Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
The coastal medicinal plant Vitex rotundifolia: a mini-review on its bioactiv...LucyPi1
Abstract Humans have long used natural remedies like plants and herbs to treat disease. Furthermore, research has been ongoing to find alternative pharmaceutical drugs based on traditionally used plants, as natural products show fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Medicinal plants have long been targeted in drug development due to their bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This is not only the case for terrestrial plants, but marine environments also provide a larger diversity of flora and fauna with medicinal bioactive compounds. Vitex rotundifolia, also known as Beach Vitex, is a coastal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including premenstrual syndrome, headaches, migraines, colds, and eye pain. There have been many review papers on V. rotundifolia, emphasizing its taxonomy, distribution, and biological activity. Our current mini-review not only summarizes the pharmacology and bioactivity of V. rotundifolia, but it also provides new information on the main bioactive compounds of V. rotundifolia such as flavonoids, phenolic acid, and terpenes and their current pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo research. This information can be useful for developing new pharmaceutical and nutraceutical agents to treat and manage disease.
Medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)IJARIIT
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important medicinal plant commonly known as Giloy belonging to the
menispermaceae family is a deciduous climbing shrub described known for its immense application in the treatment of various
diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes, and skin diseases etc. The chemical constituents of this shrub belong to different
classes such as alkaloid, lactones, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic compound, glycosides and polyscharide compounds having
medical importance.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
Paper Presented during the National seminar on Challenges and Innovative approaches in crop improvement held at AC&RI, Madurai , TNAU by
Dr.P. Manivel, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310, Anand, Gujarat
Medicinal plants cultivation In Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants cultivation in Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
The coastal medicinal plant Vitex rotundifolia: a mini-review on its bioactiv...LucyPi1
Abstract Humans have long used natural remedies like plants and herbs to treat disease. Furthermore, research has been ongoing to find alternative pharmaceutical drugs based on traditionally used plants, as natural products show fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Medicinal plants have long been targeted in drug development due to their bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This is not only the case for terrestrial plants, but marine environments also provide a larger diversity of flora and fauna with medicinal bioactive compounds. Vitex rotundifolia, also known as Beach Vitex, is a coastal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including premenstrual syndrome, headaches, migraines, colds, and eye pain. There have been many review papers on V. rotundifolia, emphasizing its taxonomy, distribution, and biological activity. Our current mini-review not only summarizes the pharmacology and bioactivity of V. rotundifolia, but it also provides new information on the main bioactive compounds of V. rotundifolia such as flavonoids, phenolic acid, and terpenes and their current pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo research. This information can be useful for developing new pharmaceutical and nutraceutical agents to treat and manage disease.
Medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)IJARIIT
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important medicinal plant commonly known as Giloy belonging to the
menispermaceae family is a deciduous climbing shrub described known for its immense application in the treatment of various
diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes, and skin diseases etc. The chemical constituents of this shrub belong to different
classes such as alkaloid, lactones, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic compound, glycosides and polyscharide compounds having
medical importance.
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
Paper Presented during the National seminar on Challenges and Innovative approaches in crop improvement held at AC&RI, Madurai , TNAU by
Dr.P. Manivel, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310, Anand, Gujarat
Medicinal plants cultivation In Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Medicinal plants cultivation in Pakistan A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
It is power point presentation on a medical plant Tinospora cordifolia for Bsc botany 1st year students itis the total overview on this plant. I hope it may fulfill your needs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
Proposal of Conservation, Development & Sustainable Management of Seventeen Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Species in Nagaland.
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the Proposal: Commercial Cultivation and Processing of Medicinal and Aromatic spices
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Medicinal value of plant Bauhinia variegata Linn including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
Pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adh...Open Access Research Paper
Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adhatoda vasica are the three important medicinal plants in which it is used for daily consumption by the user especially in the rural areas. Not only rural people are seeking for the medical benefits from the medicinal plants but also urban people because trying to eliminate the side effects of synthetic medicine on health. Research using these three plants should not stop here and must be extensively employed by the researchers and try to get more medical properties which is useful for the public. Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is the active component obtained from the aerial parts of this plant, having very bitter taste. It is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone with multiple pharmacological activities. In 1997, garlic (Allium sativum) was the most widely used natural supplement in US house-holds. Garlic was shown to be used more than twice as much as any other natural supplement. Extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves has been used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in Ayurved and Unani medicine. The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for more than 2000 years. Compounds which are present in the plant/s which when consumed it promote the health of the consumers although some studies suggest that consumption may lead to toxic effect but in general it is safe to consume moderately. In many literature survey, researchers are trying the best to overcome the bacterial resistance by isolating compounds from the medicinal plants (one of the method) due to the resistance of bacterias towards synthetic chemicals. Overally this proved the importance of the medicinal plants.
It is power point presentation on a medical plant Tinospora cordifolia for Bsc botany 1st year students itis the total overview on this plant. I hope it may fulfill your needs.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants in Arunachal PradeshSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the JFMC Proposal for Value Addition of Nine Medicinal Plants for Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Proposal Cultivation, Value Addition, Warehousing & Marketing of Medicinal Pl...Sanjay Talukdar
Proposal of Conservation, Development & Sustainable Management of Seventeen Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Species in Nagaland.
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the Proposal: Commercial Cultivation and Processing of Medicinal and Aromatic spices
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Ethnobotanical and traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biologica...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: Eryngium with the 274 accepted species, is the largest genus of Apiaceae family which are distributed all over the world and have been used in traditional remedies to manage various ailments in different nations. Ten species of Eryngium have been identified in Iran including E. caeruleum M.B. (syn: E. caucasicum Trautv.), E. creticum Lam., E. bungei Boiss., E. billardieri F. Delaroche. (syn: E. kotschyi Boiss.), E. glomeratum Lam. (syn: E. parviflorum Sm.), E. bornumulleri Nab., E. pyramidale Boiss. & Husson., E. noeanum Boiss., E. wanaturi Woron. (syn: E. woronowii Bordz.), and E. thyrsoideum Boiss. The aim of the present research is to review pharmacological activity, and phytochemical constituents as well as ethnobotany and traditional uses of Iranian species of Eryngium. Materials and methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct (ISI Web of Knowledge) and Embase library were comprehensively searched for research on Eryngium. The search period was from 1966 to October 2018. The related articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criterias in our study. Results: A total of 57 papers were enrolled in analyses. The findings showed that Iranian species of Eryngium, had a noticeable diverse of traditional medicinal uses and also broad range of pharmacological activities as well as various phytochemical compounds. Some remarkable biological and pharmacological activities of these species have been demonstrated in present scientific studies, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antinociceptive activities as well as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-snake and anti-scorpion venom effects. Conclusion: Iranian Eryngium species have enormous potential for prospective preparation of herbal medicinal products and are good candidates for discovering new drugs.
Medicinal value of plant Bauhinia variegata Linn including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Rheum australe including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
Pharmacological activities of Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adh...Open Access Research Paper
Andrographis paniculata, Allium sativum and Adhatoda vasica are the three important medicinal plants in which it is used for daily consumption by the user especially in the rural areas. Not only rural people are seeking for the medical benefits from the medicinal plants but also urban people because trying to eliminate the side effects of synthetic medicine on health. Research using these three plants should not stop here and must be extensively employed by the researchers and try to get more medical properties which is useful for the public. Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is the active component obtained from the aerial parts of this plant, having very bitter taste. It is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone with multiple pharmacological activities. In 1997, garlic (Allium sativum) was the most widely used natural supplement in US house-holds. Garlic was shown to be used more than twice as much as any other natural supplement. Extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves has been used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in Ayurved and Unani medicine. The plant has been used in the indigenous system of medicine in India for more than 2000 years. Compounds which are present in the plant/s which when consumed it promote the health of the consumers although some studies suggest that consumption may lead to toxic effect but in general it is safe to consume moderately. In many literature survey, researchers are trying the best to overcome the bacterial resistance by isolating compounds from the medicinal plants (one of the method) due to the resistance of bacterias towards synthetic chemicals. Overally this proved the importance of the medicinal plants.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
A review article: antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of tinospora cordi...SriramNagarajan16
The objective to the paper emphasizes on the study of various models related to antimicrobial and antidiarrheal
activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant also possesses various pharmacological activities including its use as
antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, ant osteoporotic, enhance cognition (learning and memory),
antidiarrheal and immunomodulatory effects. The current works aims to justify the folklore use of the whole plant
of the Tinospora cordifolia for its antidiarrheal and antimicrobial potentiality. Tinospora cordifolia contains
phytochemical constituent such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics,
aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T. cordifolia is already an import- tent composition of many traditional
Indian medicine formulations, both its purified stem proteins and the derived peptides by enzyme hydrolysis could
be incorporated into food products or nutraceuticals or developed to be a safe and efficient drug for treating
oxidative stress and related disorders. Pretreatment with Tinospora cordifolia extracts provide significant protection
against castor oil and magnesium sulfate‑induced diarrhea, the extracts may presume to have antisecretory and
preventive action towards CCK release
Botanic, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Phyllanthus Amarus Sch...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Botanic, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Phyllanthus Amarus Schum & Thorn as Powerful Tools to Improve its Biotechnological Studies by Maria Aparecida MM in Annals of Chemical Science Research
Terminalia Chebula A Traditional Herbal Drug – A Short Reviewinventionjournals
The usage of medicinal plants used from ancient times to treat various diseases due to its potential medicinal applications. Terminalia chebula is one of the common herbal drugs used in traditional systems in worldwide. The review tries to focus the traditional use of Terminalia chebula as herbal drug and the importance and its impact in the medicinal applications.
Resource assessment, Uses, domistication and commercialization of timber and non-timber forest products. Table of some important agroforestry medicinal plants with their uses given. Some figure, image and data were collected from internet.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
ABSTRACT- Systemic and Scientific investigation was carried out for identification, selection, characterization of popularly grown medicinal plants in and around Patna and their phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess their medicinal value potentialities. The traditional medicine involves the uses of different plant extracts or the phytochemical bioactive constituents, which provides the health application at an affordable cost. Secondary metabolites are responsible for medicinal activity of plants. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins, fatty acids, tannins, leucoanthocyanins and emodins etc. The result suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant, which may leads to the isolation of new and novel secondary compounds for generation of new drugs. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable because such information will be of value for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. Out of 50 medicinal plants subjected to phytochemical screening 11 were found to be highly potential,18 moderately potential and 21 to be least potential on the basis of presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract for secondary metabolites.
