This document summarizes the traditional uses and recent research on the benefits of various plant ingredients, including D-limonene, quercetin, rutin, isomaltulose, Moringa oleifera, neem, grape polyphenols, bergamot orange, bitter orange, citrus fruits and others. Many of these ingredients have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, brain-boosting and joint-supporting effects. Traditional uses of these plants include treatment of infections, digestive issues, skin conditions, pain and general health maintenance. Recent research continues to explore their potential for promoting overall health and well-being.

1. R12Performance beyond recovery.Active Ingredientsand their benefits

2. D-limonene

3. D-limonene has been shown to have powerful antioxidant activity.D-limonene has been shown to have cellular protective effects in animals and humans.D-limonene has been used as a solvent to dissolve cholesterol (Vergunst, et. al., 1991).D-limonene has demonstrated the ability to help support peristalsis (Crowell, 1999; Gould, 1997; Sun, 2007; Tsdua, et. al., 2004)D-limonene

4. Quercetin

5. Quercetin is a flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables.It is a potent antioxidant that has been shown in research to have a wide variety of health benefits beyond the ability to interact with free radical species.Quercetin has been shown to help promote healthy blood pressure levels in both animal and human studies. (Perez-Vizcaino, et. al., 2009)Quercetin

6. Administration of quercetin in combination with other joint health ingredients helps maintain joint function (Matsuno, et. al., 2009).Quercetin has been shown to have effects that may help maintain a healthy cardiovascular system (Pignatelli, et. al., 2000).Quercetin-containing beverages have demonstrated an ability to decrease oxidation in the body (Young, et. al., 1999).Quercetin has been shown to protect DNA in cell-based tests (Noroozi, et. al., 1998).Quercetin

7. Rutin

8. “Rutoside (Rutin) is a flavonoid compound isolated from various plants and fruits, such as citrus and apples, that has traditionally been used for pain, vascular protection and hemorrhoids. Rutin and other similar flavonoids have demonstrated a reduced capillary filtration rate in patients with chronic venous insufficiency; their effect on edema reduction has also been confirmed”. (Yakoot and Salam, 2009). Rutin

9. Rutin has been shown in lab tests to fight oxidizing species found in blood (Gebicka and Banasiack, 2009).In animal models, rutin has been shown to positively impact excretion of cholesterol and blood serum triglyceride levels (Kanashiro, et. al., 2009).In cell-based studies, rutin’s antioxidant properties prevented the formation of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone deterioration (Kyung, et. al., 2008).Rutin demonstrates neuroprotective effects in rat models (Pu, et. al., 2007).Rutin

10. Isomaltulose

11. IsomaltuloseIsomaltuloseis a disaccharide like table sugar (sucrose), made of glucose and fructose. It is found naturally in honey and sugar cane.Because it is a sugar digested with the same enzymes as sucrose, studies show that isomaltulose is completely hydrolyzed and absorbed in the small intestine (Hertel, et. al., 2000).

12. IsomaltuloseIsomaltulose has a different bond than sucrose, so it is digested more slowly than sucrose (Ziesenitz, 1986).The slow digestion allows it to raise blood glucose and insulin levels slower and reach lower peaks than after sucrose administration (Lina, et. al., 1985; Kawai, et. al., 1985; Houlub, et. al., 2010). This is responsible for the extended energy release seen in studies with products containing isomaltulose.

13. IsomaltuloseStudies show that isomaltulose may increase the rate of fat burning during even mild exercise.Studies also indicate that isomaltulose may positively impact body fat composition as part of a diet with controlled fat and protein intake, compared to sugars with higher glycemicimpacts (Oizumi, et. al., 2007).The bond in isomaltulose means that it does not form the same dental decay-causing acids as other sugars. Consequently, isomaltulose has been studied for its low cariogenic properties (Ooshima, et. al., 1990).

