Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
The bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala was determined using GCMS analysis. The
extract was prepared using Soxhlet`s extraction method and concentrated at 35oC in hot air oven. GCMS
analyzes phytochemicals in plant by demonstrating the structures of the chemical compounds in it. The gas
chromatogram showed the presence of eight phytochemicals. The molecular mass of the phytochemicals were
established based on the molecular ion in the mass spectra. Identification of the phytochemicals was based on
comparison with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. The identified
phytochemicals with their peak area percentages are 11,14-octadecadienoic acid (1.72%), Hexadecanoic acid
also known as Palmitic acid (19.86%), 9,11-octadecadienoic acid (1.33%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol (2.92%),
9-Octadecenoic acid (56.40%), Ethyl palmitate (9.42%), 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium (1.70%) and
Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester (6.65%). These identified compounds exhibited the following
bioactivities; inhibition of uric acid, urine acidifiers, amino acid decarboxylase activity, arachidonic acid
inhibitor, oligosaccharide provider, decrease endothelial leukocyte and platelet adhesion . Gouania longipetala
therefore contain active phytochemicals that may be beneficial in pharmacognosy. We recommend further work
to be done on its isolation and synthesis.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Reviewijtsrd
Isorhamnetin (30-Methoxy-3, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol, and it belongs to a group of plant secondary metabolites known as flavonoids. It is present in mans daily diet and is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isorhamnetin has been reported for its antioxidant and antiviral applications hence it is not only used as such, but it also has various derivatized forms which has potentials for development into drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and lethal viruses. The present review reflects the pharmacological importance of isorhamnetin. S Kandakumar | Dr V Manju"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2202.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/2202/pharmacological-applications-of-isorhamnetin-a-short-review/s-kandakumar
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
The bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala was determined using GCMS analysis. The
extract was prepared using Soxhlet`s extraction method and concentrated at 35oC in hot air oven. GCMS
analyzes phytochemicals in plant by demonstrating the structures of the chemical compounds in it. The gas
chromatogram showed the presence of eight phytochemicals. The molecular mass of the phytochemicals were
established based on the molecular ion in the mass spectra. Identification of the phytochemicals was based on
comparison with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. The identified
phytochemicals with their peak area percentages are 11,14-octadecadienoic acid (1.72%), Hexadecanoic acid
also known as Palmitic acid (19.86%), 9,11-octadecadienoic acid (1.33%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol (2.92%),
9-Octadecenoic acid (56.40%), Ethyl palmitate (9.42%), 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium (1.70%) and
Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester (6.65%). These identified compounds exhibited the following
bioactivities; inhibition of uric acid, urine acidifiers, amino acid decarboxylase activity, arachidonic acid
inhibitor, oligosaccharide provider, decrease endothelial leukocyte and platelet adhesion . Gouania longipetala
therefore contain active phytochemicals that may be beneficial in pharmacognosy. We recommend further work
to be done on its isolation and synthesis.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Reviewijtsrd
Isorhamnetin (30-Methoxy-3, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol, and it belongs to a group of plant secondary metabolites known as flavonoids. It is present in mans daily diet and is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isorhamnetin has been reported for its antioxidant and antiviral applications hence it is not only used as such, but it also has various derivatized forms which has potentials for development into drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and lethal viruses. The present review reflects the pharmacological importance of isorhamnetin. S Kandakumar | Dr V Manju"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2202.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/2202/pharmacological-applications-of-isorhamnetin-a-short-review/s-kandakumar
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Parkia biglobosa in nursery (Côte d'Ivoire) and greenhouse (France)
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
Climate and potential habitat suitability for cultivation and in situ conserv...Innspub Net
Sustainable management actions are needed for several indigenous agro forestry plant species like the black plum (Vitex doniana Sweet) because they are facing increasing pressures due to the rapid human growth and threats such as climate change. By combining species distribution modelling using the Maximum Entropy Algorithm (Max Ent) and representation gap analysis, this study accessed the impacts of current and future (2050) climates on the potential distribution of Vitex doniana in Benin with insight on the protected areas network (PAN). The model showed a high goodness-of-fit (AUC = 0.92 ± 0.02) and a very good predictive power (TSS = 0.72 ± 0.01). Our findings indicated annual mean rainfall, annual mean diurnal range of temperature and mean temperature of the driest quarter as the most important predictors driving the distribution of V. doniana. Under current climate, about 85 % of Benin area is potentially suitable for its cultivation. This potential suitable area is projected to increase by 3 to 12 % under future climatic conditions. A large proportion (76.28 %) of the national PAN was reported as potentially suitable for the conservation of the species under current climate with increase projections of 14 to 23 % under future climate. The study showed that V. doniana can be cultivated in several areas of Benin and that the PAN is potentially suitable for its conservation. These findings highlighted some of the opportunities of integrating V. doniana in the formal production systems of Benin and also its potentialities in ecosystems restoration under the changing climate. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/climate-and-potential-habitat-suitability-for-cultivation-and-in-situ-conservation-of-the-black-plum-vitex-doniana-sweet-in-benin-west-africa/
Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late b...Innspub Net
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.