Key-words- Phytochemical screening; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites
Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants of Gariaband District Chhattisgarhpaperpublications3
Abstract: From ancient times the man has dependent so much on plants find around them for their daily needs, like as food and as an medicinal uses. The tribal people who depends on forest for their livelihood and most of them are still depends on medicinal plants as primary healthcare source. The tribal people and the people of rural area of India have the great knowledge of medicinal uses of plants which are finding around them. In central region of India Chhattisgarh has the large number of plants were reported as medicine, here we discuss the medicinal plants of Gariaband area of Chhattisgarh, in some areas of this district tribal people still dependent on medicinal plants .In this paper we mention some important medicinal plants of Gariaband District tribal people use from ancient times and try to reveal their knowledge.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Chhattisgarh, Gariaband, Tribal people, Healthcare.
Title: Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants of Gariaband District Chhattisgarh
Author: Iram Hingora, Dr. Amit Sharma
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Similar to A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifolia (20)
Chlorogenic acid may be a potent inhibitor of dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main proteas...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 to date, there is no available approved drug or definitive treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 viral infection, and the identification of novel hits against therapeutic targets has become a global emergency. Echinacea purpurea is a traditional herb utilized to treat cough, fever, sore throat, respiratory tract infection, and so on as an immune stimulant. In this study, in silico molecular docking approach was used to screen phytocompounds from E. purpurea against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main peptidase (96% sequence similarity) to blunt the viral gene expression and viral replication. Methods: Initially, we screened phytocompounds for their druggability and ADMET property. Furthermore, x-ray crystallographic structures of main proteases 3CLpro and main peptidase having Protein Data Bank ID 6LU7 and 2GTB were used as protein targets for the identification of potential drug candidates. We performed docking using AutoDock Vina by PyRx 0.8 software. BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer v2019 was used to analyze ligand-protein complex. The probable protein targets of the selected compound were predicted by BindingDB (P ≥ 0.7). STRING and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways are utilized to identify the molecular pathways modulated by the predicted targets (FDR ≤ 0.05), and the network interaction between compounds and protein pathways was constricted by Cytoscape 3.6.1. Results: Among all the compounds, chlorogenic acid showed druggable characteristics and scored the lowest binding energy with main protease and main peptidase via interacting with active site 1 domain amino acid residues. Interestingly, chlorogenic acid interacted with Phe140 main protease 3CLpro, which is potentially involved in the dimerization. Enrichment analysis identified chlorogenic acid to modulate insulin resistance, necroptosis, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, legionellosis, T helper 17 cell differentiation, advanced glycation end products and receptor for advanced glycation end products, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ras, estrogen, vascular endothelial growth factor, B-cell receptor, nuclear factor kappa B, Rap1, hypoxia inducible factor-1, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-Akt, insulin, mechanistic target of rapamycin, p53, retinoic acid inducible gene I like receptor, and ErbB signaling pathways. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid may act as a potent main protease 3CLpro inhibitor and may also inhibit the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 dimerization, viral gene expression, and replication within the lung epithelium. Chlorogenic acid may go a long way in finding one of the multipronged solutions to tackle coronavirus disease 2019 viral infection in the future.
Reliability and validity of the Tibetan medicine constitution scale: a cross-...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: The constitutional theory is an important aspect of Tibetan medicine, however a quantitative measurement tool for constitution identification still does not exist. The objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of a Tibetan medicine constitution scale (TMCS) that consists of three sub-scales and 31 items. Methods: From June to July 2019, 622 people from the general population in Beijing, China, aged 18 to 60 were investigated. We employed Cronbach’s alpha (α), split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability to determine the reliability of the scale. The content validity and contract validity of the TMCS were evaluated using factor analysis and correlation analysis based on Tibetan medicine theory. The items were screened according to the reliability test results. Results: After the items were screened, 22 items remained in the scale. The Cronbach’s alpha value for the internal consistency reliability of the TMCS was 0.754 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.700–0.761). The correlation coefficient for the two-week test-retest of the total score was 0.726 (95% CI: 0.571–0.834). The split-half coefficient was 0.689 (95% CI: 0.640–0.734). The scale can be explained by eight potential factors, including morphological structure, physiological function, personality, adaptability, etc. The body mass index was negatively correlated with the score of the sub-rlung scale (r = − 0.376), slightly positively correlated with the sub-mkhris pa scale (r = 0.099), and positively correlated with the sub-bad kan scale (r = 0.362). Conclusion: The TMCS is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to assess the body constitution of the general population in Beijing, China. Future studies are needed to explore the differences in biological characteristics among the constitutional types and the association between constitution and disease.
The riddles of number nine in Chinese medicine processing methodLucyPi1
Abstract The “nine cycles of steaming and shining”, “nine making”, “nine turns” and “nine cycles of calcining and quenching” methods that are recorded and used since ancient times are merely one aspect of the unique processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine. Inducing the Chinese medicine processing method “nine cycles of steaming and shining” from historical review and summarizing the practical wisdom based on the canonical aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and the experiences of ancient Chinese medicine sages to promote the new development of traditional Chinese medicine. After the long-term and multiple “nine” processing, the materials of traditional Chinese medicine exhibit significant beneficial changes in terms of taste, efficacy, and chemical composition contents, thus emphasizing that Chinese medicine processing plays a significant role in their efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction. Heshouwu (Polygoni Multiflori Radix), Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Huangjing (Rhizoma Polygonati), Dahuang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), and Xixiancao (Herba Siegesbeckiae) are representatives of Chinese medicinal materials prepared using the “nine-system” processing method. This review discovers the aim and the molecular mechanism of “nine” processing of the abovementioned herbs from the viewpoints of modern pharmacochemistry and pharmacology to provide a theoretical support for the “nine” processing method of traditional Chinese medicine and to promote the international market of traditional Chinese medicine.
Research progress in the use of leeches for medical purposesLucyPi1
Abstract Leeches are invertebrates that have a long history of application in the development of human medicine in both the East and the West. This paper comprehensively analyzes and evaluates current research and the latest progress with regard to the application of leeches, their medical value, and their application prospects from various perspectives, so as to provide a reference for new viewpoints and directions for research on leeches. Modern research has revealed that leeches contain various bioactive components, which have pharmacological effects such as anticoagulation, antithrombosis, blood viscosity reduction, and anti-atherosclerosis. Leech therapy is an important treatment approach for venous congestion after microsurgery and is also an effective adjuvant treatment for diabetic feet, chronic pain, and tumors. Therefore, leeches are of importance for the research and development of new drugs, the restoration of blood supply after surgery, and the adjuvant treatment of diseases accompanied by blood blocking. In addition, leeches can also be used as model organisms for research in evolutionary biology and invertebrate neurophysiology as well as in neurophysiological, behavioral, and functional studies.
Brucea javanica oil inhibits proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells ...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Brucea javanica oil (BJO), distributed primarily in Southeast Asia, has long been utilized as a therapeutic agent for treating malignancies. However, its anticancer mechanisms are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the mechanisms underlying its treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods: CCK8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry analyses were used to examine apoptosis. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos kit was used to measure the membrane potential of mitochondria. ATP assay kit was used to evaluate ATP levels. Western blots were used to assess the presence of AKT, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Caspase3, Caspase9, Bax, and Bcl-2. Results: BJO inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. It induced apoptosis, with the percentage of cells treated with 50–150 μg/mL BJO increasing from 8.01% to 28.02% in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05, when 50 μg/mL of BJO group compared with the control group; P < 0.001, when 100 or 150 μg/mL of BJO group compared with the control group). After exposed to BJO, the expression of C-caspase3, C-caspase9 and Bax upregulated while that of Bcl-2 downregulated. BJO suppressed the PI3K/AKT pathway and promoted phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, while repressing the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin. Compared with treatment by BJO alone, the PI3K/AKT agonist 740Y-P increased the survival rate of HepG2 cells (P < 0.01) and attenuated the inhibitory effect of BJO on cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: BJO is capable of inhibiting proliferation of HepG2 cells and inducing apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Effect of Jianpi-yangwei decoction on gut fungi in the patients with gastric ...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Our previous study shows that the empirical formula of Chinese medicine Jianpi-yangwei decoction (JYD) can improve the quality of life in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy by increasing beneficial gut bacteria and decreasing harmful bacteria. The present study aims to investigate the effect of JYD on gut fungi in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 73 patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy were recruited. Twenty-nine patients in the chemotherapy group were given standard chemotherapy and 44 patients in the observation group were given JYD plus standard chemotherapy. A control group (55 cases) was recruited from the healthy medical examiners. After 3 months of treatment, life-quality score was evaluated and fecal microbiota was tested by high-throughput sequencing based on the 18S rRNA gene. Results: After treatment, life-quality score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the chemotherapy group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the observation and control groups’ diversity and richness indices of intestinal fungi. The Chao index for intestinal fungi in the chemotherapy group was significantly lower than that in the observation group (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the control and chemotherapy groups in the intestinal fungi according to Shannon and Simpson indices (P < 0.05). Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed no significant differences among the three groups, but significant difference in intestinal fungi was observed between the observation group and the chemotherapy group. At the genus level, the relative abundance of the Aspergillus genus in the observation and control groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05), the relative abundance of the Cutaneotrichosporon, Galactomyces, and Ganoderma genus taxa was significantly higher compared with those in the chemotherapy group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the observation group and control group. Conclusion: JYD can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced fungal dysbacteriosis in patients with gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy and improve the quality of life of patients.
A broad perspective on COVID-19: a global pandemic and a focus on preventive ...LucyPi1
Abstract Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of novel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities. Coronavirus are sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome, severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in “cytokine storm”, a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019. Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge. However, some anti-viral agents, certain protease inhibitor drugs, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment were suggested. The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections. In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and prevent this infection.
