RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to identify objects. It consists of a small chip attached to an antenna that can be embedded in objects or cards. RFID readers send out electromagnetic waves to power a tag and read and write data to it wirelessly without contact or line-of-sight. Common applications of RFID include supply chain management, asset tracking, and access control. NFC is a short-range wireless technology that allows data exchange when devices are brought within 4 cm of each other. It builds on the RFID standard to enable two-way communication between electronic devices like phones and readers. Common uses of NFC include contactless payments, data sharing, and access control.

1. TAGS
RFID: Technology and Applications

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What is RFID?
 RFID = Radio Frequency Identification.
 An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology
that:
– uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between
a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize,
track..
– Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact
between reader/scanner and the tagged item.
– Performs the operation using low cost components.
– Attempts to provide unique identification and backend
integration that allows for wide range of applications.
 Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR.

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RFID system components
Ethernet
RFID
Reader
RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation

4. 4
RFID tags: Smart labels
… and a chip
attached to it
… on a substrate
e.g. a plastic
foil ...
an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...
A paper label
with RFID inside

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Some RFID tags

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Tags can be attached to almost anything:
– Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
– vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
Passive Tags
– Do not require power – Draws from Interrogator Field
– Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)
– Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)
– Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags
– Cost around 25 cents to few dollars
Active Tags
– Battery powered
– Higher storage capacities (512 KB)
– Longer read range (300 feet)
– Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators
– Cost around 50 to 250 dollars
RFID tags

7. 7
Tag block diagram
Antenna
Power Supply
Tx Modulator
Rx
Demodulator
Control Logic
(Finite State
machine)
Memory
Cells
Tag Integrated Circuit (IC)

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RFID tag memory
 Read-only tags
– Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing
• Can never be changed
• No additional data can be assigned to the tag
 Write once, read many (WORM) tags
– Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing
• Tag is locked once data is written
• Similar to a compact disc or DVD
 Read/Write
– Tag data can be changed over time
• Part or all of the data section can be locked

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RFID readers
 Reader functions:
– Remotely power tags
– Establish a bidirectional data link
– Communicate with networked server(s)
– Can read 100-300 tags per second
 Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as
– Entrance/exit
– Point of sale
 Readers can also be mobile/hand-held

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Some RFID readers

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RFID systems: logical view
3
2 4 5 6 7 8
Application
Systems
RF
Write data
to RF tags
Trading
Partner
Systems
Read
Manager
Transaction
Data Store
Items with
RF Tags
Reader
Antenna
Antenna
EDI /
XML
10
1
Tag/Item
Relationship
Database 9
Internet
ONS
Server
Product
Information
(PML Format)
11
12
Other Systems
RFID Middleware
Tag Interfaces

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Reader anatomy
915MHz
Radio
Network
Processor
Digital Signal
Processor
(DSP)
13.56MHz
Radio
Power
Supply

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RFID advantages over bar-codes
 No line of sight required for reading
 Multiple items can be read with a single scan
 Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)
 Individual items identified and not just the category
 Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime
 Active tags can be read from great distances
 Can be combined with barcode technology

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RFID communications
Tags
Reader
Power from RF field
Reader
Antenna
Reader->Tag Commands
Tag->Reader Responses
RFID Communication
Channel

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RFID communication
 Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands
 Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
 Carrier signal generated by the reader
 Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
 Carrier signal hits tag(s)
 Tag receives and modifies carrier signal
– “sends back” modulated signal
– Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the
Reader
 Reader decodes the data
 Results returned to the host application

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Antenna fields: Inductive coupling
Transceiver
Tag Reader
antenna
RFID
Tag
IC or microprocessor
antenna

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Antenna fields: Propagation coupling
Transceiver
Tag Reader
antenna
RFID
Tag
IC or microprocessor
antenna

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Operational frequencies
Frequency
Ranges
LF
125 KHz
HF
13.56 MHz
UHF
868 - 915
MHz
Microwave
2.45 GHz &
5.8 GHz
Typical Max
Read Range
(Passive Tags)
Shortest
1”-12”
Short
2”-24”
Medium
1’-10’
Longest
1’-15’
Tag Power
Source
Generally passive
tags only, using
inductive coupling
Generally passive
tags only, using
inductive or
capacitive
coupling
Active tags with
integral battery
or passive tags
using capacitive
storage,
E-field coupling
Active tags with
integral battery or
passive tags using
capacitive storage,
E-field coupling
Data Rate Slower Moderate Fast Faster
Ability to read
near
metal or wet
surfaces
Better Moderate Poor Worse
Applications
Access Control &
Security
Identifying widgets
through
manufacturing
processes or in
harsh environments
Ranch animal
identification
Employee IDs
Library books
Laundry
identification
Access Control
Employee IDs
supply chain
tracking
Highway toll
Tags
Highway toll Tags
Identification of
private vehicle
fleets in/out of a
yard or facility
Asset tracking

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Multiple Tags
When multiple tags are in range of the reader:
– All the tags will be excited at the same time.
– Makes it very difficult to distinguish between the tags.