Research in sustainable intensification in the sub-humid maize-based cropping...africa-rising
Presented by Mateete Bekunda (IITA), Ben Lukuyu (ILRI), Danny Coyne (IITA), Dan Makumbi (CIMMYT), Jean Claude Rubyogo (CIAT), Job Kihara (CIAT), Fen Beed (IITA), Adebayo Abass (IITA), Stephen Lyimo (SARI), Victor Afari-Sefa (AVRDC) and Festo Ngulu (IITA) at the Africa RISING East and Southern Africa annual review and planning meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3-5 September 2013
Methodological approach to indigenous fruit trees breeding: case of Dacryodes...Innspub Net
Very little work has been done forthe varietal improvement of indigenous fruit trees. Controlled cross pollination tests were
conducted on Dacryodes edulis to assess the influence of the origin of the male parent and the type of flower that produced
pollen used for fertilization on the fruiting efficiency of 14 well-known females’ accessions from three provenances. The
crossbreeding test was performed following a full nested mating design. The experimental design included provenance as a fixed factor, treatment as within-subject (i.e. repeated measures) fixed factor and plant individual as a random factor (subject).The results showed that the fruiting index that determines the species’ yield varies significantly (p = 0.010) with the combined actions of the three factors studied which were (i) the provenance of the male parent; (ii) the pollen type used for hand fertilization (pure male or hermaphrodite) and (iii) the female parent status. Six best combinations originated from Boumnyebel and Makenene provenances, characterized by high fruit-setting rate and the fruiting index (˃70% and ˃50% respectively), then by low fruit-dropping rate after fruit set (˂20%) were identified. Although we did not observe increasing in fruit size as compare to breeding in Citrus or Ziziphus species, the process of controlled cross-pollination investigated in this study significantly increased the fruit set. This could help in controlling the early fruit drop which negatively impacts the species’ yield. Thereafter, control-pollinated seedlings (F1) obtained from this study and established as progeny trials will be vulgarized within agro-ecological zones and/ormultiplied vegetatively for clonal and futurecultivars development trials. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-2-august-2015-ijaar/
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central GabonOpen Access Research Paper
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Open Access Research Paper
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Growth characteristics and yield of jute mallow when intercropped with common...Innspub Net
In Tanzania, farmers harvest Jute mallow for granted when it grows without being cultivated. This limits its potential production and possibilities for exploiting its fully benefit in nutrition and market. This study was conducted to find a better intercropping combination which is agronomically viable with higher yield advantages by integrating Jute mallow in commonly grown cereals in Tanzania. Field experiment was conducted at Hombolo Agricultural Research Centre in Dodoma and the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) farm in Arusha to assess the growth and yield performance of jute mallow when intercropped with either maize, sorghum or finger millet. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that growth parameters of Jute mallow with sorghum and jute mallow with finger millet intercrops such as plant height, number of branches and number of leaves were not affected by intercropping. Jute mallow intercropped with maize suppressed growth and yield performance of Jute mallow. Among intercropped stands, Jute mallow intercropped with sorghum and with finger millet was not affected by intercropping on fresh leaf yield. However, all intercropped stands had yield advantages over mono-cropped stands, jute mallow-sorghum intercrop had the highest yield advantage with a LER of 1.7 and 1.53 in Dodoma and Arusha respectively. If farmers opt for intercropping and maximizing land use, this study recommends jute mallow to be intercropped with sorghum and with finger millet for better yields and sustainable growth.
Growth and yield of 12 accessions of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as influenced ...Innspub Net
Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) has gained important commercial status in Nigeria due to its nutritional, medicinal and health benefits. In recent times, there is a growing preference for pure organic food due to the envisaged health and environmental benefits. Thus, a study was carried out on 12 selected accessions of pawpaw evaluated under three poultry manure (PM) application rates at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The field experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design of three replications. The main plot treatment was three PM application rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and the sub-plot treatment was 12 accessions of pawpaw. Accession Ijm-Cl-Ro significantly (p<0.05) produced the tallest plants (71.7, 87.3, 108.3, 127.4 and 150.0cm) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after transplanting (MAT), respectively. It had the greatest number of fruits (9.3) at 11 months after the onset of fruit formation, maximum fruit weight (7.15kg) and the highest fruit yield (23.83 t ha-1). Increasing PM rate increased growth traits of the pawpaw plants. Interaction of manure rate × accession on most of the growth attributes varied greatly, but showed no significant difference on yield traits. The accession Ijm-Cl-Ro with the application of 10 t ha-1 of PM which produced the best growth and highest fruit yield is recommended for improved productivity of pawpaw. The control plot produced no fruit throughout the study period, suggesting that manure application is crucial for sustained yield of pawpaw in the study area.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
per se to escape the prolonged moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for high
yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in SGS ecologies.
Similar to Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Parkia biglobosa in nursery (Côte d'Ivoire) and greenhouse (France) (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
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Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Piccola Cucina is regarded as the best restaurant in Brooklyn and as the best Italian restaurant in NYC. We offer authentic Italian cuisine with a Sicilian touch that elevates the entire fine dining experience. We’re the first result when someone searches for where to eat in Brooklyn or the best restaurant near me.
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One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
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erinaceusPoir.) And Néré (Parkia biglobosa Jacq. Benth).
We focus on this last species (Parkia biglobosa).
Parkia biglobosa of the Fabaceae family and of the
Mimosoïdeae subfamily is a nourishing species with
multiple functions (food, medicine, energy, culture, ritual,
soil restoration: leguminous) whose economic,
sociocultural, nutritional and energetic importance ,
medicinal and agroforestry has been widely documented in
West Africa (Sina 2006; Koura et al. 2013; Maisharou and
Larwanou 2015; Maazou et al. 2017). The species is
distributed from Senegal to Uganda and is highly valued
for its seeds fermented in "Soumbara" or African mustard;
a very nutritious and highly prized product to enhance the
taste of various dishes in many Sahelian countries
(Azokpota et al. 2006). Likewise, the pulp of néré seeds is
eaten directly or combined with wheat flour, corn or millet
to make donuts (Avana-Tientcheu et al. 2019). Néré seeds
increase the protein intake of the diet of rural populations
in Sudano-Sahelian areas, which is mainly made up of
cereals (Maponmetsem et al. 2011; Eba'a et al. 2013).