International expert consensus on clinical application of traditional Chinese...LucyPi1
Abstract Guided by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM formula granules are made through the optimal process of extraction, concentration, drying, and granulation by combining modern new preparation technologies and pharmaceutical technologies. TCM formula granules are stable, safe, convenient, and effective. Compared with TCM decoction pieces, TCM formula granules can achieve the full process control of its industry chain from field to workshop and standardize the management of the origin of medicinal materials, processing of decoction pieces, processing technology, quality inspection, sales, and products distribution. TCM formula granules can partially replace Chinese patent medicines. Only available for around 800 common varieties of TCM, TCM formula granules cannot replace decoction pieces for many types which are not commonly used in clinical practice. A large number of formula granules are used in clinical and animal studies so that investigators no longer need to extract and control the quality of TCM decoction pieces. How to improve the production process, establish the quality standard, perfect the regulatory system, and expand the clinical application are the problems we need to solve as soon as possible for the better development of formula granules.
Bibliometric analysis of acupuncture research through the Web of Science data...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: The main points of focus of bibliometric analysis of acupuncture treatment of diseases include pain (headache, low back pain), insomnia, and knee osteoarthritis, for example. In this paper, we analyze the frontiers, hotspots, and research trends of acupuncture over the past 30 years and compare them for each of three 10-year periods. Methods: All the studies on acupuncture research in three different periods (1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019) were collected from the Web of Science database. The evolution of the research, hotspots, and trends in acupuncture were explored intuitively by analyzing the frequency, betweenness centrality, and subject word clustering of the three periods. Results: (1) 1990–1999, the main content relating to research was the mechanism of research of acupuncture treatment of pain. Naloxone was the high-frequency subject word, and centrality included, for example, the spinal cord, enkephalin, smoking cessation, and detoxification. The results of keyword cluster analysis showed that the main research content included capsaicin-induced neurogenic edema, chemical dependency treatment, afferent fiber, and sufferers from xerostomia. (2) 2000–2009, during this stage, the frequency of keywords appeared in new research content such as randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and low back pain, but pain still dominated the main research content. From the perspective of intermediary centrality, along with the rise in randomized controlled trials, there were many important meta-analyses, as well as the management of acupuncture treatment. The main elements of the keyword cluster analysis included, for example, systematic review, randomized controlled pilot study, add-on therapy, brief overview, and ovarian morphology. (3) 2010–2019, during this period, compared with the previous two stages, there was increased frequency of keywords, a growth in clinical randomized controlled trials, and distribution of centrality was evident in the emergence of acupuncture in care, osteoarthritis treatment, and breast cancer research. The keyword clustering covered, for example, neural specificity, inflammatory reaction, chronic pain, sleep pattern, and consort statement. Conclusion: This article summarizes the trend of development of acupuncture from 1990 to 2019 and compares the main research categories and hotspots in each of three different 10-year periods within this span, thereby helping elucidate the research direction within the field.
The dynamic changes and mechanisms of Rehmanniae radix processing based on Ma...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment. This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction. Methods: Based on the Maillard reaction, this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root (Rehmanniae radix) relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters, including pH, A420, amino acids, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Furthermore, this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization. It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it. Results: The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed, its pH value and amino acid content decreased, while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased. Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes. The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different. Comprehensive quantitative 221 ± 0.2 °C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit. Moreover, the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process, and the optimal mechanism function was g(α) = ((1 − α) − 1/3 − 1)2. Conclusion: The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization. With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing, the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly. The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.
Investigation of in vitro antioxidant activity of dihydromyricetin and flavon...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Vine tea from fermented Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves has been used as a herbal tea and folk medicine in the southern region of China for hundreds of years. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the total flavonoids found in vine tea, including three bioactive flavonoids, and the total phenolic contents in the aqueous methanol extracts of 10 vine tea samples. In addition, this study also aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of dihydromyricetin and vine tea’s flavonoid-rich extract. Methods: The total flavonoids and total phenolic content assay of extracts from vine tea were performed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and epoch microplate spectrophotometer, respectively. Three bioactive flavonoids were quantified simultaneously using high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of dihydromyricetin and vine tea’s flavonoid-rich extract was evaluated in vitro using six different methods. Results: Vine tea contained a large number of flavonoids, with dihydromyricetin as its main constituent. The flavonoid-rich extract exhibited a significant scavenging effect on superoxide anion radicals, and on 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. It also possessed definite activity in lipid peroxidation inhibition, ferric reduction, and the moderation of Fe2+ ion chelation ability. There was a significant negative correlation between dihydromyricetin content and antioxidant activity in the vine tea samples, including superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (P = −0.754, P < 0.05), lipid peroxidation inhibition activity (P = −0.759, P < 0.05), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (P = −0.843, P < 0.01), respectively. Dihydromyricetin played a dominant role in the antioxidant activities of the flavonoid-rich extract. Conclusion: Vine tea’s flavonoid-rich extract could be used as a new antioxidant source to safeguard against oxidative stress.
Advances in anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms of sinomenineLucyPi1
Abstract Sinomenine, a major active ingredient from traditional Chinese medicine Qingfengteng (Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd.et Wils.), has been proven to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory and other pharmacological effects, and is clinically used for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, due to complex molecular mechanisms and pathological characteristics in inflammatory and immune responses, the precise anti-inflammatory and immunological mechanisms of sinomenine are still unclear. This review summarizes the anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms of sinomenine during recent years in rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system and organ transplant rejection. The molecular pharmacological mechanisms of sinomenine responsible for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects were in detail introduced based on 3 aspects including cytokines induction, signal pathways modulation and immune cells function regulation. Moreover, this review also raises some concerns and challenges in future sinomenine study, which will contribute to crucial theoretical and practical significance for in-depth development and utilization of sinomenine as medicinal resource.
Abstract Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can cause insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Jian-Gan-Xiao-Zhi decoction (JGXZ) could be effective for the treatment of NAFLD and IR. However, the possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR remains unknown. Methods: Fifty rats received a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks to induce NAFLD. After 4 weeks of HFHC treatment, rats were orally treated with JGXZ (8, 16, and 32 g/kg weight) for 8 weeks. Ten rats in the control group received standard chow. In the positive control group, rats were orally treated with metformin (90 mg/kg weight) for 8 weeks. After JGXZ and metformin treatment, H&E staining was conducted on rat livers and serum biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), were measured using test kits. Moreover, a fasting blood glucose test and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Serum levels of insulin were determined using ELISA kit, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The levels of total insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as the levels of phosphorylation of IRS1 (p-IRS1), phosphorylation of AMPK (p-AMPK) and phosphorylation of JNK (p-JNK) were measured using western blotting. Results: The body weights in JGXZ low-, middle-, and high-dose groups were lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). The serum levels of AST (P < 0.05 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), ALT (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle-dose group and P < 0.05 in JGXZ high-dose group), TG (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), and TC (P < 0.01) upon JGXZ treatment were lower those than in NAFLD model rats. H&E staining showed that JGXZ treatment reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. JGXZ decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), AUC (area under the curve) of the OGTT (P < 0.05) and p-IRS1 (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups, P < 0.05 in JGXZ low-dose groups). Moreover, JGXZ regulated the hepatic AMPKα/JNK pathway in NAFLD model rats, which reflected the induction of p-AMPKα and inhibition of p-JNK. Conclusion: This study showed that JGXZ improved liver function and reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. Moreover, JGXZ improved IR in NAFLD model rats. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR involves the modulation of the AMPK/JNK pathway.
Omics technology: an important tool in mechanism studies of Chinese herbal fo...LucyPi1
Identifying the active ingredients from natural herbal medicines and demonstrating their potential mechanisms are key points in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) field. In recent years, increasing studies have focused on the effects and mechanisms of Chinese herbal formulas. Basic studies on these formulas further coincide with the theory and practical use of TCM according to the clinical experiences for thousands of years. Single compounds have specific molecular structures; therefore, their methodologies in effect and mechanism studies are similar in both Western and Eastern medicines, making them more acceptable by researchers worldwide. On the contrary, the multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway structures of Chinese formulas make it challenging to explore their mechanisms accurately where the routine method used in Western medicine studies would be inapplicable, which is the main reason for the unacceptance of Chinese herbal formulas by researchers worldwide and presents a huge obstacle to the modernization of TCM. With the rapid progress in basic TCM studies, scientific and technological innovations have achieved a breakthrough in TCM. Omic technology, a series of research methods based on high-throughput analysis and detection techniques in modern biological research system such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, evaluates thousands of targets and pathways rather than focusing on a single target or pathway and could screen the global changes in genes, proteins, metabolites, and other factors involved in the process of biological signaling transduction [1]. This is in agreement with the “holism” theory in TCM, which explains the overall mechanisms of Chinese herbal formulas comprehensively. In this study, we introduced the conventionally used omic technologies and their applications in research of mechanism studies of Chinese herbal formulas.
Gastrointestinal effects of Artemisia absinthium Linn. based on traditional P...LucyPi1
Abstract One of the most extensively used herbs in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) used in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, is the plant Artemisia absinthium Linn. (AAL). It also has a wide range of activities such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial activities, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities in addition to having gastroprotective effects. This article is a review comparing TPM resources with new medicines. This review investigates this herb in major TPM sources and strives to extrapolate the exact function it serves in the digestive tract and compares the collected information on the function of AAL with information found in new medical resource databases such as ISI, Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database. AAL from the Asteraceae family of TPM, known as Afsentin, was used in the treatment of GI weaknesses, stomach pains, swellings, intestinal parasites, diarrhea, and vomiting. AAL increased appetite, so it was used for insect repellents and insecticide. Recent studies have indicated that the effects of this plant improved the symptoms of Crohn's disease and played a role in reducing inflammatory factors. It also has strong anti-parasitic, anti-insect, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects. Given the widespread use of AAL as a traditional medicine currently in use in different countries, particularly in the treatment of GI diseases, further clinical studies that focus on the therapeutic qualities of this plant are required in the future.
