The document outlines the historical development, advantages, characteristics, and requirements of quantum dot lasers compared to quantum well lasers. It discusses how quantum dot lasers confine electrons through small size and tunable energy levels. While early models had bottlenecks like uniformity issues, breakthroughs in temperature stability and modulation have occurred. Future work aims to control dot positioning and size to reduce inhomogeneous broadening and allow injection of cooled carriers.

1. Outline Quantum Dots (QD) Confinement Effect Quantum Dot Lasers (QDL) Historical Evolution Predicted Advantages Basic Characteristics Application Requirements Q. Dot Lasers vs. Q. Well Lasers Comparison of different types of QDLs Bottlenecks Breakthroughs Future Directions Conclusion

2. Quantum Dots (QD) Semiconductor nanostructures Size: ~2-10 nm or ~10-50 atoms in diameter Unique tunability Confinement of motion can be created by: Electrostatic potential e.g. in e.g. doping, strain, impurities, external electrodes the presence of an interface between different semiconductor materials e.g. in the case of self-assembled QDs the presence of the semiconductor surface e.g. in the case of a semiconductor nanocrystal or by a combination of these

3. Quantum Confinement Effect E = E q1 + E q2 + E q3, E qn = h 2 (q qn π/d n ) 2 / 2m c Quantization of density of states: (a) bulk (b) quantum well (c) quantum wire (d) QD

4. QD Lasers – Historical Evolution

5. QDL – Predicted Advantages Wavelength of light determined by the energy levels not by bandgap energy: improved performance & increased flexibility to adjust the wavelength Maximum material gain and differential gain Small volume: low power high frequency operation large modulation bandwidth small dynamic chirp small linewidth enhancement factor low threshold current Superior temperature stability of I threshold I threshold (T) = I threshold (T ref ).exp ((T-(T ref ))/ (T 0 )) High T 0  decoupling electron-phonon interaction by increasing the intersubband separation. Undiminished room-temperature performance without external thermal stabilization Suppressed diffusion of non-equilibrium carriers  Reduced leakage

6. QDL – Basic characteristics An active medium to create population inversion by pumping mechanism: photons at some site stimulate emission at other sites while traveling Two reflectors: to reflect the light in phase multipass amplification Components of a laser An energy pump source electric power supply

7. QDL – Basic characteristics An ideal QDL consists of a 3D-array of dots with equal size and shape Surrounded by a higher band-gap material confines the injected carriers. Embedded in an optical waveguide Consists lower and upper cladding layers (n-doped and p-doped shields)

8. QDL – Application Requirements Same energy level Size, shape and alloy composition of QDs close to identical Inhomogeneous broadening eliminated  real concentration of energy states obtained High density of interacting QDs Macroscopic physical parameter  light output Reduction of non-radiative centers Nanostructures made by high-energy beam patterning cannot be used since damage is incurred Electrical control Electric field applied can change physical properties of QDs Carriers can be injected to create light emission

9. Q. Dot Laser vs. Q. Well Laser In order for QD lasers compete with QW lasers: A large array of QDs since their active volume is small An array with a narrow size distribution has to be produced to reduce inhomogeneous broadening Array has to be without defects may degrade the optical emission by providing alternate nonradiative defect channels The phonon bottleneck created by confinement limits the number of states that are efficiently coupled by phonons due to energy conservation Limits the relaxation of excited carriers into lasing states Causes degradation of stimulated emission Other mechanisms can be used to suppress that bottleneck effect (e.g. Auger interactions)

10. Q. Dot Laser vs. Q. Well Laser Comparison of efficiency: QWL vs. QDL

11. Comparison High speed quantum dot lasers Advantages Directly Modulated Quantum Dot Lasers Datacom application Rate of 10Gb/s Mode-Locked Quantum Dot Lasers Short optical pulses Narrow spectral width Broad gain spectrum InP Based Quantum Dot Lasers Low emission wavelength Wide temperature range Used for data transmission

12. Comparison High power Quantum Dot lasers Advantages QD lasers for Coolerless Pump Sources Size reduced quantum dot Single Mode Tapered Lasers Small wave length shift Temperature insensitivity

13. Bottlenecks First, the lack of uniformity. Second, Quantum Dots density is insufficient. Third, the lack of good coupling between QD and QD. The early models were based on the assumptions : Only one confined electron level and hole level Infinite barriers Equilibrium carrier distribution Lattice matched heterostructures

14. Breakthroughs Temperature dependence of light-current characteristics Modulation waveform at 10Gbps at 20°C and 70 °C with no current adjustment

15. Future Directions Widening parameters range Further controlling the position and dot size Decouple the carrier capture from the escape procedure Combination of QD lasers and QW lasers Reduce inhomogeneous linewidth broadening Surface Preparation Technology Allowing the injection of cooled carriers Raised gain at the fundamental transition energy using by In term of to

16. Conclusion During the previous decade, there was an intensive interest on the development of quantum dot lasers. The unique properties of quantum dots allow QD lasers obtain several excellent properties and performances compared to traditional lasers and even QW lasers. Although bottlenecks block the way of realizing quantum dot lasers to commercial markets, breakthroughs in the aspects of material and other properties will still keep the research area active in a few years. According to the market demand and higher requirements of applications, future research directions are figured out and needed to be realized soon.

17. Thank you! Q & A