Despite its important socio-economic role and the threat to
the genetic diversity of its stands, Parkia biglobosa is so
far in the wild and few studies are available on its
regeneration, conservation and sustainable management. In
our opinion, taking human needs (food security) into
account in developing a strategy for the sustainable
management of the species should also consider its
domestication (artificial regeneration). This domestication
could open up long prospects for in-depth research, in
particular on the efficient use of its agroforestry potential
and its conservation. In this current context of climate
change, the study of the germination and development of
seedlings of this species with respect to a changing
environment could appear as a good start to its
domestication in quantity and quality.Several research
questions were developed to specify the objectives of our
study. These are: (i) Could the ever-changing environment
have an effect on seed germination and seedling growth?
(ii) are the dendrometric characteristics of the mother plant
(ideal choice of seed trees) necessary to obtain a good
germination rate and vigorous seedlings? (iii) is the choice
of vigorous seedlings resistant to climatic stress necessary?
(iv) do seedlings of this species adapt to different types of
environment? (v) could the germination or morphology
parameters of the seedlings guide the choice of an
environment conducive to the implementation of an
agroforestry program based on Parkia biglobosa? etc. This
study was carried out in an attempt to answer all of these
questions. The objective of this study is to contribute to the
conservation of Parkia biglobosaby its domestication on a
large scale in Côte d'Ivoire, taking into account
environments foreign to its natural environment.
Specifically, it involves (1) testing its adaptive power to
different new climates, (2) evaluating the effect of three
distinct environments on the germination of its seeds and
the development of its seedlings and (3) of evaluate the
effect of characteristics of mother plants on the
germination of its seeds and the development of its
seedlings.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant material
The plant material is composed firstly of seeds
obtained after dehulling of ripe fruits (figure 1a), from six
distinct mother trees spaced about 400 m apart in the same
stand of Parkia biglobasa and secondly of three-month-old
seedlings (figure 1b), resulting from the germination of
seeds harvested under the six mother trees. All seeds were
collected at the same time in late April 2019 from trees in
good physiological condition at the experimental station
(DeFo) of the CNRA (Centre National de Recherche
Agronomique) in the Korhogo department of Côte d'Ivoire.
The dendrometric characteristics of the mother trees and
seeds are listed in Table 1. The plant material used is the
property of the CNRA of Côte d'Ivoire and the
authorisation to use this plant material was given to us
within the framework of this study thanks to a partnership
agreement signed and available on request between the
said structure and our study project (EFISA).
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Fig. 1 Images of hulling, sorting of healthy seeds and measurement of the dimensions of each seed (a) and then of three-
month-old seedlings in the greenhouse.
Table 1 Dendrometric characteristics of the mother trees and seeds of Parkia biglobosa used
Mother
trees
DBH
(cm)
H
(m)
Age
(year)
GPS coordinates Number
of seeds
Seed mass (g)
Longitude Latitude Mini Maxi Mean
1 29.30 10 20 -5.54872 W 9.56728 N 360 0.17 0.24 0.26 ± 0.04 a
2 16.24 6.5 14 -5.54763 W 9.56644 N 360 0.09 0.28 0.21 ± 0.04b
3 34.08 16.5 20 -5.55056 W 9.56873 N 360 0.17 0.27 0.23 ± 0.02ab
4 13.54 8.5 12 -5.54908 W 9.56742 N 360 0.14 0.33 0.20 ± 0.05b
5 22.45 12.5 20 -5.55097 W 9.5687 N 360 0.11 0.27 0.19 ± 0.02 b
6 36.94 15.5 20 -5.55094 W 9.55686 N 360 0.21 0.31 0.26 ± 0.02a
Pr> F 0.003
DBH = Diameter atchest height in centimetres; H = Height in metres; W = West; N = North; Mini = Minimum in grams;
Maxi = Maximum in grams
III. METHODS
Study sites
The trials were implemented from May to
September 2019 in three sites, two in Côte d'Ivoire and one
in France with different microclimates. Of the two sites in
Côte d'Ivoire, one was at the CNRA forest experimental
station (hereafter DeFo: Développement des forêts) in
Korhogo, and the other at theUJLoG (UniversitéJean
Lorougnon Guédé) University in Daloa. The trial in France
took place in a controlled environment, in Greenhouse 8 at
CIRAD (The French agricultural research and international
cooperation organization working for the sustainable
development of tropical and Mediterranean regions) in
Montpellier. The characteristics of the study sites are listed
in Table 2.
Table 2 Geographical location and characteristics of study sites (Millan 2016, Akaffou et al. 2019, Hérault et al. 2020).
Study sites or
Environments
Coordinates Vegetation Climate Temperature Rainfall
(mm/year)
Soil type
Korhogo
(DeFo)
9°570’80556’’N
5°542’88889’’W
Clear forest
(wooded
and grassy
Tropical
dry 26.6 – 35.7 °C 817 - 1216
Ferruginous (90%) and
Ferralitic (10%) superficial
gravelly soil, deep gravel with a
heavy texture, low in organic
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savannah) matter, highly desaturated.
Daloa
(UJLoG)
6° 909’6363’’N
6°438’1157’’W
Dense rain
forest
Wet
tropical
(sub-
equatorial)
21 – 34 °C 1000 - 1900
Ferralitic, deep, acidic and
desaturated in exchangeable
bases, rich in organic matter
Montpellier
(Greenhouse) 43°64981’N
3°86842’W
in the
greenhouse
in the
greenhous
e
24 °C (night)
-
32 °C (day)
10 cm3
per
week
Mixture of Substrate Soil 1,
Neuhaus N2 Bio, Tref Rice
CIRAD 2 and extra-silice sand
from biot
C° = degrees Celsius; mm = millimetre; Substrate 1 =Iron, trace elements, perlite and coconut fibre; Neuhaus N2
Bio =vegetable co-composting, blond and black peat; Tref Rice CIRAD 2 = clay, volcanic sand, perlite no. 2, coconut, Irish
white peat and fine blond peat
Setting up the tests
Seed harvesting
Mature fruits were harvested in April and May
2019 on the mother trees using long wooden sticks forks
attached or by knocking the top of the tree with stones.