Jadwar (Delphinium denudatum Wall.): a medicinal plantLucyPi1
Abstract Delphinium denudatum Wall. is one of the important medicinal herbs of traditional Persian medicine and is known as Jadwar. Medicinal plants are the most widely used drugs in traditional Persian medicine and has been used for various diseases since earlier times. The medicinal uses of Delphinium denudatum Wall. date back to over 1,000 years ago. Rhazes (845–925 C.E.) was the first Persian physician and scientist who reported the use of Delphinium denudatum Wall. as a herbal remedy. During the following centuries, the usages of Delphinium denudatum Wall. in the treatment of various diseases has been mentioned in the books and references of traditional Persian medicine for cures to various diseases such as neurologic and psychiatric disease, gastrointestinal disease, fever, pain, and poisoning. According to modern studies, the dried roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall. have antipyretic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and pain-relieving properties. Biomolecules from roots of Delphinium denudatum Wall. were also identified as potential cures for central nervous system diseases as well as for the amelioration of morphine addiction. Delphinium denudatum Wall., with its properties involving the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, reduction of oxidative stress, and inflammation and immune dysregulation, can be utilized in curing inflammatory disorders. The effective therapeutic influence of root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall. against several diseases needs to be confirmed through controlled clinical trials. This article reviews the different features of Delphinium denudatum Wall. and focuses on the well-known therapeutic effects of this herbal drug on various human disorders and animal disease models.
Effects of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) on nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseLucyPi1
Abstract There is a dramatic increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is slowly turning into a pandemic as well as a major challenge across the world. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is described as a range of liver conditions such as fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, or end-stage liver disease. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are asymptomatic and their mortality is higher than people without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not been clearly determined yet. The “two hits” hypothesis is designed to explain the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation are some of the morbidities involved in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is an herbaceous perennial, known as chicory. Chicory contains various compounds, such as vitamins, sonchuside A, caffeic acid derivatives, fructo-oligosaccharides, chlorogenic acid, magnolialide, polysaccharides, coumarins, phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenol, cichoriosides, ixerisosides, eudesmanolides, inulin, bitter sesquiterpene lactones, and alkaloids. Current research has revealed that chicory supplementation might be effective in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties of chicory provide plausible mechanisms by which chicory may affect the various steps of disease progression and severity. Existing studies have shown that chicory supplementation has beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the existence of only one human study and possible side effects of chicory necessitate further studies.
Effects of herbal medicine in gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a sys...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Pyrosis and regurgitation are the cardinal symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Several herbs have been used for treating gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. This systematic review was conducted to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs on gastroesophageal reflux disease and adverse events. Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed; The United States National Library of Medicine, USA), Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database were systematically searched for human studies, without a time frame, using medical subject heading terms such as “gastroesophageal reflux disease”, “reflux”, “esophagitis” and “herbs”. Manual searches completed the electronic searches. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were identified, including 1,164 participants from 1,509 publications. In comparing herbal medicine to placebo, there were no significant differences in terms of heartburn (P = 0.23 and 0.48), epigastric or abdominal pain (P = 0.35), reflux syndrome (P = 0.12), and effective rate (P = 0.60), but there was a significant difference in terms of acid regurgitation (P = 0.01). In comparing herbal medicine to drugs, there was a significant difference in terms of effective rate (P = 0.001), and there was one trial that reported a significant difference in terms of epigastric pain (P = 0.00001). Also, in comparing herbal medicine to drugs, there were no significant differences in terms of acid regurgitation (P = 0.39). Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that herbal medicines are effective in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease. Further standardized researches with a large-scale, multicenter, and rigorous design are needed.
Evaluation of scientific evidence for abortifacient medicinal plants mentione...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Miscarriage or spontaneous ending to a pregnancy takes place at the early stages of pregnancy without intervention. Pregnant women may use medicinal herbs to relieve some of the symptoms of pregnancy as they believe that all herbs are safe. Some abortion-inducing herbs were mentioned by the famous Iranian philosophers, Avicenna and Aghili, in documents of traditional Persian medicine titled Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine, written by Avicenna in the 11th century) and Makhzan Al-adviyah (The Storehouse of Medicaments, written by Aghili in the 18th century). Methods: Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched to find new scientific evidence that these plants are toxic during pregnancy. Data was collected from 1831 to 2019. Results: Twenty-one plants were found to be abortive according to Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) and Makhzan Al-adviyah (The Storehouse of Medicaments). Scientific research has shown that these plants possess abortifacient effects by the mechanisms of toxic alkaloids, uterine stimulants, and emmenagogue that interferes with implantation and results in fetus toxicity. These studies included in vivo or in vitro studies. Some of these plants showed abortifacient effects by more than one mechanism. Ruta graveolens, Nigella sativa, Curcuma longa, Lupinus termis, Apium graveolens, Mentha longifolia, and Peganum harmala possess uterine stimulant properties. Ruta graveolens, Juniperus sabina, Cicer arietinum, Piper longum, Artemisia absinthium, and Citrullus colocynthis interfere with implantation. Ruta graveolens, Nigella sativa, Curcuma longa, Tanacetum parthenium, Piper longum, Laurus nobilis, Apium graveolens, Mentha longifolia, and Cinnamomum iners exhibit emmenagogue effects. Lupinus termis, Delphinium staphisagria, Laurus nobilis, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zataria multiflora, and Artemisia absinthium contain toxic alkaloids and possess teratogenic effects. Conclusion: The results of this study of traditional Persian medicine resources have been confirmed with new scientific evidence. Therefore, pregnant women should avoid consuming herbs without knowledge of their safety.
The potential effects of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) in the treatment of diab...LucyPi1
Abstract Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most common form of neuropathy worldwide, with its prevalence rising alongside diabetes, and being characterized by sensory, motor or autonomic symptoms. DN is considered to be an incurable complication of diabetes, the management of which mainly consists of improving glycemic control, managing pain relief and ensuring continuous foot care. Although gabapentin, duloxetine and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly used to reduce patient symptoms, they do not affect the pathophysiology and progression of neuropathy. Furthermore, these drugs can have various side effects including insomnia, decreased appetite, arrhythmia, heart failure, and suicidal behavior. According to traditional Persian medicine, DN is recognized as a type of “Khadar” or “Esterkha” (a sensory or motor disorder, respectively) that occurs due to the accumulation of sugars in the peripheral nerves. Capparis spinosa L., commonly known as the caper plant, has been recommended in authentic sources of traditional Persian medicine to treat such disorders. In this study, we reviewed the pharmacological properties of C. spinosa using the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, and found that Capparis spinosa L. could affect several pathways involved in DN pathogenesis, including aldose reductase activity, the secretion of inflammatory mediators (IL-17, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end product formation. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that Capparis spinosa L., may prevent the progression and reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy, and so can be considered as a complementary treatment in this disorder. This hypothesis should be evaluated in well-designed in vitro and in vivo studies, and through clinical trials.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifolia
1. Traditional Medicine Research
1
Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr
doi: 10.12032/TMR20201218212
Traditional Indian Medicine
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifolia
Thombare Varsha Dattatray1
, Chavan Shital Shivaji
1*
1
Government College of Pharmacy, Vedant road, Aurangabad 431005, Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding to: Chavan Shital Shivaji. Department of Pharmacognosy, Government College of Pharmacy, Vedant road,
Aurangabad 431005, Maharashtra, India. E‐mail: shitalchavan28@ymail.com.
Highlights
This review reveals detailed information about herbal plant Polyalthia longifolia, including the propagation,
synonyms, vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and
ethnobotanical description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Tradition
The first recorded report of the use of Polyalthia longifolia performed by Troup RS and Chopra RN stated
Polyalthia longifolia (P. longifolia) as a remedy for the treatment of gonorrhea and snake bites and scorpion
stings. The aqueous extract of the bark of the plant reduces blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, the
bark can be used as a febrifuge. In India it is well known as folk medicine in literatures. Such plants are
used in the treatment of septic infections, hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, coughing, diarrhea, and
cancer. It possesses good hyperglycemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, and antitumor activities.
3. Traditional Medicine Research
3
Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr
doi: 10.12032/TMR20201218212
Background
India has a 5,000-year history of using medicinal
plants in the indigenous system of medicine: Ayurveda,
Unani, Siddha, homeopathy, and naturopathy [1].
Medicinal plants have a huge demand not only in
developing but also in developed countries owing to
their safety, effectiveness, and easy availability. These
aspects make medicinal plants as a primary choice for
the day-to-day practice of a traditional medical
practitioner [2]. The genus Polyalthia (Annonaceae)
consists of approximately 120 species, from which
only 14 are native in India [3]. Polyalthia is a Greek
word, which means “many cure”, and longifolia is a
Latin word, which refers to the length of its leaves.
The plant mainly belongs to the hot areas of India. The
first recorded report of the plantwood use performed
by Troup RS [4] and Chopra RN stated Polyalthia
longifolia (P. longifolia) as a remedy for the treatment
of gonorrhea and snake bites and scorpion stings [5].
The aqueous extract of the bark of the plant reduces
blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, the bark can
be used as a febrifuge, as reported by Chopra RN [5].
In India, traditionally, it is used as a remedy for
fever, gonorrhea, ulcer, skin diseases, and
helminthiasis. It possesses good hyperglycemic,
antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, and antitumor
activities [6]. P. longifolia is an evergreen tree that
reduces the severity of noise pollution [7]. The mast
tree belongs to the family Annonaceae (Table 1), which
is also known as the custard apple family. Plants that
belong to the Annonaceae family are well known as
folk medicine in literatures. Such plants are used in the
treatment of septic infections, hepatomegaly,
hepatosplenomegaly, coughing, diarrhea, and cancer. It
is the tree of choice for landscape designing owing to
the formation of excellent contract of new golden and
coppery brown leaves over old dark green leaves [8]. P.
longifolia is also known as the Buddha tree. It consists
of a straight and light-weight trunk. Earlier, it was used
in the preparation of masts for sailing ships; therefore,
it is called as the mast tree. It is mostly used for the
manufacturing of small articles, such as pencil boxes
[9]. The stem bark of the plant is frequently used as an
adulterant or substitute for the Saraca indica bark [10].
P. longifolia has a good adsorbent property toward
metals. Such action makes the plant useful for
industrial wastewater and effluent management [11].
