The document discusses the traditional uses and recent research findings for several citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, tangerines, mandarins, and bitter oranges. Many citrus fruits have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and cell-protective properties. They have also been demonstrated to support cardiovascular, cognitive, and digestive health in human and animal studies.

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3.  D-limonene has been shown to have powerful
antioxidant activity.
 D-limonene has been shown to have cellular protective
effects in animals and humans.
 D-limonene has been used as a solvent to dissolve
cholesterol (Vergunst, et. al., 1991).
 D-limonene has demonstrated the ability to help
support peristalsis
(Crowell, 1999; Gould, 1997; Sun, 2007; Tsdua, et. al.,
2004)

5.  Quercetin is a flavonoid found in many fruits and
vegetables.
 It is a potent antioxidant that has been shown in
research to have a wide variety of health benefits
beyond the ability to interact with free radical species.
 Quercetin has been shown to help promote healthy
blood pressure levels in both animal and human
studies.
(Perez-Vizcaino, et. al., 2009)

6.  Administration of quercetin in combination with other
joint health ingredients helps maintain joint function
(Matsuno, et. al., 2009).
 Quercetin has been shown to have effects that may help
maintain a healthy cardiovascular system (Pignatelli, et.
al., 2000).
 Quercetin-containing beverages have demonstrated an
ability to decrease oxidation in the body (Young, et. al.,
1999).
 Quercetin has been shown to protect DNA in cell-based
tests (Noroozi, et. al., 1998).

8. “Rutoside (Rutin) is a flavonoid compound isolated
from various plants and fruits, such as citrus and
apples, that has traditionally been used for pain,
vascular protection and hemorrhoids. Rutin and
other similar flavonoids have demonstrated a
reduced capillary filtration rate in patients with
chronic venous insufficiency; their effect on edema
reduction has also been confirmed”. (Yakoot and
Salam, 2009).

9.  Rutin has been shown in lab tests to fight oxidizing
species found in blood (Gebicka and Banasiack, 2009).
 In animal models, rutin has been shown to positively
impact excretion of cholesterol and blood serum
triglyceride levels (Kanashiro, et. al., 2009).
 In cell-based studies, rutin’s antioxidant properties
prevented the formation of osteoclasts, the cells
responsible for bone deterioration (Kyung, et. al.,
2008).
 Rutin demonstrates neuroprotective effects in rat
models (Pu, et. al., 2007).

11.  Isomaltulose is a disaccharide like table sugar
(sucrose), made of glucose and fructose.
 It is found naturally in honey and sugar cane.
 Because it is a sugar digested with the same
enzymes as sucrose, studies show that
isomaltulose is completely hydrolyzed and
absorbed in the small intestine (Hertel, et. al.,
2000).

12.  Isomaltulose has a different bond than sucrose, so
it is digested more slowly than sucrose (Ziesenitz,
1986).
 The slow digestion allows it to raise blood glucose
and insulin levels slower and reach lower peaks
than after sucrose administration (Lina, et. al.,
1985; Kawai, et. al., 1985; Houlub, et. al., 2010).
This is responsible for the extended energy release
seen in studies with products containing
isomaltulose.

13.  Studies show that isomaltulose may increase the
rate of fat burning during even mild exercise.
 Studies also indicate that isomaltulose may
positively impact body fat composition as part of a
diet with controlled fat and protein intake,
compared to sugars with higher glycemic impacts
(Oizumi, et. al., 2007).
 The bond in isomaltulose means that it does not
form the same dental decay-causing acids as other
sugars. Consequently, isomaltulose has been
studied for its low cariogenic properties (Ooshima,
et. al., 1990).

15.  Native to Northeastern India (Vieira, et. al., 2010).
 Also called horseradish tree or drumstick tree,
there is evidence of Moringa cultivation in India
dating back “many thousands of years” (Bose,
2007).
 Moringa oleifera Lam is the most widely cultivated
species of the monogeneric family Moringaceae
(order Brassicales). This family includes 13 species
of trees and shrubs distributed in sub-Himalayan
ranges of Arabia, India, Madagascar, Northeastern
and Southwestern Africa, and Sri Lanka (Bose,
2007).