14. Moringaoleifera

15. Native to Northeastern India (Vieira, et. al., 2010).Also called horseradish tree or drumstick tree, there is evidence of Moringa cultivation in India dating back “many thousands of years” (Bose, 2007).MoringaoleiferaLam is the most widely cultivated species of the monogeneric family Moringaceae (order Brassicales). This family includes 13 species of trees and shrubs distributed in sub-Himalayan ranges of Arabia, India, Madagascar, Northeastern and Southwestern Africa, and Sri Lanka (Bose, 2007).Moringaoleifera

16. Traditional uses for Moringa include the treatment of headaches, inflammation, ringworm, fever, vomiting, gout and female reproductive disorders Moringa is also widely used as an expectorant, stimulant, shampoo, tonic and hair oil. (Duke 1972; Burkill 1966; www.ars-grin.gov)Moringa contains a combination of glucosinolates and isothiocyanate compounds that have been shown to be beneficial to cell health in lab tests (Bose, 2007).Moringaoleifera

17. The Root bark of the moringa tree contains the alkaloid compounds moringine and moringinine, which act as a cardiac stimulant and may impact aspects of the nervous system (Anwar, et. al., 2007; Bose, 2007; Ganguly and Guha, 2008).Moringa may also impact female hormones and uterine physiology (Bose, 2007).Moringaoleifera is also thought to positively impact blood sugar metabolism (Mathieu and Mesisa, 2007; Ndong, et. al., 2007).Moringaoleifera

18. Moringa contains minerals, protein, vitamins, beta-carotene, amino acids and various phenolics (Anwar, et. al., 2007; Thurber and Fahey, 2009).The Moringa plant provides a combination of zeatin, quercetin, beta-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol, and has been associated with possible cholesterol-lowering benefits (Anwar, et. al., 2007).It has also been shown to have water-purifying abilities that may be due to the antibacterial properties of the seeds (Anwar, et. al., 2007; Lurling and Beekman, 2010; Vieira, et. al., 2010).Moringaoleifera

19. Neem

20. Neem is a medicinal plant that originates from India.It has been widely used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments such as headaches and malariaNeem is also used as an insect repellant, diuretic, stimulant, intestinal tonic, general tonic and to treat parasites. (Burkill, 1966; Duke, 1972; Lucantoni, et. al. 2010)Neem

21. Neem seeds contain insecticide compounds. Neem has been shown to inhibit plasmodium falciparum and may offer promise in the treatment of malaria (Lucantoni, et. al., 2010).Neem flower extract showed disruption in estrous cycle in rats and reduced the number of ova shed. Rats also had diarrhea and lost weight during this study (Gbotolorun, et. al., 2008).Neem demonstrated antibacterial activity against several members of the genus streptococcus (Prashant, et. al., 2007).Neem shows promise as an anti-inflammator and melanin preventive, and has cell health-promoting benefits (Akihisa, et. al., 2009).Neem

22. Grape polyphenols

23. Grapes contain a number of beneficial polyphenols that are believed to be associated with improved cardiovascular health, improved cell health and brain function. Recent research indicates that they may help with tissue repair, inflammation, anti-aging and strength building as a result of exercise (Castilla, et. al., 2006; Kamiyama, et. al., 2009; Sun, et. al., 2008; Xia, et. al., 2010).Grape polyphenols

24. Bergamot orange

25. Bergamot orange is a close relative to the sour orange that has been cultivated in the Mediterranean region of the world.Traditional uses include sedative, sudorific, antispasmodic, antiseptic, tonic, febrifuge, hemostatic and stimulant. (Morton, 1987)Bergamot orange

26. When administered as part of aromatherapy, bergamot orange has a positive impact on mood (Chang, 2008).As part of aromatherapy, bergamot orange also has a positive impact on stress in adolescents (Seo, 2009).Bergamot orange demonstrates the ability to inhibit clinically relevant Candida species in vitro (Romano, et. al., 2005).Bergamot orange was shown to inhibit dermatophytic fungi (Sanguinetti, et. al., 2007).Bergamot orange has demonstrated an ability to inhibit capsaicin-induced inflammation response in mouse hind paw (Sakurda, et. al., 2009).Bergamot orange

27. Bitter orange

28. Also known as the sour orange or Seville orange, this plant is thought to be native to Southeast Asia and is found throughout the tropics today.Traditional uses for bitter orange include coughs, colds, fevers, bruises, antiseptic for wound healing and tonic. (Morton, 1987; Paul and Cox, 1995)Bitter orange

29. Bitter orange has constituents that may increase cell metabolism (Tsujita and Takaku, 2007; Fugh-Berman and Myers, 2004).Bitter orange has some lipolytic effect in human fat cells (Fugh-Berman and Myers, 2004).Chinese medicine herbal blends containing sour orange were found to be beneficial in the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Fan, 2004).Bitter orange

30. Citrus medica

31. Probably one of the most bizarre looking fruits, this bumpy, lumpy-looking elongated citrus fruit has some varieties that mature to resemble a mass of curled fingers.Traditional uses for this plant include treating headaches, stomachaches, fever, jaundice, nausea, diarrhea and coughs, and as a stimulant and astringent. (Burkill, 1966; Duke, 1972)Citrus medica