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Tag Collision Problem
 Multiple tags simultaneously respond to query
– Results in collision at the reader
 Several approaches
– Tree algorithm
– Memoryless protocol
– Contactless protocol
– I-code protocol

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RFID deployment challenges
 Manage System costs
– Choose the right hardware
– Choose the right integration path
– Choose the right data infrastructure
 Handle Material matters
– RF Tagging of produced objects
– Designing layouts for RF Interrogators
 Tag Identification Scheme Incompatibilities
– Which standard to follow?
 Operating Frequency Variances
– Low Frequency or High Frequency or Ultra High Frequency
 Business Process Redesign
– New processes will be introduced
– Existing processes will be re-defined
– Training of HR
 Cost-ROI (Return on investment) sharing

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RFID application points
 Assembly Line
 Shipping Portals
 Handheld Applications
Bill of Lading
Material Tracking
Wireless

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RFID applications
 Manufacturing and Processing
– Inventory and production process monitoring
– Warehouse order fulfillment
 Supply Chain Management
– Inventory tracking systems
– Logistics management
 Retail
– Inventory control and customer insight
– Auto checkout with reverse logistics
 Security
– Access control
– Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention
 Location Tracking
– Traffic movement control and parking management
– Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking

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Smart groceries
 Add an RFID tag to all
items in the grocery.
 As the cart leaves the
store, it passes through
an RFID transceiver.
 The cart is rung up in
seconds.

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1. Tagged item is removed
from or placed in
“Smart Cabinet”
3. Server/Database is
updated to reflect
item’s disposition
4. Designated individuals
are notified regarding
items that need
attention (cabinet and
shelf location, action
required)
2. “Smart Cabinet”
periodically
interrogates to assess
inventory
Passive
read/write tags
affixed to caps
of containers
Reader antennas placed under each shelf
Smart cabinet

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Smart fridge
 Recognizes what’s been put in it
 Recognizes when things are removed
 Creates automatic shopping lists
 Notifies you when things are past their expiration
 Shows you the recipes that most closely match
what is available

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Smart groceries enhanced
 Track products
through their entire
lifetime.

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Some more smart applications
 “Smart” appliances:
– Closets that advice on style depending on clothes available.
– Ovens that know recipes to cook pre-packaged food.
 “Smart” products:
– Clothing, appliances, CDs, etc. tagged for store returns.
 “Smart” paper:
– Airline tickets that indicate your location in the airport.
 “Smart” currency:
– Anti-counterfeiting and tracking.

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RFID Summary
Strengths
 Advanced technology
 Easy to use
 High memory capacity
 Small size
Weaknesses
 Lack of industry and application
standards
 High cost per unit and high RFID
system integration costs
 Weak market understanding of
the benefits of RFID technology
Opportunities
 Could replace the bar code
 End-user demand for RFID
systems is increasing
 Huge market potential in many
businesses
Threats
 Ethical threats concerning
privacy life
 Highly fragmented competitive
environment

32. Near
Field
Communication

33. What Is NFC ?
NFC or Near Field Communication is a short
range high frequency wireless communication
technology.
NFC is mainly aimed for mobile or handheld devices.
A radio communication is established by touching the
two phones or keeping them in a proximity of a few
centimeters (up to 10 cm) .
It allows
exchange,
devices.
for simplified communication, data
and wireless connections between two
Allows communication between Two powered
(active) devices
Powered and non self-powered (passive)
devices
NFC
trade
mark
logo

34. NFC is an extension of Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology
that combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a
single device. This allow two-way communication between endpoints,
where earlier systems were one-way only.
It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency
band of 13.56 MHz, with a bandwidth of 14 kHz.
Working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 10 cm .
Supported data rates: 106, 212 and 424 Kbit/s
For two devices to communicate using NFC, one device must have an
NFC reader/writer and one must have an NFC tag
Features

35. NFC Reader
Usually a microcontroller-based (for example
NFC enabled phones) with an
integrated circuits that is capable of
generating radio frequency at
13.56
components
MHz with other
such as
encoders, decoders, antenna, comparators, and firmware designed
to transmit energy to a tag and read information back from it by
detecting the modulation. The reader continuously emits RF
carrier signals, and keeps observing the received RF signals for data.
An NFC Reader (A Smartphone )

36. NFC Tag
An RFID device incorporating a silicon memory chip connecting to
external antenna. Tag does not have its own power source (passive). The
passive tag absorbs a small portion of the energy emitted by the
reader (phone), and starts sending modulated information when sufficient
energy is acquired from the RF field generated by the reader.
Following figure shows the internal hardware of NFC tag where we can see its memory, logic etc.

