014. The most common examinations were skull (32%), chest (22%), and lumbar spine (13%). Mean entrance surface doses for various examinations, such as chest and skull, were found to exceed internationally recommended diagnostic reference levels. To better protect patients and improve practices, the study concluded that Nigeria needs to develop comprehensive national diagnostic reference levels.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive tracers and imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. It allows physicians to obtain medical information noninvasively that may otherwise require surgery or more invasive tests. Nuclear medicine procedures can identify abnormalities early in the progression of diseases and allow for earlier treatment when prognosis is better. Over 18 million nuclear medicine procedures are performed annually in the United States to diagnose and treat many different types of diseases.
This document provides an introduction to diagnostic radiography. It discusses what diagnostic radiography is, the early history of radiography dating back to Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895. It then describes several common diagnostic imaging modalities used today including conventional x-ray, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT scanning, and MRI. Each modality is briefly explained in terms of its benefits, risks, and applications. The document concludes with a short section on the history and current state of diagnostic radiography in Ghana.
The document summarizes the Saudi neurology board, chaired by Dr. Hessa Alotaibi. It outlines the goals of establishing an excellent neurology training program and certifying competent neurologists. The 4-year residency involves rotations in internal medicine, clinical neurology, pediatrics, and electives. Residents are evaluated annually and must pass written and clinical board exams to become certified. The program aims to promote subspecialties and meet the growing need for neurologists in Saudi Arabia.
Radiography is a technique that uses radiation, such as x-rays, to view the internal structures of the body. It can be used for both medical and industrial purposes. Medically, radiography is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to diagnose diseases and guide treatment. Some common medical radiography techniques include x-rays, CT scans, mammograms, and fluoroscopy. While radiography provides benefits for diagnosing and treating illnesses, it also carries some risks, such as a small increased risk of developing cancer from exposure to ionizing radiation. However, the benefits of radiography for improving health outcomes are considered to outweigh these potential risks.
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease. In diagnostic nuclear medicine, a radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient and detected by a gamma camera to produce images of organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiopharmaceuticals that emit positrons to produce highly accurate images of metabolic activity in the body, making it effective for cancer diagnosis, staging, assessing treatment response, and detecting recurrence. PET's most common radiopharmaceutical is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by metabolically active cells including many cancers.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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1. OUT OF THE DARK:
RADIOLOGY
SPECIALTY
SPOTLIGHT
Marco Ertreo, MD PGY3-R2
Chair of International Outreach
Committee, SIR/RFS
Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington DC
2. OVERVIEW
What a radiologist actually does
Common radiology myths and facts
Subspecialties in radiology and what they actually do
What is a radiology resident’s daily life like
Current training pathways
2
3. THE RADIOLOGIST
A physician specialized in radiology, the
branch of medicine that uses ionizing and
nonionizing radiation for the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
3
9. MYTH: YOU WILL NEVER SEE OR
TALK TO A PATIENT EVER AGAIN…
• FACT: Radiologists see and talk to patients
all the time. Studying and evaluating x-ray
images is certainly a large part of being a
radiologist - and perhaps the most
recognizable part of the job.
• Departments are typically divided into
sections or subspecialty areas by body part
or imaging modality, and each section
performs a variety of diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures.
• In particular, fluoroscopy, interventional
radiology, ultrasound, and mammography
subspecialists are especially involved in
direct patient care, including counseling
patients, performing procedures, and post-
procedure management. 9
11. MYTH: RADIOLOGISTS ARE A
BUNCH OF ANTI-SOCIAL
INTROVERTS WHO ARE AFRAID OF
TALKING TO PEOPLE…
• FACT: Communication lies at the heart of
radiology. To be successful, radiologists are
in constant communication with patients,
referring physicians, as well as
multidisciplinary teams. While radiology
appears to the outsider as one person
examining one image, the reality goes
much deeper. The information gleaned by
examining the image is shared with others,
putting the radiologist in the role of
subject matter expert.
• Radiologist are, ultimately, consultants.
11
12. MYTH: YOU WILL BE ALONE IN A
DARK ROOM ALL DAY, EVERY DAY…
• FACT: Radiologists see the light of
day. While it is an undeniable truth
that radiologists spend time in a
dimly lit room, the radiology
reading room is filled with people
and activity throughout the day.
Unlike many other medical
specialties, attending physicians
work with residents throughout
the day, reviewing studies,
answering questions, performing
procedures, and teaching.