Furthermore, the plant exhibits a good ability to inhibit
corrosion [12].
This comprehensive review aims to reveal the
detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance,
ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and
pharmacological activity of P. longifolia.
Table 1 Current taxonomy of Polyalthia longifolia
Taxon: Polyalthia longifolia
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Polyalthia
Species: Polyalthia longifolia
Binomial name: Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.)
Data from: Wikipedia. Monoon longifolium. https:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalthia_longifolia. Access
-ed July 05 2020 [7].
Ecology and distribution
History of cultivation
P. longifolia is native of India and Sri Lanka and has
been spread across the Indian subcontinent and
adjacent areas. The mast tree is a tall, evergreen, and
symmetrical tree with a bunch of dark green leaves. It
is mostly grown for garden designing in various
tropical countries [9]. In India, Sri Lanka, and
Southeast Asia, the plant is mainly cultivated as a
street tree [13]. In Southern Taiwan, the plant is
cultivated for various purposes [14].
Geographic distribution
The native geographic distribution includes India
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Tamil
Nadu, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh,
Delhi, Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh [15], and Sri
Lanka.
The exotic geographic distribution includes Bhutan,
China [15], Pakistan and Nigeria [16, 17], Philippines
[18], Malaysia, East Africa, Madagascar, Northern
Australia and Melanesia [19], Bangladesh [20], and the
Caribbean Islands of Trinidad and Tobago [9].
Natural habitat
P. longifolia needs tropical and subtropical climate,
and in India, it grows up to an altitude of 1,500 m [1].
It naturally grows in sub-humid to humid areas with an
annual rainfall of 800–3,800 mm and can sustain up to
8 months during dry seasons. It requires frost-free
areas, with a temperature range of 16–35 °C for growth.
P. longifolia requires rich, free-draining clay-loam,
loam, sandy-loam, and loamy-sand soils with a pH of
approximately 5.5–7.5 [13]. P. longifolia has the ability
to tolerate drought conditions and survive outside
during winter in an estimated 30–40 F temperature.
Full sun exposure is essential for plant growth [21].
Propagation
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Propagation methods
P. longifolia plant is mainly propagated by seeds and
takes 2–3 weeks for germination. The tree can be
grown by using various techniques, such as softwood
cutting and air layering [21]. After the collection of
ripe fruits, it is kept in an open environment for
softening. The softening allows the easy removal of
seeds and then it is washed to remove earthy matter
and subjected for air drying under a shade. Young
seedlings are kept for approximately 1 year in
nurseries and then planted out [13].
Description of plant
Synonym
Various synonyms of P. longifolia plant are Guatteria
longifolia (Sonn.) Wall., Unona longifolia (Sonn.)
Dunal, Uvaria altissima pennant Nom. Illeg., and
Uvaria longifolia (Sonn) [7].
Vernaculars
P. longifolia is known by different names in various
regions of India, such as acokam, arana, ashoka, asoka,
assoti, celai, celokatam, chorani, kacupam,
kambadamara, nara maamidi, naranamidi, nettilingam,
pundi, pungu, ravadam, suvattai, ubbina mara, ulkatah,
and vanamutti [22]. In the drier regions of India, it is
locally known as asaphala [1]. In English, it is known
as false ashok, asoka tree, mast tree, cemetery tree,
Indian fir, Indian willow, telegraph pole tree, and
weeping polyalthia [22]. In Sanskrit, it is known as
putrajiva. In Assamese, it is known as unboi, umboi,
and debdaru. In addition, in Marathi, it is known as
devdar. In the South regions of India, it is known by
various names, such as asokamu in Telegu, asogam in
Tamil, putranjiva, ashoka mara in Kannada, and
chorunna and ashokam in Malayalam [15]. In Nigeria,
it is locally known as the masquerade tree [16]. P.
longifolia is locally known as ulta ashok in the drier
regions of Sri Lanka [23].
Varieties of plant
The plant is present in 2 varieties namely P. longifolia
var. pendula and P. longifolia var. angustifolia. P.
longifolia var. pendula is easily noticeable and
therefore attracts a lot of attention. This variety shows
features like a slim, straight trunk, and shorter
branches. The branches are inclined in a downward
direction, which gives a narrow columnar shape to the
tree. P. longifolia var. angustifolia shows a gray and
smooth bark. The branches present in a more
widespread manner, which forms a pyramidal crown
shape to the tree [13].
Botanical description of the plant
The P. longifolia is also known as the Buddha tree. The
mast tree is evergreen, erect, handsome, pyramid-like
with a straight trunk, conical crown, and slender
drooping branches. The stem is straight and undivided
and grows up to 12 m or more. The branches are 1–2 m
in length and are slender and short. Moreover, the
branches are glabrous and pendulous (hanging down
loosely) [15, 17]. Approximately 1-year-old branches
bear axillar inflorescence [22].
The leaves consist of wavy margin, present in dense,
cluster form. They are bronze, lime green, or dark
green in color according to the age of the plant [13].
Either side of midrib contains approximately 25–30
lateral veins. Leaves dimensions are ranging from 7.5
to 23 cm in length and 1.5 to 3.8 cm in width. It is
glabrous on the upper surface, whereas paler glaucous
on the lower surface. Its features are mildly aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, shining, exstipulate,
distichous, and alternate. The mast tree leaves have a
short petiolate, which is approximately 6 mm long. Its
margin is undulate, leathery, or subcoriaceous and
pinnately veined. The leaves have a fine acuminate
apex [15, 17]. P. longifolia is a larval food plant for
tailed jay and kite swallowtail butterflies [7].
Bloom is bisexual and pale green in color. The plant
mainly blooms in mid-, late, or early summer (during
spring in a period approximately 2–3 weeks).
The flowers are small in size and star shaped. They
grow from the branches and consist of calyx with 3
ovate-triangular sepals and corolla with 6 petals. The
sepals are short, triangular, broad, 2–3 mm long, with
flattened and matted external hairs (tomentose), and
the tips are reflexed. The stamens are 1 mm long. The
gynocium consists of 20–25 free monovular carpels,
which are 1–2 mm long [22]. The flowers remain on
the plant for a short period and are not very much
noticeable due to its color [7].
The fruits are 1.8–2 cm long and contain pale brown,
ovoid seeds, with one seed per fruit. It has a 1.3-cm
long, glabrous, and short stalk [17, 22]. The fruits are
egg shaped and present in the form of clusters of
10–20 fruits. Initially, they are green and when ripen,
become purple or black in color. The ripe fruits attract
birds, butteries, bats, and flying foxes. They feed on it
and discard the seeds in the soil [8, 16].
P. longifolia has a trunk covered by gray bark. It
consists of a small-diameter trunk, which produces a
yellowish to gray white wood. The average weight of
the wood is approximately 590 kg per cubic meter (37
lbs per cubic ft). It naturally has a less ability to resist
rot and decay and used in the manufacturing of ber.
The tree has a straight columnar growth with a huge
number of leaves; therefore, it is used as a wind
blocker or visual divider in open spaces and as a hedge
tree and first choice in landscape designing [8, 13].
Ethnobotanical description
In the Indian traditional system of medicine, P.
longifolia is used to treat various disorders, such as
hypertension, diabetes, fever, skin diseases, pyrexia,
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bleeding disorders, and helminthiasis. The plant
extracts acts as an effective remedy for various
ailments, such as rheumatism, scorpion sting,
menorrhagia, and various digestive system
complications [3].
Different uses of the plant in various regions of
India
South Indian region: different parts of the plant have
been used to treat fever, gonorrhea, uterus ailment, and
leukorrhea. Decoction of the bark provides beneficial
effects for the treatment of mouth ulcers [1]. Its leaves
are used to treat fever, gonorrhea, uterus ailments,
mouth ulcers, heart problems, and others in Vellore,
Tamil Nadu, India [24]. Its stem bark is used as a
febrifuge by the tribe of Visakhapatnam and Andhra
Pradesh [25]. The fresh stem bark juice is used to treat
indigestion by local communities of Uthiramerur of
Tamil Nadu, India [26]. In the Manchale area of the
Shimoga district, Karnataka, abortion in pregnant
women is prevented by the stem bark [27]. In Eastern
Ghats, the paste of the stem bark of P. longifolia with
root bark of Mimosa intsia L. and leaves of Tridax
procumbens are applied as a bandage over bone
fractures. Similarly, the mixture of the stem bark of P.
longifolia with seeds of Sesamum indicum and Piper
nigrum are also applied on fractured areas [28].
West Indian region: dried stem bark with butter is
used to treat gonorrhea by the Adeevasee communities
of Danta, Gujarat [29]. The tribe of the Bankura
district, West Bengal, India uses the plant stem bark in
some disorders, like diabetes and hypertension [30].
In the central Indian region, the stem bark is used to
treat malignant tumors by the tribal people of
Khargone, Madhya Pradesh [31].
In Bangladesh, traditional medicinal practitioners
are known as Kavirajes or Vaidyas. The combination
of plants used by the Kavirajes of Bheramara area is
used for the treatment of complicated or serious
ailments. To treat snake bites, the roots of P. longifolia
are combined with the roots of Morinda citrifolia and
rhizomes of Curcuma longa [20].
P. longifolia leaves extract shows an enormous
spectrum of activity. Its extract had undergone several
studies and proved to possess various activities, such
as radioprotective, antityrosinase, protective,
antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, antihyperglycemic,
anticancer, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities
[32]. The solvent extracts of the leaves possess
inhibitory activities against human pathogenic yeasts,
such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida
albicans (C. albicans) (isolated from human
immunodeficiency virus patients), and molds, such as
Aspergillus candidus and Trichosporan beigelli [33].
The alcoholic extract of the leaves has inhibitory
effects against Fusarium solani isolated from the rotted
rhizomes of ginger [34].
The aqueous extract of the leaves has good
antifungal activities against various species of
Aspergillus, such as the aflatoxin-producing
Aspergillus parasiticus. It also shows inhibitory effects
on seed-born fungi isolated from green gram. A
significant antibacterial activity is exhibited by the
methanol extract of the leaves and green berries. The
mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsica and
drug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria from urinary tract infections is inhibited by the
extracts of the leaves, ripe pericarp, and unripe
pericarp [31].
