Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method that uses radio waves to identify objects. It involves RFID tags attached to objects and RFID readers that can read the tags wirelessly. The key components of an RFID system are RFID tags, readers, and a data processing subsystem. RFID provides advantages over barcodes such as contactless identification and ability to read multiple tags simultaneously. While it has many applications in supply chain management, retail, security, and more, concerns over privacy and security of personal information are disadvantages that need to be addressed. The future of RFID involves increasing capabilities and expanding uses in areas like healthcare and smart home technologies.

1. Radio-Frequency Identification

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
⚫Introduction
⚫Working
⚫Applications
⚫Advantages
⚫Disadvantages
⚫Differences
⚫Future uses
⚫Conclusion

3. What is RFID?
 RFID stands for Radio-frequency identification (RFID) an Auto-ID
data collection system surveillance, using RF waves for Identifying,
Tracking, and doing Management of material flow.
 It is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and
remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or
transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or
incorporated into a product for the purpose of identification using
radio waves.
 Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between the
reader/scanner and the tagged item.
 Basic concept behind RFID is the same as “Mirror-Sunlight-
Reflection theory.
 Invented and used in the early 1940s but Commercial operation
began in the 1960s.

4. RFID tags: Smart labels
4
… and a chip
attached to it
… on a substrate
e.g. a plastic
foil ...
an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...
A paper label
with RFID inside

5. RFID System Components
 RFID Tag
 Transponder
 Located on the object
 RFID Reader
 Transceiver
 Can read and write data to Tag
 Data Processing Subsystem

6. Transponder
• Consistsof a silicon-based microchip thatstoresdataand antenna.
Tagscan be classified in three different ways :
1. Active
2. Passive
3. Semi-active (semi-passive)
1. Active transponder hason-tag batteriesand isalso known as
beacons (broadcast theirown signal).
2. Passive transponders obtain all power from the RF interrogation
signal of the reader.
3. Active and passiveonly communicatewhen interrogated by
a transceiver.
Tagscan also beclassified on the basisof:
• Read-only (RO)
• Writeonce, read many (WORM)
• Read-write (RW)

8. SMART LABELS (tags)
 Typical Frequency: 13.56 MHz-HF system uses passive tags
 - a worldwide standardized frequency
 Libraries use high-frequency passive tags
 In our library we paste these tags on the preface page of the
 Book
 Presently four main frequency bands are used in RFID systems
 Low-Frequency band: 125/134 kHz
 High-Frequency band: 13.56 MHz
 Ultra High-Frequency band: 800-900 MHz
 Microwave band: 2.4-5.8 GHz

9. READER
 It is a device that is used to interrogate a Tag.
Basic components are:
1. AscanningAntenna
2. Atransceiverwith a decoder to interpret data
3. helps in personalize & read data.

10. Some RFID readers

11. Data Processing Subsystem
 Backend System
 Connected via a high-speed network
 Computers used for business planning (ERP)
 Databasestorage
 Can beas simpleas a readerattached toa
cash register

12. RFID System
Ethernet
RFID
Reader
RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation

13. How does RFID work?

14. working
 A radio devicecalled a tag is attached to the
object that needs to be identified.
 When this tagged object is presented in front of a
suitable RFID reader, the tag transmits thisdata to
the reader (via the readerantenna).
 The reader then reads thedataand has the
capability to forward itoversuitablecommunication
channels.
 This applicationcan then use this uniquedata
to identify theobject presented tothe reader.
 Itcan then perform avarietyof actions

15. RFID tags - Active vs. Passive
Active RFID Passive RFID
Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using
RF from reader
Tag Battery Yes No
Availability of power Continuous Only in field of reader
Required signal
strength to read tag
Very Low Very High
Range Up to 100 meters Up to 3-5m, usually less
Multi-tag reading 1000’s of tags recognized
– speeds up to 100
miles/hour.
Few hundred within 3m of
reader
Data Storage Up to 1Mb of read/write
with sophisticated search
and access
128 bytes of read/write

16. RFID Applications
 Manufacturing and Processing
⚫ Inventoryand production process monitoring
⚫ Warehouseorder fulfillment
 Supply Chain Management
⚫ Inventorytracking systems
⚫ Logistics management
 Retail
⚫ Inventorycontrol and customerinsight
⚫ Autocheckoutwith reverse logistics
 Security
⚫ Access control
⚫ Counterfeiting and Theftcontrol/prevention
 Location Tracking
⚫ Traffic movementcontrol and parking management
⚫ Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking

17. continued……….
 Inventory Monitoring
⚫ Library book and bookstore tracking
⚫ Pallet tracking (Wal-Martand the Dept. of Defense)
 Access Control
⚫ Hand Implants
⚫ ID badges
 Payment Systems
⚫ TheAmerican Express Blue Card, a feature theycall Express Pay
⚫ Exxon Mobile Speed Pass Airline baggage tracking
⚫ Cell phonesare including RFID tags built-in
⚫ Electronicpayment – creditcard companies moving to RFID-enabled
cards to increase efficiency and reduce time at point-of-sale for
customers, merchants, and card issuers.
 Commercially for truck and trailer tracking in shipping
yards Long range accesscontrol forvehicles
⚫ Entry gates
⚫ Electronic toll collection

18. RFID application points
• Assembly Line
 Handheld Applications
Bill of Lading
Mate l
 Shipping Portals
ng
Wireless

19. Smart groceries
• Add an RFID tag toall
items in thegrocery.
• As the cart leaves the
store, it passes through an
RFID transceiver.
• Thecart is rung up in
seconds.

20. Smart groceries enhanced
• Track
products
through their
entire
lifetime.

21. 21
RFID Implants
Before After implantsurgery

22. RFID animal tracking system
⚫Cattleand farm animalsare being tagged to improve
tracking and monitoring of health.

23. Advantages
 Contactless. An RFID tag can be read withoutany physical
contact between the tag and the reader.
 Writable data. The dataof a read-write (RW) RFID tag can be
rewrittena large numberof times.
 Absenceof lineof sight. A lineof sight is generally not
required foran RFID readerto read an RFID tag.
 Varietyof reading ranges.
 Widedata-capacityrange.
 Support formultiple tags reads.
 Perform smart tasks.
 Bettercollection management
 Improved productivityand services.

24. Disadvantages
 Poor performancewith RF-opaqueand RF-absorbent
objects.
 Impacted byenvironmental factors.
 Impacted by hardware interference.
 Cost factors: Implementation and on going system cost.
 It isacontroversial technology:

25. Continued…..
 RFIDsconsumer privacyadvocatesoftenreferto RFIDsas “spy
chips”.
 Can be tracked byanyonewith a high-gain antenna, potentially
allowing thecontentsof a home to be scanned at adistance.
 Could be used to track an individual’s movementswithout their knowledge.
 Information about an individual can begleaned from an RFID even after its
disposal
⚫ Three main privacyconcerns in a retail scenario:
⚫ Purchaserof item may not beawareof its presence
⚫ Tag can be read atadistance without the purchaser’s knowledge
⚫ May be possible to tie RFID ID to thepurchaser’screditcard and
personal information
⚫ Medical
⚫ Implants/Personal Information
⚫ Verichip is a tiny implantablechip that holds medical records.
⚫ Health Risks
⚫ Hard to remove once implanted.
⚫ Long term effects unknown

26. BARCODE Vs RFID

27. Library book management and
Security
book and borrowercard
2
1
scanner
3
librarysystem
4
check-outrecord

29. Book Drop Reader
Self Checks-in books
when patrons drop
them in book-drop …..

30. SECURITY GATE
⚫ Verify that all books leaving the library
have been checked out.
⚫ Detect Theft and
⚫ Prevent unauthorized removal
of material

31. Key Agenda and Concern for library
KeyAgenda
⚫Material security
⚫Financial liabilities
⚫Personal comfortand safety
⚫Privacyand problem patrons
key concern
⚫ To increase productivity
⚫ Improvecustomerservices
⚫ maintaincurrent staff level

32. Inventory Management
⚫Read/Write
-Ability toadd informationdirectly to tags enables each
uniqueasset tocarry itsown unique history
⚫Non-contact Reads
-Ability to read tags at a distance, under a variety of
environmental conditions, without physical manipulation
of theasset
⚫Fast Read
- Ability to simultaneouslyread large numbers (1000-1750
tags/sec) of items
⚫Automation
- Requires less human intervention
⚫Authenticity
- Each RFID chip is uniqueand can not be replicated

33. Inventory Reader
⚫ A compact and lightweight handheld device
⚫ Comfortable to use
⚫ High storage capacity
⚫ Multi-functional (such as shelving,
sorting, searching, weeding, and
reading)
⚫ Enhanced security

34. Future of RFID
⚫Medical
⚫Drug Counterfeiting
⚫ Tracking & Tracing
⚫Medical “Passports”
⚫ Foster Care System
⚫Food Chain Precautions
⚫Shopping
⚫Cashier-lesscheck outand payment
⚫Household Technology
⚫Smart keys
⚫Intelligentwashing machines
⚫Monitoring refrigerators
⚫Intelligentovens/microwaves

35. Conclusion
RFID is a Supporting Technology not a Competing technology………..
⚫ Slowly becoming an industrystandard
⚫ Speeds up the supply chain process
⚫ Easierto manage inventory
⚫ Continuallyevolving
It is easy to envision that, the RFID tags contents will increase in
power, prices are expected to decline and tag will dramatically
improve its efficiency, security and accuracy.

36. THANK YOU