The mature fruit collected under each mother tree was
husked by hand to remove the thorny shells from the
seeds. The seeds were then divided into three batches.
Each batch contained seeds from all six mother trees, i.e.
120 healthy seeds were selected per mother tree and per
study site after sorting all the seeds collected (120 seeds x
6 mother trees x 3 test sites giving a total of 2,160 seeds of
Parkia biglobosa).
Preparation of the trials and equipment
Environment 1 and 2: Korhogo and Daloa Nurseries
Polyethylene black bags with drainage holes
measuring 20 x 10 cm were filled with local soil and
arranged in one block comprising six sub-blocks. Each
sub-block was labelled with the mother trees serial number
and geographic coordinates and contained seeds harvested
on and under one mother tree. Each sub-block contained
60 bags of soil prepared to receive two seeds each. The
seeds from each mother tree were soaked in water for 24
hours to break seed dormancy and then sowed directly at a
depth of approximately 2 cm in the bags at a rate of two
seeds per bag. Before planting, the seeds were treated with
granulated FURADAN to control rodents and after
seedling emergence, the pre-leaves were treated with
DECIS to limit insects’ attacks. Nursery maintenance
consisted of daily watering and manual weeding.
Environment 3: CIRAD greenhouse in Montpellier
Polyester black pots with drainage holes
measuring 30 x 15 cm (figure 1b) were filled with a
mixture of potting compost as specified above (Table 2).
The pots were arranged in labelled blocks and sub-blocks
in metal bins arranged in the same way as in Korhogo and
Daloa. The seeds were sown in the same way as those
from the other two sites in Côte d'Ivoire. Biological
protection consisted of treatment with BIOBEST against
greenhouse whiteflies. The pots were watered daily (10
cm3 per week). all the pots occupied an area of about 12
m2.
Data Collection
Seeds germination and seedling development
parameters
A total of 2160 seeds were evaluated for the entire
study. 120 seeds per mother tree (constituting a sub-block)
were evaluated per study site (120 x 6 = 720 seeds in total
on each site). However, a total of 540 seedlings were
sorted and then evaluated for this entire study. The
morphology of 30 vigorous and three-month-old seedlings
resulting from the germination of the seeds of each mother
tree (in each sub-block) was evaluated on each study site
(30 x 6 = 180 seedlings in total for each site of study). All
morphological parameters were measured using a ruler
graduated in centimetres and an electronic caliper in
millimeter. Five germination parameters and nine
development parameters were evaluated, there are
recorded in Table 3.
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Table 3 Germination development parameters evaluated
Parameters Definitions
Germination
parameters
1-Waiting time or latency time The time it takes for the first seed to germinate from the sowing of all the
seeds(Amani et al. 2015; Douma et al. 2019)
2-Germination delay The period between the sowing of each seed and the appearance of each
seedling (N'golo et al. 2018; Douma et al. 2019);
3-Germination speed
The average time needed until 50% of the seeds have germinated (Berka
and Abdelkader 2001; Diatta et al. 2009; Douma et al. 2019);
4-Spreading time or germination
duration
The period betweengermination of the first seed and the last seed (Amani
et al. 2015; Douma et al. 2019);
5-Germination rate
The number of seeds sprouted divided by the number of total seeds
sprouted, expressed as a percentage (Zerbo et al. 2010; Gorgon et al.
2015; Akaffou et al. 2019).
Development
parameters
1-Seedling height (SH) The length between the collar and the apex of the seedling
2-Diameter at the collar of the
seedling (Dcol)
The base thickness of the main stem of the seedling
3-Number of main leaves (LN°) The number of main leaves on the main stem of the seedling
4-Main leaf length (LL)
The length from the beginning of the petiole to the end of the primary
rachis of the compound leaves on the main stem of the seedling
5-Main leaf width (LW)
The width of the main compound leaf or the line connecting the tip of two
opposite leaflets perpendicular to the primary rachis at the center of the
main compound leaf
6-Number of primary
leaflets(N°Leafl)
The number of primary leaflets of the main leaf and arranged along the
rachis or the number of secondary leaves consisting of secondary leaflets
(tertiary leaf).
7-Primary leaflet length
(LLeafl)
The length of the secondary rachis of the primary leaflet or length of
secondary leaf
8-Width of the primary leaflets
(WLeafl)
The width of the primary leaflet or secondary leaf
9-Length of the internodes
(LIN)
The length connecting two nodes or the length of two points of successive
insertions of organs or leaf scars, from the base to the apex of the seedling
Data analysis
The statistical analyses were first performed using
one-dimensional descriptive statistics, link analysis (linear
regression, correlation, and covariance) and
multidimensional analysis (principal component analysis
PCA) with XLSTAT 2020 version 7.5. The difference
between the germination and morphology parameters was
assessed using a two-factor multivariate analysis
(MANOVA) with SAS software version 9.4. The Student-
Newman-Keuls test at the 5% threshold was used for post-
hoc comparisons.
IV. RESULTS
Description of the germination process for Parkia
biglobosa seeds
The germination of Parkia biglobosa is hypogeal
generally with a thick epicotyl at the base reaching an
average of 2.07 mm in diameter at the collar and an
average of 8.3 cm in length about 22 days after sowing.