The hexane extract of the seeds and the extract of
the bark show promising antibacterial and antifungal
activities [35].
Phytochemical study
Numerous compounds have been reported from
different parts of the plant, mainly from leaves, stem
bark, seeds, fruits, and roots. The structures of the
chemical constituents extracted from the plant are
shown in Table 2.
Chemical constituents extracted from the leaves
Successful identification and isolation of clerodane
diterpenoids, namely 16(R and S)-hydroxy-cleroda-
3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide-2-one, (4→2)-abeo-16(R
and S)-hydroxy-cleroda-2,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide-3-
al, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-cleroda-4(18),13(14)Z-dien-
15,16-olide, methyl-16-oxo-cleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-
15-oate, 2-oxo-kolavenic acid, 16-oxo-cleroda-
3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid, and 16(R and
S)-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide were
performed from the methanolic extract of leaves and
berries of the plant. These diterpenes were further
subjected for an antimicrobial activity analysis [36].
Afolabi et al. isolated tetranorditerpene as
1-naphthalene acetic-7-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-
octahydro1,2,4a,5-tetramethyl acid from P. longifolia
leaves. These terpenoids were evaluated for
cytotoxicity toward human leukemia HL-60 cells [37].
P. longifolia leaves when extracted with ethyl
acetate, indicated the presence of carbohydrates,
flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, and tannins [1]. A
diterpene, called 16α-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-
15,16-olide, had been extracted from the leaves of the
plant [38]. This diterpene had shown various
pharmacological activity evidence, which mainly
included antimicrobial [39], antileishmanial [40],
antifeedant [41], antifungal [38], cytotoxic [42], and
antiulcerative properties [43]. Three aporphine
N-oxide alkaloids, (+)-O-methyl bulbocapnine-β-N-
oxide, (+)-O-methyl bulbocapnine-α-N-oxide, (+)-N-
methyl nandigerine-β-N-oxide, and a azaflurene
alkaloid, polylongine (5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-l-methyl
-4-azafluoren-9-ol) had been isolated from the
methanolic extract of the leaves of P. longifolia [44].
Sashidhara et al. isolated a cytotoxic cycloartane
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
1
16(R and S)-hydroxy-
cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,
16-olide
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
2
16-oxo-cleroda-3,13
(14)E-dien-15-oic acid
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
3
Methyl-16-oxo-cleroda-3,1
3(14)E-dien-15-oate
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
4 2-oxo-kolavenic acid
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
5
16(R and S)-hydroxy-
cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,
16-olide-2-one
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
6
(4→2)-abeo-16(R andS)-
hydroxy-cleroda-2,13(14)Z
-dien-15,16-olide-3-al
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
7
3β,16α-dihydroxy-cleroda-
4(18),13(14)Z-dien-15,16-
olide
Leaves and
berries
Terpenoid [36]
8 Kolavenic acid Root wood
Terpenoid [36]
9 Solidagonal acid Root wood
Terpenoid [36]
10
1-naphthalene acetic-7-
oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octah
ydro1,2,4a,5-tetramethyl
acid
Leaves
Terpenoid [37]
11
Polylongine (5-hydroxy
-6-methoxy-l-methyl-4-aza
fluoren-9-ol)
Leaves
Alkaloid [44]
12
(+)-O-methyl
bulbocapnine- α-N-oxide
Leaves Alkaloid [44]
13
(+)-N-methyl
nandigerine-β-N-oxide
Leaves Alkaloid [44]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
14 Longitriol Leaves Terpenoid [45]
15 Longimide A Leaves
Terpenoid [45]
16 Longimide B Leaves
Terpenoid [45]
17
(-)-14,15-bisnor-3,11E-kola
vadien-13-one
Leaves
Terpenoid [46]
18
(-)-16-oxocleroda-3,13
(14)E-dien-15-oic acid
Leaves Terpenoid [46]
19
(-)-3,12E-kolavadien-15-oi
c acid-16-al
Leaves Terpenoid [46]
20
(+)-(4→2)-abeo-16
(R/S)-2,13Z-kolavadien-15
,16-olide-3-al
Leaves Terpenoid [46]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
19
(-)-3,12E-kolavadien-15-oi
c acid-16-al
Leaves
Terpenoid [46]
20
(+)-(4→2)-abeo-16
(R/S)-2,13Z-kolavadien-15
,16-olide-3-al
Leaves
Terpenoid [46]
21
(-)-3β,16α-dihydroxyclerod
a-4(18),13(14)Z-dien-15,16
-olide
Leaves
Terpenoid [46]
22 (-)-8-oxopolyalthiaine Leaves Alkaloid [14]
23
(-)-labd-13E-en-8-ol-15-oic
acid
Leaves
Terpenoid [46]
24 Liriodenine Leaves
Alkaloid [46]
25 (-)-anonaine Leaves
Alkaloid [46]
26 (+)-isoboldine Leaves
Alkaloid [46]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
27 (-)-asimilobine Leaves
Alkaloid [46]
28 Hordenine Leaves
Alkaloid [46]
29 Rutin Leaves
Flavonoid [47]
30
3β,5β,16α-trihydroxy
halima-13(14)-en-15,
16-olide
Leaves
Terpenoid [14]
31 Gallic acid Leaves
Phenolic
acid
[4]
32 Darienine
Stem and
stem bark
Alkaloid [54]
33 Polyfothine
Stem and
stem bark
Alkaloid [54]
34 Isooncodine
Stem and
stem bark
Alkaloid [54]
35 Noroliveroline
Stem and
stem bark
Alkaloid [54]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
36 Oliveroline-β-N-oxide Stem bark
Alkaloid [54]
37
Cleroda-3-ene
pyrrole-15,16-dione
Stem bark
Terpenoid [58]
38
Cleroda-3-ene
pyrrolidine-15,16-dione
Stem bark
Terpenoid [58]
39
Cleroda-3,13(14)E-
diene-15,16-diamide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [58]
40
Cleroda-3-ene-15,
16-diamide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [58]
41 γ-methoxy butenolide Stem bark
Terpenoid [60]
42
Ent-halima-5(10),
13-dien-16,15-olide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
43
16-hydroxy-ent-halima-5
(10),13-dien-16,15-olide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
44
16-oxo-ent-halima-5
(10),13E-dien-15-oic acid
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
45
Ent-halima-1(10),
13E-dien-16,15-olide
Stem bark Terpenoid [59]
46
Ent-halima-5(10),
13E-dien-16,15-olide
Stem bark Terpenoid [59]
47
4α,18β-epoxy-
16-hydroxyclerod-13-en-15
-oic acid
Stem Terpenoid
[56]
48
6α,16-dihydroxycleroda-4
(18),13-dien-15-oic acid
Stem Terpenoid [56]
49
6α,16-dihydroxycleroda-3,
13-dien-15-oic acid
Stem Terpenoid [56]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
50
(-)-8-oxo-10-
hydroxy-2,3,9-
trimethoxyberberine
Stem Alkaloid [56]
51
(-)-8-oxo-11-
hydroxy-2,3,9,10-
tetramethoxyberberine
Stem Alkaloid [56]
52
(-)-8-oxo-2,11-
dihydroxy-3,10-
dimethoxyberberine
Stem Alkaloid [56]
53
(-)-8-oxo-2,10-
dihydroxy-3,9,11-
trimethoxyberberine
Stem Alkaloid [56]
54
(3S,4R)-3,4,5-
trihydroxypentanoic
acid-1,4-lactone
Stem
Lactone [57]
55
16-oxocleroda-4(18),13E-d
ien-15-oic acid
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
56
Cleroda-4(18),13-dien-16,1
5-olide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
57
16-hydroxycleroda-4
(18),13-dien-16, 15-olide
Stem bark
Terpenoid [59]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
58 Solidagonal acid Root wood
Terpenoid [36]
59
3,16-dihydroxycleroda-4(1
8),13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olid
e
Stem bark
Terpenoid [61]
60
16-oxocleroda-3,13E-
dien-15-oic acid
Stem bark
Terpenoid [61]
61 Beta-stigmasterol Stem bark Steroids [61]
62 Darienine Stem bark
Alkaloid [61]
63 Stepholidine Stem bark Alkaloid [61]
64 Penduline Root Alkaloid [62]
65 Isoursuline Root Alkaloid [62]
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Table 2 Structure of chemical constituents (Continued)
Sr.
No
Name of chemical
constituent
Site of
extraction
Structure
Class of
compound
Serial number of
cited literatures
66 Bisclerodane imide Root bark
Alkaloid [23]
67 Lysicamine Root bark
Alkaloid [23]
68 Pendulamine A Root
Alkaloid [62]
69 Pendulamine B Root
Alkaloid [62]
70 Liriodenine, Root bark
Alkaloid [23]
71
3β,5β,16α-trihydroxy
halima-13(14)-en-15,
16-olide
Leaves
Terpenoids [14]
72 β-selinene
Leaves and
stem bark
Terpenoids [49, 55]
73 δ-cadinene
Leaves and
stem bark
Terpenoids [49, 55]
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triterpene longitriol and rare bisclerodane imides,
namely longimide A and longimide B, from the
ethanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves [45].
Seven clerodane diterpenoids, namely
(-)-14,15-bisnor-3,11E-kolavadien-13-one, (-)-16-
oxocleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid, (-)-3β,16α-
dihydroxycleroda-4(18),13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide, (+)-
(4→2)-abeo-16(R/S)-2,13 Z-kolavadien-15,16-olide-3-
al, (-)-3,12E-kolavadien-15-oic acid-16-al, (-)-labd-13
E-en-8-ol-15-oic acid, (-)-16α-hydroxycleroda-
3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide, and 5 alkaloids, namely
liriodenine, (-)-anonaine, (+)-isoboldine,
(-)-asimilobine and hordenine were isolated from the
ethanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves [39]. An
estimation of rutin in the plant leaves was conducted
by Doshi et al. Its amount, as estimated by
high-performance liquid chromatography and
high-performance thin-layer chromatography, was
found to be 11.60% w/w and 4.03% w/v, respectively
[46].
