Mumps is an acute viral infection characterized by swelling of the parotid glands. It is caused by the mumps virus, a paramyxovirus. The virus is transmitted through saliva or respiratory droplets. While mumps was historically common in children, vaccination has significantly reduced cases in developed nations. An effective live virus vaccine provides protection for at least 10 years when administered after 1 year of age.

1. MUMPS VIRUS
• Mumps is an acute infectious disease
commonly affecting children and
characterised by non suppurative enlargement
of the parotid glands
• As epidermic parotitis it had been described
by hippocrates in the fifth century BC
• The viral origins of mumps was demonstrated
by johnson and goodpasture (1934) by its
experimental transmissionto monkeys

2. • 1945 - Habel cultivated the virus in
embryonated eggs
• 1955 - Henle and Deinhardt grew it in tissue
culture

3. PROPERTIES
• The mumps virus is a typical paramyxovirus
possessing both HN and F proteins
• It agglutinates the erythrocytes of fowls,
guinea pigs , humans , and many other species
• Hemagglutination is followed by hemolysis
and elution at 37⁰C
• The virus can be grown in chick embryos- in
the amniotic cavity for primary isolation and
allantonic cavity after adaption .

4. • The mumps virus is labile , being rapidly
inactivated at room temperature or by the
exposure to formaldehyde ether or ultraviolet
light
• It can be preserved at -70⁰C or by
lyophilisation
• The mumps virus is antigentically stable and
only one serotype exists.
• Two complement fixing antigens can be
recognised as in influenza viruses – the soluble
(S) antigen and the viral (V)antigen

5. EPIDERMIOLOGY
• Mumps is endemic world wide but has
become less common in the advanced nations
due to immunisation
• It often occurs as epidemic in children 5-15
years of age and also in young people living in
groups such as in army camps, house hold
spread is common
• Humans are the only natural host

6. • Eggs are inoculated at 6-8 days and incubated
at 35⁰C for five days before harvesting.
• Cell cultures are better suited for isolation –
primary monkey kidney being the preffered
cell.
• The cytopathic effect is slow and consists of
syncytium formation and the presence of
acidophilic cytoplasmic inclusions.
• Growth is best identified by hemadsorption

7. • The source of infection is a patients in the late
incubation or early clinical stage of illness
• No humans carrier or animal reservoirs exist
• Infection is transmitted by direct contact
,airborne droplets or fomites contaminated
with saliva and also possibly urine
• The virus is detectable in the saliva for about a
week before and a week or two after onset of
parotitis.
• Peak infectivity is about a day or two before
parotitis become evident and subsides rapidly
therafter

8. • Antibodies to the V antigen take about a
month to appear but persist for years.
• The antihemagglutinin antibody correlates
well with immunity to infection
• Even subclinical infections lead to HI antibody
and resistance to infection.
• As antibodies are widespread in the
population passive immunity protects the
newborns.
• Mumps is therfore very rare before six months
of age

9. • The virus is also shed in the urine for up to
two weeks after the clinical symtoms
begin,though its role in the transmission of
infection is not clear
• One attack of mumps confer lasting immunity
so that second attacks do not occur

10. IMMUNITY
• Infection leads to antibody response against
both the internal (S) and surface (V) antigens.
• Antibodies to the S antigen appear
early,within 3-7 days after the onset of
symtoms,but disapppear after about six
months
• Demonstration of antibody to the S antigen
indicates current or recent infection.

11. • Cell mediated immunity is developed
following infection but its significance is not
known
• Interferon also appears early in mumps
infection

12. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• The typical case of mumps needs no
laboratory confirmation but it may be
essential in atypical infection and where
meningitis or other systemic involvement is
the sole manifestation
• The diagnosis may be established by virus
isolation and serological tests.

13. • The virus may be isolated from the saliva ,urine
or CSF; from the saliva within4-5 days , urine up
to two weeks and CSF 8-9 days after the onset of
illness.
• The specimens have to be inoculated soon after
collection as the virus is labile.
• The prepared specimen is inoculated into the
monkey kidney cell cultures.
• Humans amnion or HeLa cells are also suitable.
• Virus growth can be dectected by hemadsorption
and identified byhemadsorption inhibition using
specific antiserum

14. • Cytopathic changes are not reliable .
• Isolation may take 1-2 weeks.
• More rapid results can be obtained by
immunofluorescence testingof infected cell
culture
• This may become positive as early as2-3 days
afterinoculation
• Isolation can also be made by inoculation in to
six- to-eight-day - old chick embryos by the
amniotic route and testing the amniotic fluid
after 5-6 days for hemagglutination inhibition
using specific antisera.
• Egg inoculation is less sensitive than the cell
cultures for isolation

15. • Serological diagnosis depends on the
demonstration of rise in titre of antibodies in
paired serum samples.
• The CF and HI test are commonly employed
but cross-reactions with parainfluenza viruses
cause promblems.
• IgM – ELISAis usefulin this respect because
cross- reacting antibodies are IgG and do not
interfere with IgM – ELISA
• A positive CF test for antibody to the S
antigen in the acute phase serum is
preumptive evidence of current infection

16. PROPHYLAXIS
• An effective live virus vaccine is available against
mumps
• The Jeryl-Lynn strains of mumps virus, attenuated
by passage in eggs and grown in chick embryo
fibroblast culture is used as the vaccine.
• It is recommended for use only after one year of
age as maternal antibodies may interfere with the
multiplication of the vacine virus if given earlier.
• Contraindications are pregnancy
,immunodeficiency and hypersensitvityto
neomycin or egg protein

17. • The vaccine is given as single subcutaneous
injection ,either alone or in combination with the
measles and rubella vaccines (MMR vaccines).
• It provides effective protection for at least ten
years
• The vaccine mey not prevent the disease if given
after exposure to the infection but there is no
contraindicationfor its use in this situvation.
• The mumps immunoglobulin is of no value either
for postexposure prophylaxis or for treatment