The pre-leaves are composed and bipinnate with generally
4 primary leaflets who composed an average of 11 pairs of
secondary leaflets. The leaves following the pre-leaves are
generally composed of two primary leaflets. Subsequently,
the seedling produces bipinnate compound leaves with
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more and more primary leaflets (up to 10 primary leaflets
with an average of 36 pairs of secondary leaflets at three
months of age). Phyllotaxis is alternating spiro-disc at this
stage and each leaf carries two stipules, one of which has
the leaf sheath and another at the end of the leaf (at the
point of insertion of the last two primary leaflets, at the
end of the rachis).
Germination and development parameters at each
study site
Germination parameters
Environment 1: Korhogo nursery
At the Korhogo nursery, the first germinations
started on the 7th day and the 9th day with seeds from
mother trees number 4 and 1 respectively. the shortest time
to germination were obtained from seeds of mother tree
number 1, with a variation of 9 to 24 days around an
average of 18.04 ± 4.18 days. As for the best germination
speed, it was 18 days and was obtained from mother tree
number 1 as well. Short germination spread times were
observed in mother trees number 1, 3 and 4 in 15, 18 and
18 days respectively. Finally, the good germination rates
were 90% and 93.33% respectively in the seeds of mother
trees 1 and 3.
Environment 2: Daloa nursery
In Daloa nursery, the smallest germination latency
was 4 days and was observed in seeds of mother tree
number 4. The smallest germination delays were observed
in seeds of mother trees number 1, 3 and 4 with respective
variations from 10 to 21 days around an average of 16.13 ±
2.78 days, from 13 to 30 days with an average of 17.98 ±
4.01 days and from 4 to 27 days around an average of
16.64 ± 5.68 days. The fastest germination speeds were 15,
16 and 18 days, respectively observed in seeds of mother
trees number 1, 4 and 3. The smallest germination duration
was 11 days and observed in seeds of the mother tree
number 1. As for the best germination rates, they were
observed in the seeds of mother trees number 1, 2, 3, 4 and
6 with respectively rates of 100%, 95.50%, 100%, 92, 50%
and 100%.
Environnent 3: Montpellier greenhouse
In Montpellier greenhouse, the smallest
germination latency times were 9 and 14 days and were
observed in seeds of mother trees number 6 and 3
respectively. the shortest time to germination was observed
in seeds of mother tree number 5 with a variation of 21 to
46 days around an average of 29.43 ± 11.81 days. the
seeds of mother tree number 6 obtained a very good
germination speed (17 days) unlike the others. The seeds
of mother tree number 5 had short germination times (25
days) compared to the others. As for the germination rates,
they were higher than in the seeds of mother trees number
1, 5 and 6 (respectively 80%, 70% and 70%).
Development parameters
Environment 1: Korhogo nursery
At the Korhogo nursery, the greatest sowing
heights were obtained from seedlings resulting from the
germination of seeds of mother tree number 3 (20.4 ± 2.61
cm). Large mean diameters were observed in seedlings
grown from seed germination of mother tree 3 (2.61 ± 0.12
mm) and 4 (2.51 ± 0.43 mm). The number of leaves was
higher in seedlings resulting from seed germination of
mother tree number 6 (4.02 ± 0.42). As for the length of
the leaves, it was greater in seedlings from mother tree 1
(11.11 ± 0.59 cm) and 6 (10.11 ± 1.34 cm). Leaf width was
greatest in seedlings originating from seed germination of
mother tree number 1 (10.2 ± 0.23 cm). The number of
primary leaflets was higher in seedlings from mother trees
5 (5.63 ± 0.34) 3 (5.21 ± 0.26). Primary leaflet length was
greater in seedlings originating from seed germination of
mother trees 3 (7.51 ± 0.14 cm) and 6 (7.46 ± 0.21 cm).
The largest primary leaflet widths were observed in
seedlings from mother trees number 4 (4.21 ± 0.34 cm)
and 3 (3.81 ± 0.21cm). finally, the longest internodes were
observed in seedlings from the seeds of mother tree 1 (3.57
± 0.2 cm).
Environment 2: Daloa nursery
In Daloa nursery, the greatest sowing heights
were observed in seedlings resulting from the germination
of seeds from mother tree number 5 (28.1 ± 2.27 cm). The
largest diameters were observed in seedlings resulting
from the germination of seeds of mother tree 6 (4.42 ±
0.29 mm). Leaf numbers were highest in seedlings of
seeds from mother trees number 6 (4.89 ± 0.28), 1 (4.75 ±
0.45), 3 (4.56 ± 0.21), 5 (4.46 ± 0.51) and 2 (4.32 ± 0.51).
The longest leaf lengths were observed in seedlings of
mother trees 5 (13.52 ± 1.08 cm), 6 (12.24 ± 1.54 cm) and
1 (12.2 ± 0.31 cm). The greatest widths were observed in
seedlings of the seeds of mother trees 5 (13 ± 0.54 cm) and
6 (12.31 ± 0.34 cm). Primary leaflet numbers were highest
in seedlings of mother trees 5 (5.58 ± 0.37), 1 (5.2 ± 0.22),
6 (5.03 ± 0.52) and 3 (5 ± 0.46). The longest primary
leaflets were observed in seedlings of mother trees 6 (9.76
± 0.64 cm), 4 (9.65 ± 0.36 cm), 3 (8.56 ± 0.37 cm) and 1
(8.21 ± 0.36 cm). Primary leaflet widths were greater in
seedlings from mother trees 6 (4.26 ± 0.33 cm), 2 (4.23 ±
0.22 cm) and 3 (4.21 ± 0.54 cm). As for internode lengths,
they were greater in seedlings resulting from the
germination of seeds from mother trees 5 (3, 47 ± 0.54
cm), 2 (3.42 ± 0.36 cm) and 4 (3.28 ± 0.37 cm) and.