16.  Traditional uses for Moringa include the treatment of
headaches, inflammation, ringworm, fever, vomiting,
gout and female reproductive disorders
 Moringa is also widely used as an expectorant,
stimulant, shampoo, tonic and hair oil.
(Duke 1972; Burkill 1966; www.ars-grin.gov)
 Moringa contains a combination of glucosinolates
and isothiocyanate compounds that have been
shown to be beneficial to cell health in lab tests
(Bose, 2007).

17.  The Root bark of the moringa tree contains the
alkaloid compounds moringine and moringinine,
which act as a cardiac stimulant and may impact
aspects of the nervous system (Anwar, et. al.,
2007; Bose, 2007; Ganguly and Guha, 2008).
 Moringa may also impact female hormones and
uterine physiology (Bose, 2007).
 Moringa oleifera is also thought to positively
impact blood sugar metabolism (Mathieu and
Mesisa, 2007; Ndong, et. al., 2007).

18.  Moringa contains minerals, protein, vitamins, beta-
carotene, amino acids and various phenolics (Anwar, et.
al., 2007; Thurber and Fahey, 2009).

 The Moringa plant provides a combination of zeatin,
quercetin, beta-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and
kaempferol, and has been associated with possible
cholesterol-lowering benefits (Anwar, et. al., 2007).
 It has also been shown to have water-purifying abilities
that may be due to the antibacterial properties of the
seeds (Anwar, et. al., 2007; Lurling and Beekman, 2010;
Vieira, et. al., 2010).

20.  Neem is a medicinal plant that originates from India.
 It has been widely used for centuries to treat a variety of
ailments such as headaches and malaria
 Neem is also used as an insect repellant, diuretic,
stimulant, intestinal tonic, general tonic and to treat
parasites.
(Burkill, 1966; Duke, 1972; Lucantoni, et. al. 2010)

21.  Neem seeds contain insecticide compounds. Neem has been
shown to inhibit plasmodium falciparum and may offer promise
in the treatment of malaria (Lucantoni, et. al., 2010).
 Neem flower extract showed disruption in estrous cycle in rats
and reduced the number of ova shed. Rats also had diarrhea and
lost weight during this study (Gbotolorun, et. al., 2008).
 Neem demonstrated antibacterial activity against several
members of the genus streptococcus (Prashant, et. al., 2007).
 Neem shows promise as an anti-inflammator and melanin
preventive, and has cell health-promoting benefits (Akihisa, et.
al., 2009).

23. Grapes contain a number of beneficial polyphenols
that are believed to be associated with improved
cardiovascular health, improved cell health and
brain function. Recent research indicates that they
may help with tissue repair, inflammation, anti-
aging and strength building as a result of exercise
(Castilla, et. al., 2006; Kamiyama, et. al., 2009;
Sun, et. al., 2008; Xia, et. al., 2010).

25.  Bergamot orange is a close relative to the sour
orange that has been cultivated in the
Mediterranean region of the world.
 Traditional uses include sedative, sudorific,
antispasmodic, antiseptic, tonic, febrifuge,
hemostatic and stimulant.
(Morton, 1987)

26.  When administered as part of aromatherapy, bergamot
orange has a positive impact on mood (Chang, 2008).
 As part of aromatherapy, bergamot orange also has a positive
impact on stress in adolescents (Seo, 2009).
 Bergamot orange demonstrates the ability to inhibit clinically
relevant Candida species in vitro (Romano, et. al., 2005).
 Bergamot orange was shown to inhibit dermatophytic fungi
(Sanguinetti, et. al., 2007).
 Bergamot orange has demonstrated an ability to inhibit
capsaicin-induced inflammation response in mouse hind paw
(Sakurda, et. al., 2009).

28.  Also known as the sour orange or Seville orange,
this plant is thought to be native to Southeast Asia
and is found throughout the tropics today.
 Traditional uses for bitter orange include coughs,
colds, fevers, bruises, antiseptic for wound healing
and tonic.
(Morton, 1987; Paul and Cox, 1995)

29.  Bitter orange has constituents that may increase
cell metabolism (Tsujita and Takaku, 2007; Fugh-
Berman and Myers, 2004).
 Bitter orange has some lipolytic effect in human fat
cells (Fugh-Berman and Myers, 2004).
 Chinese medicine herbal blends containing sour
orange were found to be beneficial in the treatment
of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
(Fan, 2004).