• Clinical teams routinely consult
with radiologists either directly by
visiting the reading room or
indirectly.
• Radiologists are prominent
members of all tumor boards and
most other multi-disciplinary
meetings that revolve around
medical imaging, often leading the
discussion. 12
14. MYTH: THE RADIOLOGY JOB
MARKET IS DISMAL, NO ONE CAN
GET A JOB…
• FACT: The radiology job market is
steady and reliable. Advancing
technology continues to expand the
field of radiology. The current
number of job openings remains
equal to the number of graduating
fellows, assuring a solid future for
individuals entering the field of
radiology.
14
15. MYTH: RADIOLOGY IS STATIC AND MUNDANE…
• FACT: The future of radiology is dynamic and innovative. Radiology is among the
most dynamic specialties in medicine with innovations and advancements
occurring on a regular basis. Commercial CT scanners were first introduced in
1972, the first MRI scan was performed in 1977. Imaging utilization continues to
increase as new applications and novel technologies in both diagnosis and
treatment of diseases are continually being researched. Few other medical
specialties can claim such dramatic advancements over the past few decades. In
fact, a textbook on radiology published in the 1990s would be considered
outdated given today’s technology.
15
16. MYTH: RADIATION FROM
MEDICAL IMAGING IS
DANGEROUS/RADIOLOGISTS
ARE EXPOSED TO LOTS OF
RADIATION…
Strict adherence to radiation safety
protocols
Most have little to no exposure -
except for IR most images are
obtained from technicians
IRs wear lead aprons, glasses and
even gloves
No risks for pregnant radiologists
16
17. MYTH: RADIOLOGISTS
AREN’T DOCTORS
“Saving lives one image at a time”
You actually see patients, how much is up
to you;
Perform procedures, how much is up to
you;
Provide consultations.
17
18. DIAGNOSTIC
• Body imaging
• Neuroradiology
• Cardiothoracic
imaging
• Musculoskeletal
imaging
• Pediatric imaging
• Breast imaging
VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL
WHAT SUBSPECIALTIES IN RADIOLOGY?
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
18
• Neuro-interventional
• Hepatobiliary
• Interventional
oncology
• Arterial and venous
• Genitourinary
• Biopsies
• Pain management
19. BODY IMAGING
Diagnoses conditions affecting the
abdomen and pelvis, including the
colon, kidneys, pancreas, liver, lungs,
stomach, genitourinary system, etc.
MAIN MODALITIES: CT, MRI,
Ultrasound, XR, Fluoroscopy
19
27. BREAST IMAGING
Diagnoses conditions that specifically
affect women, particularly breast
disease.
Very involved with patient
management, guiding clinicians on
what to do next.
MAIN MODALITIES: US,
mammography, MRI
27
28. NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Diagnoses and treats diseases
utilizing small amounts of radioactive
material.
MAIN MODALITIES: PET/CT, Gamma
camera, SPECT
28
30. VASCULAR AND
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
Diagnoses and treats benign
and malignant diseases using
different imaging technologies
and tools such as embolization,
angioplasty, stenting, biopsies,
chemoembolization, drainage
placement
MAIN MODALITIES: US,
fluoroscopy, CT.
30
42. A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A RADIOLOGY
RESIDENT
Report to service around
730-8 am depending on
specialty
CLINICAL SERVICE: Pick up
and read 5-10 cases, read
out with your attending and
repeat (Sprinkle with
intermittent email checking,
CNN reading and coffee run)
NOON CONFERENCE
CLINICAL SERVICE: Pick up
and read 5-10 cases, read
out with your attending and
repeat
Finish the day between 430-
6pm depending on service,
case load of the day and
institution
42
43. WHAT IS CALL
LIKE?
• Varies by institution
• SHORT CALL: covering stat cases
from close of business hours to when
the night float resident comes in
• NIGHT FLOAT: 10-12 hour shift at
night
• WEEKENDS: alternating day and
night residents
• Preliminary read all stat scan and
triage imaging appropriately.
Attendings on site or at home,
available via pager/cell phone
• Everything gets ready by the
attending in the morning
43
44. EXPECTATIONS FOR EACH YEAR
1st year:
just learn
not too many expectations,
usually no call
2nd year:
it’s call time
most call is usually in second
year. You’re learning what it’s
like to be a radiologist
3rd year: fellowship
and boards
you survived second year, now
you have to study for the Board
(yes, you take it as a PGY4-R3)
and apply and match for
fellowships
4th year:
sit back and relax
most rotations are electives
(except for 1 month of nuclear
medicine and 1 of
mammography).