A new halimane diterpene, 3β,5β,16α-trihydroxy
halima-13(14)-en-15,16-olide, and a new
oxo-protoberberine alkaloid, (-)-8-oxopolyalthiaine,
alongside 20 known compounds were identified and
isolated from the methanolic extract of P. longifolia
var. pendula leaves [14]. Heavy metals, including lead
(Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg)
[47], were found in the P. longifolia leaf extract, and
the concentration was well within the suitable daily
intake values.
P. longifolia contains sesquiterpene-rich essential
oils. An analysis of the leaf oil indicated the presence
of approximately 70 compounds, including 11
monoterpenes, 53 sesquiterpenes, 2 acyclic compounds,
3 fatty acids, and 1 diterpene acid. Sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons (83.0%) covered a higher part of the
volatile oil. The major components were
(E)-β-caryophyllene (27.5%), α-zingiberene (11.9%),
allo-aromadendrene (14.1%), and α-humulene (8.3%)
with α-selinene (2.8%), β-selinene (2.5%),
trans-β-bergamotene (1.9%), trans-α-bergamotene
(1.7%), α-copaene (1.3%), and δ-cadinene (1.2%).
Monoterpene hydrocarbons (2.6%) included
α-pinene (1.6%) and (E)-β-ocimene (0.6%) with
camphene, myrcene, and limonene. Oxygenated
monoterpenes (0.5%) included linalool, thymol, and
α-terpineol. Two oxygenated acyclic non-terpene
compounds, namely 2-nonanone and 2-methylnonanal,
were detected at trace levels.
Certain stereoisomers like trans-α-bergamotene,
(E)-β-farnesene, trans-β-bergamotene, ar-curcumene,
γ-muurolene and β-humulene, β-sesquiphellandrene,
and δ-cadinene as well as minor sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons, namely α-ylangene, isocaryophyllene,
γ-cadinene, and calamenene were also present.
In addition, 2.4% of oxygenated sesquiterpenes were
detected, which included sesquicineole, palustrol,
caryophylla-4(14),8(15)-dien-5α-ol, caryophyllenol II,
1-epi-cubenol, τ-cadinol, τ-muurolol, cubenol,
selin-11-en-4α-ol, α-cadinol, caryolan-4-ol, β-bisabolol,
and α-bisabolol. It also contains bornyl formate, bornyl
acetate, geranyl acetate, 4,8-α-epoxycaryophyllane,
4,8-β-epoxycaryophyllane, 5,8-cyclocaryophyllan-4-ol,
caryolan-8-ol, 4-formyl-5-nor-β-caryophyllene,
5,11-epoxycadin-1(10)-ene, humulene oxide I,
zingiberenol I, muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1β-ol,
zingiberenol II, torreyol, caryophyllenol I,
bisabola-2,10-dien-1-ol, trans-β-sesquiphellandrol
phytone, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and
kovaleic acid [48]. The P. longifolia sample yielded a
light yellow color, 0.15%, v/w of volatile oil,
calculated on a dry weight basis [49]. In the ethanolic
extract of P. longifolia leaves, the presence of gallic
acid was also reported [6].
Chemical constituents extracted from seeds and
fruits
An analysis of the seeds of P. longifolia revealed the
presence of percentage moisture (5.0 g), crude oil (7.5
g), crude protein (14.0 g), crude fiber (7.3 g), and total
carbohydrate (65.3 g) per 100 g sample. The seeds
showed the presence of macro- and micronutrients as
well as various minerals like potassium, magnesium,
calcium, iron, sodium, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel,
cobalt, lead, and chromium [16].
Atolani et al. studied the seed oil of the plant
obtained by the Soxhlet extraction. Fatty acids in
major proportions were oleic acid (30.31%), linoleic
acid (19.27%), palmitic acid (15.11%), and little
proportions of tricosylic acid (6.10%) and stearic acid
(5.56%) had been isolated from the seeds of the P.
longifolia [50]. Amino acids present in the P. longifolia
seeds were detected using paper chromatography
technique. Results showed the presence of proline,
l-glutamic acid, dl-threonine, l-tyrosine, dl-methionine,
glycine, dl-isoleucine, l-hydroxy-proline, et al. [51].
Various minerals were reported from powdered ripe
and unripe pericarps, namely calcium, potassium,
sodium, and magnesium. Some minor elements, such
as zinc, manganese, iron, nickel, chromium, lithium,
and copper were also reported [52].
Chemical constituents extracted from stems and
stem bark
Three azafluorene alkaloids, namely darienine,
polyfothine, and isooncodine, and three aporphine
alkaloids, namely liriodenine, noroliveroline-β, and
oliveroline-β-N-oxide, were isolated from the stems
and stem bark of P. longifolia [53].
A study of essential oils from the stem bark of P.
longifolia showed the presence of α-copaene and
α-muurolol (8.7%), β-selinene (8.6%), viridiflorene
(8.1%), α-guaiene (7.8%), allo-aromadendrene (7.4%),
and δ-cadinene (7.0%). However, 2 monoterpenoids,
namely α-pinene and camphene, were absent [54].
Clerodane diterpenes were isolated from the
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methanolic extract of P. longifolia stem, namely
4α,18β-epoxy-16-hydroxyclerod-13-en-15-oic acid,
6α,16-dihydroxycleroda-4(18),13-dien-15-oic acid,
6α,16-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15-oic acid, along
with 4 new protoberberine alkaloids, such as
(-)-8-oxo-10-hydroxy-2,3,9-trimethoxyberberine, (-)-8-
oxo-11-hydroxy-2,3,9,10-tetramethoxyberberine, (-)-8-
oxo-2,11-dihydroxy-3,10-dimethoxyberberine, and
(-)-8-oxo-2,10-dihydroxy-3,9,11-trimethoxyberberine
[55].
The ethanol extract of the stems contains an
antibacterial lactone, (3S, 4R)-3,4,5-
trihydroxypentanoic acid-1,4-lactone [56]. Clerodane
diterpenes, namely cleroda-3-ene pyrrole-15,16-dione,
cleroda-3-ene pyrrolidine-15,16-dione(4), cleroda-
3,13(14)E-diene-15,16-diamide, and cleroda-3-ene-
15,16-diamide, were isolated from the stem bark of P.
longifolia, which had a potential to act against
plasmodial species [57].
Clerodone diterpenes, like 16-oxocleroda-4(18),13
E-dien-15-oic acid, cleroda-4(18),13-dien-16,15-olide,
and 16-hydroxycleroda-4(18),13-dien-16,15-olide and
ent-halimane diterpenes, like 16-oxo-ent-halima-
5(10),13E-dien-15-oic acid, ent-halima-5(10),13-dien-
16,15-olide alongside 16-hydroxy-ent-halima-
5(10),13-dien-16,15-olide, 16-oxo-ent-halima-5(10),13
E-dien-15-oic acid, ent-halima-l(10),13E-dien-16,15-
olide and ent-halima-5(10),13E-dien-16,15-olide, were
identified in the hexane extract of the stem bark of the
plant [58].
The petroleum ether extract of the P. longifolia bark
indicated the presence of γ-methoxy butenolide
clerodane diterpene [59]. The ethanolic extract of the P.
longifolia stem bark yielded 3 clerodone diterpenes,
namely 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide,
3,16-dihydroxycleroda-4(18),13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide,
and 16-oxocleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid alongside 1
steroid beta-stigmasterol and 2 alkaloids darienine and
stepholidine [60].
Chemical constituents extracted from root
The root extract of P. longifolia showed the presence
of pendulamine A, pendulamine B, penduline with
stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside, allantoin, kolavenic
acid, and the azafluorene alkaloid isoursuline [61].
Kolavenic acid, liriodenine, bisclerodane imide with its
four olefinic isomers, clerodane diterpene and its four
olefinic isomers, and lysicamine were isolated from the
defatted extract of the P. longifolia root bark [23].
Clerodone diterpenoids, namely kolavenic and
solidagonal acid, were extracted from the root wood of
the plant [36].
Pharmacological studies
Antiulcer activity
The methanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves was
evaluated for in vivo ulcer-protective function. The
experiment involved the use of wistar albino rats, in
which ulcers were induced by ethanol and ethanol/HCl.
Results showed that the extract possessed a good
dose-dependent antiulcer activity [62]. The aqueous
and ethanolic extracts of the plant leaves showed an
ability to reduce total acidity, ulcer index, and gastric
content and enhance the pH of gastric pylorus ligation
ulcer model [63].
Antimicrobial activity
Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus megaterium,
and gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains, such as
Proteus mirabilis, Candida tropicalis, and C. albicans
resp. Were more susceptible to the methanolic extract
of the P. longifolia leaves [62]. P. longifolia showed
less activity toward gram-negative bacterial strains
[64]. An antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
(E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus
microorganisms was exhibited by the ethyl acetate
extract of the plant leaves [1]. P. longifolia exhibited a
marked antibacterial activity against Klebsiella
pneumoniae, E. coli, and Bacillus subtilis [65].
Evidence for antimicrobial activity showed that the
diterpenoid 16-oxoclerada-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid
from the stem bark possessed the highest antimicrobial
activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces
caulbequence, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C.
albicans, Hensila calgornica, and kanamycin-resistant
fungal strains [66]. A significant antibacterial potential
was exhibited by stem bark extracts, and among them,
the maximum activity was shown by the petroleum
ether extract compared with chloroform, methanol, and
water extracts [67].
16α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13 (14)-Z-diene-15,16-olide
from the hexane extract of seeds showed strong
antibacterial and antifungal activities [35]. The growth
of Fusarium solani, a fungal pathogen, was
significantly inhibited by the alcoholic leaf extract of P.
longifolia [34]. The extract of various parts, such as
ripe and unripe pericarps and leaves strongly inhibited
various fungal strains, such as Pythium
aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum [68]. The
seed oil of P. longifolia had a strong growth inhibitory
potential against S. aureus [50]. Preparative thin layer
chromatography isolates of the ethanolic extract of P.
longifolia showed a significant level of inhibition
potential against E. coli, Klebsilla aerogenes,
Pseudomonas aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Shigella
flexneri, and S. aureus [69]. Clerodane diterpene
16α-hydroxycleroda-3, 13 (14) Z-dien-15, 16-olide
isolated from P. longifolia leaves exhibited inhibition
against the methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Compounds
showed synergistic interaction with antibiotics and
good in vivo efficacy [70].
