The document discusses quantum computers as a future approach to computing, highlighting their significance due to the limitations of classical computers as per Moore's law. It outlines the differences between classical and quantum computing, emphasizing concepts like qubits, superposition, entanglement, and tunneling. Additionally, it addresses challenges in building quantum computers and their potential for revolutionary applications in various fields such as artificial intelligence, cryptography, and more.

1. Quantum Computer
A FUTURE APPROACH IN COMPUTING

2. “Not only is the
Universe stranger than
we think, it is stranger
than we can think.”
Werner Heisenberg

3. WHAT IS COMPUTING?
Calculation of data or any activity that uses
computers to generate output.

4. WHY DO WE NEED
QUANTUM COMPUTERS

5. Moore’s Law
“The number of transistors in a
dense integrated circuit doubles
every 18 months and will continue
for at least a decade.”
Gordon Moore , 1997
It’s expected that the Moore’s
law will end by 2025.

7. “The world is running out of computing
capacity. Moore’s law is kinda running
out of steam … [we need quantum
computing to] create all of these rich
experiences we talk about, all of this
artificial intelligence.”
Satya Nadella , Microsoft CEO

8. What is a quantum computer?
“Quantum computer is a device which makes
the use of the quantum states of subatomic
particles to store information.”

9. Performs calculations based on the probability
of an object's state before it is measured.

10. History of Quantum
computers

12. How quantum computers
are different from
Classical computers?

13. CLASSICAL
COMPUTERS
Based on the classical phenomenon of
electrical circuits, that is either on or
off at a time.
QUANTUM
COMPUTERS
Based on the phenomenon of
quantum mechanics such as quantum
entanglement, superposition and
quantum tunneling.
The circuit behavior is governed by
classical physics.
 Information storage and manipulation is
based on “bit”, which is based on voltage
or charge; low is 0 and high is 1.
Information storage and manipulation
is based on Quantum Bit or “qubit”,
which is based on the spin of electron
or polarization of a single photon.
The circuit behavior is governed by
quantum physics or quantum
mechanics.

14. “A classical computation is like a solo voice—
one line of pure tones succeeding each other.
A quantum computation is like a symphony—
many lines of tones interfering with one
another.”
Seth Lloyd

15. Quantum Bits

16. Typically subatomic particles such as electrons, protons or
photons.
Qu-bit = 2^q bits.

17. Fundamental properties of Qu-bits
SUPERPOSITION
ENTANGLEMENT
TUNNELLING

19. BASIC PHENOMENON OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS

20. QUANTUM SUPERPOSITION

21.  The property of being able to exist in multiple states is
called superposition.

22. For 2 qubits, there are 4 possible states. For 3, there are 8
and so on as according to 2^n.

23. BUT, what is the result when a qubit is
observed?

24. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

25. Can be defined as a phenomenon that means pairs or groups,
of particles, cannot be described independently of each other
– they are entangled. Their states depend on that of other
particles in a group.
“Spooky action at a distance."
Albert Einstein

26. Thanks to entanglement, qu-bits can hold up to two bits of data
and transmit data between qu-bits up to 1200 km apart.

27. QUANTUM TUNNELLING

28. Quantum tunnelling is the quantum-mechanical
effect of transitioning through a classically-
forbidden energy state.

29.  Quantum Tunnelling is what gives the quantum
computers the potential to perform tasks a classical
computer simply could not do.

30. Scope of Quantum computers

31. Shor’s algorithm.
Breaking cryptographic systems

32. Artificial Intelligence
 Calculating the probabilities for many possible choices.
finding the most suitable solution

33. FINANCIAL MODELING WEATHER FORECAST

34. DIFFICULTIES IN
BUILDING A
QUANTUM
COMPUTER/EXTREME
CONDITIONS

35. NO EXTERNAL NOISE/INTERFERENCE
Extremely sensitive, any external change can
collapse super position.
Also defined as DECOHERENCE.

36. EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURE
To achieve superconductivity, theoretically minimum
possible temperature is required.
D-wave system works on the temperature of 0.015
Kelvin above absolute zero.

37. EXTREMELY LOW PRESSURE
Very low pressure is required so that qubits can
function without any disturbance.
D-Wave system, the first practical quantum computer
has 10 billion times less pressure than the atmosphere.

38. EXTREMELY WEAK MAGNETIC FIELD
Protection against magnetic field is required to protect
qubits from external magnetic interference.
D-Wave system is shielded to 50000x less than Earth’s
magnetic field.

39. SOME INTERESTING FACTS
ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTERS

40. MINDBLOWING COMPUTING POWER
A quantum computer containing more than 50 qubits can beat any
super computer in terms of computation power.
Recently GOOGLE claimed that its quantum computer containing only
53 qubits has completed a task only in 200 seconds that ordinary
computers require 10000 years to do!

41. CALCULATING PROBABILITY
IBM’s Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov, chess
grandmaster because it could calculate 22 million
moves per second. With a quantum computer,
these calculations would be 1 TRILLION per second

42. ANOTHER THING TO KEEP IN MIND
 Quantum computers will not replace Classical computers

43. “Nature is not classical , dammit, and if you want
to make a simulation of nature you’d better
make it quantum mechanical, and by golly, it’s a
wonderful problem because it does not look
easy.”
Richard Feynman, 1981

44. Resources
 Wikipedia
 Quantum computing 101(uwaterloo)
 https://www.sciencealert.com/
 https://www.ibm.com/
 https://medium.com/
 https://superposition.com/
 https://www.sciencedaily.com/
 https://www.weforum.org/
 https://computer.howstuffworks.com/
 https://www.dwavesys.com/
 https://www.technologyreview.com/
 https://www.researchgate.net/
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/physics-behind-quantum-computers-entanglement

45. COMPOSED
BY
HUZAIFAH IBRAHIM

47. ANY QUERY