44
45. AFTER FELLOWSHIP
• ACADEMIC SETTING
• Teaching residents and students
• Research
• Lower salaries
• PRIVATE PRACTICE
• Work in a group
• High volume of cases
• More cases – more money
45
46. FIRST STEPS IF YOU WANT TO BECOME
A RADIOLOGIST
Make a choice
• Choose between diagnostics
and interventional!
Can’t make a choice?
• If in doubt, do diagnostics and
then you can still get into
interventional – the other way
around is more difficult.
46
47. THE PATH TO
BECOME A
DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOLOGIST
Medical school
1
1 year internship
(general surgery,
internal medicine,
transitional year)
2
4 years
diagnostic
radiology
3
1 year fellowship
(subspecialty
training)
4
47
PGY DR NUCS IR
1 INTERNSHIP
2 11 1 1
3 11 1 1
4 11 1 1
5 ? 1 ?
6 FELLOWSHIP
48. THE “NEW” PATHS
TO BECOME AN
INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGIST
48
1 2a 2b
Approved by the American Board of
Medical Specialties (ABMS) in 2012
IR/DR Certificate is npow one of 4
primary certificates offered by the
ABR (others are Diagnostic
Radiology, Radiation Oncology and
Medical Physics)
49. *IR or IR-related rotations - vascular surgery, medical
oncology or interventional procedural rotations housed
within diagnostic radiology sections 49
DIAGNOSTIC RESIDENCY
DIAGNOSTIC RESIDENCY
ESIR
DR/IR INTEGRATED
RESIDENCY
PGY DR IR* ICU DR IR* ICU DR IR* ICU
1 INTERSHIP INTERSHIP INTERNSHIP
2 12 1 0 12 1 0 12 1 0
3 12 1 0 12 1 0 12 1 0
4 12 1 0 12 1 0 12 1 0
5 13 0 0 0-4 8-12 1 0-4 8-12 1
6
IR RESIDENCY
“EX-FELLOWSHIP”
IR RESIDENCY
“EX-FELLOWSHIP”
13
7 NOTHING! NOTHING!
ESIR (Early specialization in IR) –
requires at least 500 IR procedures
and IR related rotations during the
DR residency
50. OPTIONS FOR
CURRENT 3RD YEAR
MEDICAL STUDENTS
Option 1 (6 years)
•1 year Internship +
•5 years Integrated IR residency
Option 2 (6 years)
•1 year Internship
•Match into DR residency program with an Integrated IR residency and hope to transfer within the same
program
Option 3a ESIR track (6 years)
•1 year internship +
•3 years DR residency +
•1 year ESIR +
•1 year advanced Independent IR residency
Option 3b (7 years)
•1 year internship +
•4 years DR residency +
•2 years Independent IR residency
50
5 years of training after a clinical internship year
3 DR, 2 IR under a IR Program Director
Match out of medical school or transfer in from DR residency (PGY 3-6) at the home institution
During PGY 3-5, could transfer out of IR and into DR residency
Qualifying residents may enter the PGY6 year if have adequate training experience including at least 12 IR or IR-related rotations and documentation of at least 500 procedures covering the broad domain of IR
During PGY 5 and 6, training in IR content can be achieved in the IR section or on IR-related rotations outside of the IR section proper. Examples include rotations in vascular surgery, medical oncology clinic or interventional procedural rotations housed within diagnostic radiology sections. However, residents must accrue a minimum number of designated IR procedures. Consequently, rotations outside of IR proper must be carefully tailored to meet the overall goals and requirements of the residency.
Independent format would allow continuation of programs that are not currently tied to a DR residency program (eg Miami Vascular). Residents transfer into the program from outside institutions but can also be from within the program. This might also allow blend of programs and residents at a single institution esp. during the transition period.
Residents complete 2 years of training after completing a 4-year DR residency
Candidates may enter the second year of the program provided they have adequate training experience including minimum of 11 IR or IR-related rotations and ICU rotation and documentation of at least 500 procedures during DR residency
During PGY 5 and 6, training in IR content can be achieved in the IR section or on IR-related rotations outside of the IR section proper. Examples include rotations in vascular surgery, medical oncology clinic or interventional procedural rotations housed within diagnostic radiology sections. However, residents must accrue a minimum number of designated IR procedures. Consequently, rotations outside of IR proper must be carefully tailored to meet the overall goals and requirements of the residency.