Environnent 3: Montpellier greenhouse
7. Beda Innocent Adji et al. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF)
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In the Montpellier greenhouse, the greatest
heights of the seedlings were observed in the seedlings
resulting from the germination of the seeds of the mother
trees 4 (28.2 ± 2.11 cm), 6 (27.62 ± 2.66 cm), 2 (27.4 ±
2.05 cm). The high diameters were observed in seedlings
of mother trees 1 (3.71 ± 0.27 mm), 3 (3.67 ± 0.41 mm), 5
(3.57 ± 0.25 mm) and 6 (3.31 ± 0.20 mm). Leaf numbers
were highest in seedlings of mother tree 1 (5.6 ± 0.17).
The longest leaf lengths were observed in seedlings grown
from seed germination of mother tree 2 (14.23 ± 1.35 cm).
The largest leaf widths were observed in seedlings from
mother trees 1 (12.31 ± 0.54 cm), 2 (13.96 ± 0.52 cm) and
6 (12.08 ± 0.44 cm). Primary leaflet numbers were highest
in seedlings of mother trees 3 (5.64 ± 0.51), 4 (5.26 ± 0.54)
and 6 (5.28 ± 0.22). The long primary leaflet lengths were
observed in seedlings of mother trees 2 (10.56 ± 0.47 cm)
and 6 (11.28 ± 0.24 cm). The large widths of the primary
leaflets were observed in seedlings of mother trees 5 (4.59
± 0.16 cm) and 6 (4.67 ± 0.43 cm). finally, internode
lengths were greater in seedlings of mother trees 3 (3.97 ±
0.30 cm) and 5 (3.9 ± 0.44 cm).
Global trend of assessed parameters
Germination parameters
Figure 2 gives a global overview of all
germination parameters observed at the three study sites
and indicates that the germination was best in Daloa and
Montpellier environments. The highest values for
germination waiting time, germination delay, germination
speed and germination duration were recorded in Korhogo
environment. The Montpellier greenhouse ranked second
for all germination variables observed (fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Comparison of each germination parameter at the 3 study sites.
Influence of environment and mother trees on seeds
germination
The comparison of seeds germination compared
to the experimental sites, revealed a significant variability
between the three study sites for all the germination
parameters evaluated (P <0.05) (Table 4). The variance
analysis of germination parameters (Table 4) shows,
however, that all the germination variables observed
overall are statistically identical from one mother tree to
another (p> 0.05) on the three experimental sites.
Table 4 Comparison of germination parameters assessed according to the environment and mother trees used
For each character, values with the same letters are not statistically different at the 5% threshold.
Environments/
Mother trees
waiting time germinationdelay germination
speed
germination
duration
germination
rate
Korhogo nursery 17.83 ± 2.12
a
34.69 ± 1.32 a 39.83 ± 7.19 a 38 ± 3.58 a 64.44 ± 4.44 b
Daloa nursery 10.50 ± 1.38
b
19.56 ± 1.34 c 19.33 ± 1.74 b 18.66 ± 2.33 b 94.58 ± 3.62 a
10.50
19.56 19.33 18.67
94.58
13.33
23.78 27.00
22.33
84.05
11.92
21.67 23.17 20.50
89.32
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
waiting time germination delay germination
speed
germination
duration
germination rate
Global
values
of
the
germination
parameters
in
the
3
study
sites
Seeds germination parameters on the each study site
Daloa Korhogo Montpellier (greenhouse)
8. Beda Innocent Adji et al. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF)
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Montpellier
greenhouse
13.33 ± 1.84
ab
23.77 ± 1.36 b 27 ± 2.47 ab 22.33 ± 2.14 b 84.05 ± 3.83 a
Pr > F 0.036 0.001 0.018 0.001 0.001
Mother tree-1 13.33 ± 3.84
a
24.07 ± 7.01 a 21.66 ± 5.24 a 23 ± 10.07 a 90 ± 5.77 a
Mother tree-2 17 ± 2.08 a 27.63 ± 4.06 a 32.66 ± 8.97 a 25.33 ± 4.48 a 78.05 ± 14.37 a
Mother tree-3 14.66 ± 1.20
a
25.92 ± 5.20 a 32 ± 11.13 a 28.33 ± 10.83
a
84.44 ± 12.37 a
Mother tree-4 11 ± 5.57 a 25.32 ± 6.26 a 34 ± 13.74 a 31 ± 5.68 a 78.39 ± 11.02 a
Mother tree-5 15 ± 3.05 a 26.55 ± 1.45 a 29 ± 3.05 a 24.66 ± 1.45 a 71.39 ± 3.20 a
Mother tree-6 12.33 ± 2.02
a
26.56 ± 3.37 a 23 ± 4.58 a 25.67 ± 5.61 a 83.88 ± 8.73 a
Pr > F 0.828 0.996 0.864 0.972 0.828
Development parameters
Influence of environment and mother trees on seedlings
development
The comparison of experimental sites compared
to the seedling morphology (Table 5) revealed that there is
a significant difference between the study sites for the
variable’s height, diameter, number of leaves, length of
leaves, length of primary leaflets and internode length (P
<0.05). Unlike leaf width, number of primary leaflets and
width of primary leaflets which were statistically identical
regardless of the study site (p> 0.05). The results of
variance analysis (Table 5) of seedlings morphology in
relation to their origin (mother tree) showed that the set of
development parameters evaluated were identical in the
whole of a mother tree to another (p> 0.05).
Table 5 Comparison of morphological parameters assessed according to the environment and mother trees used
For each character, values with the same letters are not statistically different at the 5% threshold.
Environments/
Mother trees
SH (cm) Dcol
(mm)
N°L LL
(cm)
LW
(cm)
N°Leaf
l
LLeafl
(cm)
WLeaf
l (cm)
LIN
(cm)
Korhogo
nursery
19.51±0.