Antiplasmodial activity
P. longifolia leaf aqueous extract evaluated for in vivo
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antimalarial activities in chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) strain. It showed a
suppression of parasite multiplication [71]. The
ethanolic extract of P. longifolia stem bark showed
strong antimalarial activities against drug-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum infections [60].
Anticancer activity
The methanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves
possessed a good efficacy toward prostate cancer cells.
The extract had the ability to decrease cell growth and
block the process in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. P.
longifolia induced apoptosis by the activation of the
intrinsic apoptotic machinery [72]. Alcohol extract and
chloroform fraction of P. longifolia leaves had the
ability to induce apoptosis in different human cell lines,
such as human leukemia HL-60 cells, SF 295 (CNS),
and SW-620 (colon) [73]. Sari et al. studied the effect
of 2 clerodane diterpenes, namely polyalthialdoic acid
and 16α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide,
on human leukemia HL-60 cells, which were isolated
from the ethyl acetate fraction of P. longifolia leaves
extract. By using the MTT cell-viability assay, the
treatment of human leukemia HL-60 cells with
diterpenes indicated an inhibition of cell proliferation
in a dose-dependent manner [74]. Vijayarathna et al.
studied the anticancer effect of the methanolic extract
of P. longifolia leaves and its mechanism of action.
According to the study, the extract significantly
showed a dose-dependent apoptosis and an arrest of
cell cycle in G0/G1, G0/G1, and G2/M phases in
cervical cancer cells (i.e., HeLa cells) [75]. The
inhibition of human lung cancer cell line by the
ethanol extract of P. longifolia leaves was also
reported [69]. Christina et al. studied the anticancer
activity of the methanolic extract of P. longifolia fruits.
The study involved the use of N-nitrosodiethylamine
and phenobarbital, which induced hepatocellular
carcinoma in male wistar albino rats. According to
study, the plant extract has the potential to correct liver
tissue architecture. Moreover, it has the ability to
reduce the number of nodules, serum α fetoprotein,
DNA, and RNA contents in the liver [76].
Rupachandra and Sarada enzymatically extracted
peptides from P. longifolia seeds. The study indicated
the presence of 2 fractions, F1 and F2 peptides.
According to the methyl tetrazolium assay, a
significant cytotoxic activity against lung (A549)
cancer cells was shown by the F2 peptide at 10 µg/mL
and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines at 30 µg/mL [77].
Wound healing property
The wound healing effect of the ethanolic leaf extract
of P. longifolia was examined using an excision
wound model in rats. The study was assessed up to 14
days on the antero-dorsal side of the rats’ skin. The
extract showed wound healing action by wound
contraction upon topical application [78]. The bark
extract of P. longifolia in different solvents, such as
methanolic, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate for the
isolation of active compounds, were responsible for the
significant wound healing action. It increased the
epithelization speed and contraction property of
myofibroblasts and exhibited healing activity [79].
Hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic activity
Lakshmi et al. evaluated the antidiabetic activity by
administrating the bark extract of P. longifolia for 21
days in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The study
showed that the bark extract exhibited similar
effectiveness to that of glipizide in controlling Type 1
diabetes. The bark extract in methanol, ethylacetate,
and n-Hexane solvents showed a promising
hypoglycemic activity by decreasing insulin levels.
The extract also revealed homeostasis in biochemical
parameters, such as cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and
total protein as well as in enzyme activities [79]. The
solvent extract of P. longifolia leaves had the ability to
lower glucose levels; however it did not modify
biochemical parameters. The extract showed an
antihyperglycemic effect against sucrose-induced
hyperglycemia [80]. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase
enzymes catalyzed carbohydrate metabolism and
increased plasma glucose level. The ethanol and
chloroform extracts of the P. longifolia leaves had the
ability to inhibit such enzymes. Therefore, the extract
had the ability to reduce the rate of glucose absorption,
which consequently inhibited a postprandial rise in
plasma glucose [81].
Antipyretic activity
K Annan et al. examined the antipyretic activity of the
methanol extract of the leaves, stem bark, and roots of
the plant by using a lipopolysaccharide-induced
antipyretic activity model. The plant extracts showed a
significant antipyretic activity, which was typically
higher than acetylsalicylic acid. The order of
percentage of inhibition was root extract, leaf extract,
and stem bark extract, respectively. The
dose-dependent antipyretic activity of the plant made it
suitable for the treatment of various ailments [82].
Anti-inflammatory activity
Sharma et al. investigated the anti-inflammatory
activity by using a subacute inflammation model,
namely cotton pellet granuloma. It provided evidence
for the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic and
aqueous fresh leaves extract of the plant [63]. Both
extracts showed the anti-inflammatory activity owing
to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds
[83]. An active clerodone diterpenoid of P. longifolia
plant, 16-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid,
had the ability to inhibit human neutrophil
proinflammatory responses by blocking Ca2+
, p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling
pathways [84].
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doi: 10.12032/TMR20201218212
Antioxidant activity
The ethanol extract of the ripe pericarp of P. longifolia
indicated the presence of high phenolic content; thus,
the extract showed significant antioxidant activity [85].
The seed oil showed less antioxidant activity than
ascorbic acid [50], whereas the methanolic extract of
the leaves showed more activity than ascorbic acid
[86]. Sampath and Vasanthi studied the ethanol extract
of the leaves and showed the presence of three
flavonoids, namely rutin, chrysin, and daidzein-related
isomer, along with an unknown flavonoid. The
flavonoids played a significant role in inducing
antioxidant activity [69]. A promising antioxidant
activity was exhibited due to the 3-O-methyl ellagic
acid compound from the stem bark of the plant [10].
Sashidhara et al. identified the active constituents,
namely quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside,
and rutin, for activity by using the Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity assay [87]. Proanthocyanidins
from the plant leaves possess antioxidant and
antityrosinase activities [88]. The methanolic extract of
P. longifolia fruits had the potential to scavenge free
radicals and showed maximum percentage of
inhibition [89].
The genotoxic potential of the plant was studied by
using plasmid relation, comet, and Allium cepa assay.
Results of assays indicated the presence of
genoprotective compounds against DNA damage, and
the most effective concentration was found to be 100
g/mL. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory
effects against H2O2-mediated DNA damage. The
study predicted that the leaf extract can inhibit
oxidative DNA damage and safe post-oral
administration [90].
Hepatoprotective activity
Jothy and Aziz et al. demonstrated the
hepatoprotective action of the plant by using a liver
injury model. According to the study, P. longifolia had
the ability to cure and protect various biochemical and
histopathological changes occurring in various organs.
In mice, the plant protected oxidative damage possibly
by increasing the antioxidant protection mechanism
[86]. The methanolic extract of P. longifolia fruits had
the ability to protect from hepatic injuries and liver
damage by decreasing elevated serum enzymes,
bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation [89].
Antileishmanial agent
The 16α-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide
from the fraction of crude ethanolic extract of the P.
longifolia leaves showed a significant antileishmanial
activity. Misra et al. studied the activity in both in vivo
and in vitro. Results showed that the
16α-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide
possessed good activity with no cytotoxicity. It had
potency, safety, orally effectiveness, and showed
animal survival for more than 6 months. It specifically
targeted the DNA topoisomerases enzyme of the target
parasite [40].
Antiviral effect, as a laxative and an
immunomodulator agent
Studies on the methanolic extract of P. longifolia
leaves showed an antiviral activity. Viral replication is
blocked by the inhibition of entry and budding of
viruses [91]. Balamuruganvelu et al. studied the
laxative activity of the plant by using wistar albino rats.
The oral administration of ethanolic extract of P.
longifolia bark showed a laxative activity similar to
that of the reference drug, sodium picosulfate [92]. The
ethanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves had an
immunostimulatory effect on β and T lymphocytes and
served for the treatment and prevention of
immunodeficiency disorders [93].
Analgesic activity
The methanol, ethyl acetate, and benzene extracts of
mature P. longifolia leaves had ability to exhibit
analgesic activity. The methanol extract showed a
potent analgesic activity followed by ethyl and
benzene extracts [94]. Moniruzzaman et al. assessed
the antinociceptive effects (action of blocking the
detection of a painful stimulus) of the ethanolic extract
of the stem bark of P. longifolia. The experiment was
performed by using thermal and chemical models of
nociception, such as glutamate and formalin-induced
licking tests, hot-plate, and tail-immersion tests and
acetic acid-induced writhing test. The extract showed a
good antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent
manner [95].
Antihyperuricemic activity
Xanthine oxidase enzyme catalyzed the hydroxylation
reaction of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Xanthine was
further converted into uric acid [96]. The increase in
the uric acid level in the body caused deterioration in
glucose metabolism [97]. Hyperuricemia develops in
various conditions, such as gout, hypertension, and
renal damage [98]. The chloroform extracts of the P.
longifolia leaves significantly showed an in vitro
xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity [99].
Conclusion
P. longifolia has a supreme place in the Indian
traditional medicinal system. This extensive literature
survey reviewed that P. longifolia is a medicinal plant
with a diverse pharmacological spectrum (Figure 1). It
has a magnificent therapeutic efficiency conformed by
preclinical trail studies. Along with its decorative use,
it showed the existence of some unique chemical
constituents with potential to destroy cancerous cell
lines, such as prostate cancer cells, human leukemia
HL-60 cells, lung (A549) cancer cells, SF 295 (CNS),
20. REVIEW
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doi: 10.12032/TMR20201218212
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and SW-620 (colon). P. longifolia has a capacity to
treat various ailments, including ulcers, gonorrhea,
hyperuricemia, diabetes, liver injury, inflammation,
and many more infectious diseases. The application of
modern testing and evaluation techniques is necessary
to explore new areas of plant efficacy. In the future,
there is a need to execute clinical trials and
development of suitable plant formulations with
practical clinical application for the welfare of
mankind.
Figure 1 Pharmacological activity of Polyalthia longifolia plant
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