31.  Probably one of the most bizarre looking fruits,
this bumpy, lumpy-looking elongated citrus fruit
has some varieties that mature to resemble a mass
of curled fingers.
 Traditional uses for this plant include treating
headaches, stomachaches, fever, jaundice, nausea,
diarrhea and coughs, and as a stimulant and
astringent.
(Burkill, 1966; Duke, 1972)

33.  Mandarin is the name for a group of oranges with a
thin, loose peel. They are closely related to
tangerines, a citrus variety with red-orange skin.
 Traditional uses include treatment of cough,
diarrhea, fever, gastritis, cancer, congestion, sore
throat, nausea, malaria, and as a sedative and
stimulant.
(Morton, 1987; Duke, 1972)

34.  Mandarin oranges have been shown to have
lipolytic activity in fat cells and may be useful to
help induce fat metabolism (Tsujita and Takaku,
2007).
 Components of mandarin oranges may help
stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone loss
(Yamaguchi, 2006).

36.  Closely related to mandarin oranges, tangerines
are the red-orange skin type.
 Traditional uses include treatment of cough,
diarrhea, fever, gastritis, cancer, congestion, sore
throat, nausea, malaria, and as a sedative, aperitif,
digestive system tonic and stimulant.
(Morton, 1987; Duke, 1972)

38.  Said to be the leading acid citrus fruit, this plant is
widely cultivated throughout the tropics but is
believed to originate from Northwestern India.
 Lemons are commonly used as a diuretic and
astringent, and to treat colds, gingivitis, digestive
disorders, sore throats, fever, gonorrhea, colic and
inflammation.
(Morton, 1987)

39.  Naringenin, a component of lemons, was found to
suppress tumor formation in the brain, using a rat
model (Sabarinthan, et. al., 2010).
 Naringin has also demonstrated an ability to
prevent chemically induced cognitive impairment
and its associated oxidative damage in rats (Kumar,
et. al., 2010).

41.  Traditional uses for the lime cover a wide range of
infections and conditions such as scurvy, colds and
coughs generally believed to be ameliorated by
consuming citrus fruits.
 Limes are also commonly used to treat scurvy,
sores, cough, colds, toothache, oral thrush,
headache, diarrhea and dysentery, and in antiseptic
and anti-parasitic applications.
(Burkhill, 1966; Duke, 1972; www.asr-grin.gov)

42.  Freeze-dried lime juice was demonstrated to have free
radical scavenging ability (Patil, et. al., 2009).
 Lime juice inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in
vitro (Patil, et. al., 2009).
 Lime juice was shown to inhibit proliferation of human
lymph cancer cell line in vitro (Gharagozloo, et. al.,
2002).
 Lime juice has been shown to posses
immunomodulatory properties, (Gharagozloo and
Ghaderi, 2001).

44.  Pink grapefruits have more vitamin A in the pulp
and tend to have sweeter flesh than other
grapefruit varieties. They also have higher levels of
the antioxidant class carotenoids (Tsai, et. al.,
2007).
 Traditional uses for grapefruit include sedative,
antibiotic and cardiac tonic, and to treat insomnia,
stomach problems and urinary disorders.
(Morton, 1987)

46.  Blood oranges are a variety of the sweet orange
cultivated primarily in the Mediterranean region.
Some oranges grown in Florida will develop red
coloration during cold periods.
 Traditional uses include treatment of colds,
coughs, earache, anorexia, nausea, fever, flu,
pneumonia and dysentery, and as an anti-parasitic,
sedative, sudorific and aperitif.
(Duke, 1972; Morton, 1987)

48.  Besides its widespread use in foods and beverages,
oranges are also used in perfumes and liquors. It
also has a variety of medicinal uses.
 Traditional uses include treatment of colds,
coughs, earache, anorexia, nausea, fever, cancer,
uterine and breast disorders, pneumonia,
dysentery and flu, and as an anti-parasitic,
sedative, antiseptic, sudorific and aperitif.
(Duke, 1972; www.ars-grin.gov)

49.  Extracts containing oranges have been shown to have positive
impact on lipid and blood glucose levels (Oben, et. al., 2008).
 Diets rich in citrus fruits have been associated with reduced
risk of ulcerative colitis (Magee, et. al., 2005).
 Consumption of orange juice was shown to reduce plasma
lipid peroxidation in healthy women (Johnston, et. al., 2003).
 Diets rich in citrus fruits have been associated with reduced
risk of stroke in men and women (Johnsen, et. al., 2003).
 Dietary supplementation with orange juice in smokers
reduced oxidation levels of LDLs (Abbey, et. al., 1995).