74 b
2.21±0.
15 b
3.52±0.
12 b
9.37±0.
49 b
9.01±0.
47 a
4.65±0.
34 a
6.69±0.
31 b
3.12±0.
32 a
2.45±0.2
b
Daloa nursery 25.52±0.
83 a
3.12±0.
34 a
4.38±0.
23 a
11.57±
0.57 a
10.86±
0.67 a
4.96±0.
18 a
8.46±0.
44 a
3.82±0.
19 a
2.98±0.2
ab
Montpellier
greenhouse
26.35±0.
85 a
3.29±0.
19 a
4.65±0.
22 a
12.73±
0.53 a
11.22±
0.83 a
5.02±0.
19 a
9.49±0.
55 a
3.81±0.
28 a
3.54±0.1
9 a
Pr > F 0.001 0.015 0.003 0.002 0.076 0.545 0.002 0.138 0.016
Mother tree-1 23.27±2.
84 a
2.74±0.
49 a
4.53±0.
69 a
12.28±
0.70 a
11.25±
0.61 a
4.88±0.
22 a
7.43±0.
49 a
3.35±0.
15 a
2.84±0.3
9 a
Mother tree-2 23.41±2.
27 a
2.45±0.
34 a
3.94±0.
34 a
11.05±
1.59 a
10.78±
1.61 a
4.59±0.
02 a
8.27±1.
15 a
3.47±0.
39 a
3.15±0.3
1 a
Mother tree-3 23.03±1.
74 a
2.89±0.
39 a
4.23±0.
36 a
10.56±
1.14 a
9.37±1.
05 a
5.28±0.
18 a
8.54±0.
58 a
3.67±0.
36 a
2.90±0.6
0 a
Mother tree-4 22.89±3.
05 a
2.93±0.
46 a
3.76±0.
38 a
9.83±1.
13 a
9.08±0.
87 a
5.07±0.
38 a
8.46±1.
12 a
3.81±0.
2 a
2.87±0.5
1 a
Mother tree-5 25.53±1.
67 a
2.94±0.
63 a
4.31±0.
37 a
12.13±
1.33 a
10.37±
1.35 a
4.93±0.
37 a
7.10±0.
85 a
3.51±0.
63 a
3.45±0.2
6 a
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Mother tree-6 26.61±2.
56 a
3.31±0.
52 a
4.31±0.
29 a
11.50±
0.69 a
11.33±
0.86 a
4.52±0.
64 a
9.50±1.
11 a
3.70±0.
77 a
2.74±0.5
4 a
Pr> F 0.961 0.879 0.812 0.651 0.611 0.674 0.537 0.983 0.883
SH: seedling height; Dcol: Diameter of the seedlings; N°L: Number of main leaves; LL: Main leaf length; LW: Main leaf
Width; N°Leafl: Number of primary leaflets; LLeafl: Primary leaflet length; WLeafl: Width of the primary leaflets; LIN:
Length of the internodes; cm: centimetres; mm: millimetres.
Figure 3 shows the projection of study site and
morphological parameters of all the seedlings on the PCA
1-2 (biplot). The analysis of the matrix of factor weights
allowed the extraction of two components that explain
100% of the variability and therefore the total variation
between the morphological characteristics of the seedlings
and the environments. Plan 1-2 is characterized by
eigenvalues of 97.57% for axis F1 and 2.43% for axis F2.
The different descriptors contributing to the formation of
the first (F1) and second component (F2) form a single
group consisting of the Daloa and Montpellier
(greenhouse) sites characterized by all morphological
parameters higher than those of the seedlings in Korhogo
site.
Fig. 3 Projection of study sites and morphological parameters observed in PCA Plan 1-2 as a function of the type of axis
V. DISCUSSION
Germination and seedling morphology parameters
The germination of Parkia biglobosa was found
to be hypogeal, in agreement with Douma et al. (2019) and
Millogo (2014). Seeds were peeled then soaked in water to
break dormancy. Previous studies reported that
integumentary inhibition or pericarpic and embryonic
dormancy are major causes of low germination rates
(Diatta et al. 2009). These integument inhibitory effects
have been observed in many species including
Pterocarpus santalinus (Rajendrudu and Naidu 2001),
Maeruacrassifolia (Diatta et al. 2009), Faidherbiaalbida
(Ameri et al. 2017), Pterocarpus erinaceus (N'golo et al.
2018) and Parkia biglobosa (Douma et al. 2019).
Seeds and seedlings from seed germination of
mother trees number 1, 3 and 6 performed best regardless
of the study site; probably because of the size of the seeds
collected on and under these mother trees. These three
mother trees have the greatest dendrometrics
characteristics among all the mother trees selected for this
study. These mother trees could be identified as very good
parents for the production of vigorous, resistant genotypes
and elite trees for the establishment of permanent plots
within the framework of the execution of a reforestation or
agroforestry program. This study shows that large trees
with large diameters produce large seeds which in turn
generate vigorous seedlings. This observation could be
studied on a large number of mother trees in order to
consolidate the results and popularize them in a paying
Daloa
Korhogo Montpellier
SH (cm)
Dcol (mm)
LN°
LL (cm)
LW (cm)
N°Leafl
LLeafl (cm)
WLeafl (cm)
LIn (cm)
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
F2
(2.43%)
F1 (97.57%)
Biplot (axis F1 and F2: 100.00%)
Groupe
10. Beda Innocent Adji et al. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF)
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environment for a domestication and a large-scale
sustainable management of this species. Several studies
have shown that seed size plays a large role in successful
germination and the production of vigorous seedlings that
are resilient to climatic stress (Gunaga et al. 2007; Gunaga
and vasudeva 2011; Mao et al. 2019 etc.).
