Rabies is a fatal viral infection spread through the saliva of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. The virus causes neurological symptoms including anxiety, confusion, and fear of water. While initial symptoms may resemble the flu, the infection worsens and can lead to paralysis, hyperventilation, and death. Transmission occurs through bites or contact between saliva and open wounds or mucous membranes. Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal.

1. RABIES
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2. What is rabies?
• Rabies is a serious illness. By the time the
symptoms of rabies have become apparent, it is
generally too late to save the patient.
• Rabies is a virulent killer that can spread using
any mammal species as a host
• Rabies is a viral infection spread via saliva.
• If someone presents with rabies symptoms, it is
almost always fatal.
• In countries where stray dogs are present in large
numbers, they are the biggest rabies threat.

3. What is rabies?
• Predominantly, in the US,
rabies is spread by raccoons,
coyotes, bats, skunks and
foxes.
• Bats carrying rabies have been
found in all 48 contiguous
states.
• Dr. Joseph Lennox Pawan first
discovered animal-to-human
transmission of rabies in the
vampire bat in Trinidad in
1932.
• It is now known that any
mammal can harbor and
transmit the virus.
• However, smaller mammals
such as rodents very rarely
become infected or transmit
rabies.
The majority of human rabies cases are the
result of a bite from a dog infected with the
virus.

4. Symptoms of rabies
• The symptoms of rabies can present themselves just a few days after a
bite, or they might take as long as 12 weeks.
• Some rare cases report a number of years between the bite and the onset
of symptoms.
• The closer the bite is to your brain, the quicker the effects are likely to
appear.
• When the initial symptoms of rabies occur, they can be similar to flu and
last 2-12 days, becoming progressively stronger.
• From the early flu-like symptoms, the condition worsens and symptoms
can include the following:
• Anxiety, Fever, Headache, Nausea, Confusion, Hyperactivity, Excess
salivation, Fear of water (hydrophobia) due to difficulty in swallowing,
Hallucinations, Priapism (permanent erection), Photophobia, Nightmares,
Insomnia, Partial paralysis.

5. Causes of rabies
• Rabies is a virus and, as mentioned, it predominantly spreads
by a bite from an infected animal.
• However, it is also possible to become infected if saliva from
an infected animal gets into an open wound or through a
mucous membrane, such as the eyes or mouth.
• Tests and diagnosis of rabies
• At the time of a bite, there is no way to tell for sure whether
an animal is rabid, or whether it has infected you.
• The doctor will suggest moving straight to treatment; there is
no benefit in waiting.

6. Rabies progression
• Rabies virus has a distinct cylindrical shape.
• The rabies virus is an RNA virus in the rhabdovirus family. The virus has
five distinct stages:
• 1. Incubation period: this can vary in length exceptionally, from days to
years
• 2. Prodrome: early flu-like symptoms
• 3. Acute neurologic period: neurological symptoms begin.
• These can include hyperactivity, or paralysis, as well as rigid neck
muscles, involuntary muscle twitching, convulsions, hyperventilation
and hypersalivation.
• Toward the end of this phase, breathing becomes rapid and
inconsistent

7. Rabies progression
• 4. Coma: unless attached to a ventilator, death will come within a
matter of hours
• 5. Death: or, rarely, recovery.
• The rabies virus can enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrate
to the brain, or it can replicate within muscle tissue (safe from the host's
immune system) and enter the nervous system through the neuromuscular
junctions.
• Once within the nervous system, the virus produces acute inflammation of
the brain, swiftly causing coma followed by death.