37. 1. NFC has two communicative terminals :The INITIATOR is the one who wishes
to communicate and starts the communication. The TARGET receives
the initiator’s communication request and sends back a reply
2. NFC employs two different coding to transfer data. If an active device
transfers data at 106 Kbit/s, a Modified Miller coding with 100% modulation
is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio
of 10%.
INITIATOR
TARGET
Operation Of NFC

38. Manchester Coding
•A low-to-high transition expresses
a 0 bit, whereas a high-to-low
transition stands for a 1 bit.
Modified Miller Coding
•This line code is characterized by
pauses occurring in the carrier at
different positions of a period.
While a 1 is always encoded in the
same way, coding a 0 is
determined on the basis of the
preceded bit .
Operation Of NFC

39. 39

40. Passive Communication
Mode: The Initiator device
provides a carrier field
and the target device
answers by modulating
existing field. In this mode,
the Target device
may draw its operating
power from the Initiator-
provided electromagnetic
field.
Active Communication
Mode: Both Initiator and
Target device communicate
by alternately generating
their own field. A device
deactivates its RF field while
it is waiting for data. In this
mode, both devices typically
need to have a power
supply.
There are two mode of communication
Operation Of NFC

41. NFC devices communicate via magnetic field induction, where two
loop antennas are located within each other's near field, effectively
forming an air-core transformer.
The reader continuously generates an RF carrier sine wave (at 13.56
MHz), watching always for modulation to occur. Detected modulation
of the field would indicate the presence of a tag.
Operation Of NFC

42. Reader/writer mode
the NFC device is capable of reading NFC Forum-
mandated tag types, such as a tag embedded in
an NFC smart poster
Peer-to-Peer mode
Two NFC devices can exchange data. For example, you
can share Bluetooth or Wi-Fi link set-up parameters
or you can exchange data such as virtual business
cards or digital photos.
Card Emulation mode
The NFC device appears to an external reader
much the same as a traditional contactless smart
card. This enables contactless payments and
ticketing by NFC devices without changing the
existing infrastructure.
Operating Modes of NFC devices

43. NFC provides a range of benefits to consumers and businesses, such as:
Versatile: NFC is ideally suited to the broadest range of industries,
environments
Open and standards-based: The underlying layers of NFC technology
follow universally implemented ISO, ECMA, and ETSI standards
Technology-enabling: NFC facilitates fast and simple setup of
wireless technologies, (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.)
Inherently secure: NFC transmissions are secure due to short
range communication
Interoperable: NFC works with existing Contactless card technologies
Security-ready: NFC has built-in capabilities to support secure applications
Benefits of NFC

44. Application of NFC

45. Smart Posters
An object that has, affixed to or embedded
in it, one or more readable NFC tags
with messages stored in them.
Each tag is read when an NFC device is held
close to it
Not only a paper poster on the wall
Billboard, garment tag, magazine page, even
a three-dimensional object
Application of NFC

46. NFC and Mobile Payment
A customer makes his payment
through mobile
phone using NFC
NFC phone will open wallet application
Wallet will display product cost when user
clicks ͞Buy͟
At check out, wallet will display all
credit/debit cards in wallet for payment
Customer will select card for payment
Wallet will show the confirmation page
with the check out basket
Wallet will connect to retailer back end
for authorization and display tracking
Application of NFC

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48. 1983
• The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted
to Charles Walton.
2004
• Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication
(NFC) Forum.
2011
• First mobile phone( Nokia 6131) with NFC released by NOKIA.
2010
• Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone.
2011
• NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system
and Blackberry OS.
History of NFC

49. CONCLUSION
 Mobile handsets are the primary target for NFC and soon NFC will be
implemented in most handheld devices. Even though NFC have the shortest
range among radio frequency technologies but it is revolutionary due
to it’s security, compatibility, user friendly interface, immense
applications etc
 The above mentioned scenarios are just a few examples of how
NFC will change our lives for the better. With the high level of
interest by corporations, as well as involvement of individual
developers and users in this short range communication
standard, the possibilities are endless.