Overall, the germination parameters were as good
as our expectation and imagination. Despite the non-
treatment of the seeds with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nor the
scarification of the seeds or hot water for the lifting of
dormancy, we obtained rates of up to 100% in natural
areas as foreign to this species. In Niger, Douma et al.
(2019) treated Parkia biglobosa seeds with sulfuric acid
(H2SO4), which resulted in a two-day lag time, a four-day
germination rate, and a germination rate of 80-92%. With
the scarified seeds of Parkia biglobosa, the same authors
obtained a latency time of three days, a germination rate of
four days and a germination of 100%. When they heated
the seeds, the germination rate was only 16-24%. Yet
without nursery treatment, Amonum et al. (2016) obtained
a latency time of six days, a germination rate of 33 days,
the total germination time was 31 days, and the seed
germination rate was 58.86%. Similarly, in a study on the
viability of Parkia biglobosa seeds in Burkina Faso,
Millogo (2014) obtained with seed banks a low
germination rate (0.83-14.67%). According to him, this
was due to a remarkably high loss of genetic diversity. The
results of this study on seedling morphology are
comparable to those obtained in Niger by Douma et al.
(2019) but in disagreement with the studies by Gnanglè et
al. (2010) in Benin. These last authors obtained with five
(5) growth accelerators on plants of Parkia biglobasa in
140 days an average height of 26.3 cm, an average
diameter of 6.6 mm with an average of 8.5 leaves. We had
thought that Parkia biglobosa seeds would not grow in an
environment other than its natural range. However, the
seeds germinated there (Daloa nursery and Montpellier
greenhouse) more efficiently with more vigorous seedlings
than those in its area of origin (Korhogo). This is
undoubtedly the cause of more lenient environments
(fertile soil, higher air humidity, favorable temperature,
etc.) than in its natural zone (low humidity, high
temperature, poor soil). This species shows its ability to
adapt to different foreign environments through this study.
For guaranteed conservation (domestication), this species
could be introduced into permanent agroforestry systems
throughout the territory of Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, it is a
species that restores soil fertility (leguminous plant). It
could therefore be a replacement solution for the chemical
fertilizers used permanently in the fallow areas of the
savannah (natural environment for the species) and forest
areas (environment foreign to the species) of the country.
The analysis of variance showed that the mother
trees do not significantly influence each parameter of
germination and seedling morphology for all three sites
(P> 0.05). Indeed, this is normal since it is the seeds and
seedlings of the same mother trees that were evaluated on
all three sites. But, taken in isolation site by site, the
parameters of germination and seedling morphology differ
from one mother tree to another for each site. We believe
that the dendrometric characteristics of mother trees
should be considered in seed collections for studies of
germination and production of seedlings for species
conservation (domestication). However, the comparison of
the germination and development parameters of the
seedlings according to each of the three experimental sites
indicated that the three sites differ significantly for all the
parameters evaluated (P <0.05). In fact, each site is made
up of its own distinct microclimatic characteristics (type of
soil, availability of water in the soil and in the ambient air,
temperatures, etc.). Korhogo is located in a savannah zone
(poor, arid soil with high temperatures, dry tropical
climate), Daloa is located in a forest zone (rich and humid
soil, mild temperature, humid tropical climate) and the
Montpellier greenhouse is stable with a potting soil is
made up of a mixture of substrates rich in mineral
elements. Several studies have shown the effect of climate
or climatic zone, soil, mother trees and seed provenance on
plant growth and development (Giordano 1972;
Assogbadjo et al. 2006; Dianda et al. 2009; Sambe et al.
2010).
VI. CONCLUSION
This study showed that the dendrometric
characteristics of mother trees could be a factor in the
selection of vigorous seed and seedlings in the context of
conservation (domestication) of Parkia biglobosa. The
larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they
produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings.
This study also showed that this species is adaptable to
foreign environments. It grows better in a milder
environment that is different from its native area. Overall,
the mother trees did not statistically influence each
germination and development parameter for all three sites
combined. However, analysis of variance showed that
germination and seedling development parameters differed
from one experimental site to another. A rich soil and a
stable or humid tropical climate (Montpellier greenhouse
and Daloa site) guarantee good germination and seedling
development in Parkia biglobosa. These results are useful
and could be used as decision support tools to guide
conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes
based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended
11. Beda Innocent Adji et al. International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF)
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to other endangered species in order to safeguard
humanity.
VII. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION
Beda Innocent Adji: Conception, methodology,
supervision, software, formal analysis, writing the paper,
resources, data acquisition and analysis. Sélastique
Doffou Akaffou: Project administration, methodology,
resources, data acquisition, supervision, writing the paper -
original project, research and acquisition of funding.
Sylvie Sabatier: Project administration, methodology,
resources, data acquisition, supervision, writing the paper -
original project, research and acquisition of funding.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financed by the Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific Research of Côte d'Ivoire,
the French Development Agency and IRD (Institut de
Recherche pour le Developpement) within the framework
of PRESeD-CI 2 (Renewed Partnership for Research for
Development in Côte d'Ivoire) and C2D (Debt Reduction
Contract) of the AMRUGE-CI project (Support for the
Modernization and Reform of Universities and Grandes
Ecoles of Côte d'Ivoire). We would like to thank the
CNRA (Centre National de Recherche Agronomique) of
Côte d'Ivoire for allowing access to its scientific research
site and for supplying the plant material (Pterocapus
erinaceusPoir., 1804) used for this study. The authors are
grateful to the Centre de Coopération International de
Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement(CIRAD)
for providing a greenhouse (controlled environment) and
the technical equipment necessary to conduct the study.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the
current study are available from the corresponding author
on reasonable request.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
either between the authors, or between the organisations
which financed the work, or on the site used for the
experiments. All the authors agree to the publication of the
submitted version of the paper.
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