32. Mandarin orange

33. Mandarin is the name for a group of oranges with a thin, loose peel. They are closely related to tangerines, a citrus variety with red-orange skin.Traditional uses include treatment of cough, diarrhea, fever, gastritis, cancer, congestion, sore throat, nausea, malaria, and as a sedative and stimulant. (Morton, 1987; Duke, 1972)Mandarin orange

34. Mandarin oranges have been shown to have lipolytic activity in fat cells and may be useful to help induce fat metabolism (Tsujita and Takaku, 2007).Components of mandarin oranges may help stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone loss (Yamaguchi, 2006).Mandarin orange

35. Tangerine

36. Closely related to mandarin oranges, tangerines are the red-orange skin type.Traditional uses include treatment of cough, diarrhea, fever, gastritis, cancer, congestion, sore throat, nausea, malaria, and as a sedative, aperitif, digestive system tonic and stimulant. (Morton, 1987; Duke, 1972)Tangerine

37. Lemon

38. Said to be the leading acid citrus fruit, this plant is widely cultivated throughout the tropics but is believed to originate from Northwestern India.Lemons are commonly used as a diuretic and astringent, and to treat colds, gingivitis, digestive disorders, sore throats, fever, gonorrhea, colic and inflammation. (Morton, 1987)Lemon

39. Naringenin, a component of lemons, was found to suppress tumor formation in the brain, using a rat model (Sabarinthan, et. al., 2010).Naringin has also demonstrated an ability to prevent chemically induced cognitive impairment and its associated oxidative damage in rats (Kumar, et. al., 2010).Lemon

40. Lime – West Indian

41. Traditional uses for the lime cover a wide range of infections and conditions such as scurvy, colds and coughs generally believed to be ameliorated by consuming citrus fruits.Limes are also commonly used to treat scurvy, sores, cough, colds, toothache, oral thrush, headache, diarrhea and dysentery, and in antiseptic and anti-parasitic applications. (Burkhill, 1966; Duke, 1972; www.asr-grin.gov)Lime – West Indian

42. Freeze-dried lime juice was demonstrated to have free radical scavenging ability (Patil, et. al., 2009).Lime juice inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro (Patil, et. al., 2009).Lime juice was shown to inhibit proliferation of human lymph cancer cell line in vitro (Gharagozloo, et. al., 2002).Lime juice has been shown to posses immunomodulatory properties, (Gharagozloo and Ghaderi, 2001).Lime

43. Pink grapefruit

44. Pink grapefruits have more vitamin A in the pulp and tend to have sweeter flesh than other grapefruit varieties. They also have higher levels of the antioxidant class carotenoids (Tsai, et. al., 2007).Traditional uses for grapefruit include sedative, antibiotic and cardiac tonic, and to treat insomnia, stomach problems and urinary disorders. (Morton, 1987) Pink grapefruit

45. Blood orange

46. Blood oranges are a variety of the sweet orange cultivated primarily in the Mediterranean region. Some oranges grown in Florida will develop red coloration during cold periods.Traditional uses include treatment of colds, coughs, earache, anorexia, nausea, fever, flu, pneumonia and dysentery, and as an anti-parasitic, sedative, sudorific and aperitif. (Duke, 1972; Morton, 1987)Blood orange

47. Orange

48. Besides its widespread use in foods and beverages, oranges are also used in perfumes and liquors. It also has a variety of medicinal uses.Traditional uses include treatment of colds, coughs, earache, anorexia, nausea, fever, cancer, uterine and breast disorders, pneumonia, dysentery and flu, and as an anti-parasitic, sedative, antiseptic, sudorific and aperitif. (Duke, 1972; www.ars-grin.gov)Orange: Citrus sinensis

49. Extracts containing oranges have been shown to have positive impact on lipid and blood glucose levels (Oben, et. al., 2008).Diets rich in citrus fruits have been associated with reduced risk of ulcerative colitis (Magee, et. al., 2005).Consumption of orange juice was shown to reduce plasma lipid peroxidation in healthy women (Johnston, et. al., 2003).Diets rich in citrus fruits have been associated with reduced risk of stroke in men and women (Johnsen, et. al., 2003).Dietary supplementation with orange juice in smokers reduced oxidation levels of LDLs (Abbey, et. al., 1995).Orange