This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
The field of Research Methodology pertains to the scientific study of the methods employed in research. It involves a systematic approach to resolving research problems through the logical adoption of various steps. Methodology serves to facilitate comprehension not only of the outcomes of scientific inquiry, but also of the process itself. The primary objective of Research Methodology is to describe and analyze research methods, elucidate their limitations and resources, and clarify their presuppositions and consequences. Additionally, it aims to relate their potentialities to the ambiguous realm at the forefront of knowledge.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
The field of Research Methodology pertains to the scientific study of the methods employed in research. It involves a systematic approach to resolving research problems through the logical adoption of various steps. Methodology serves to facilitate comprehension not only of the outcomes of scientific inquiry, but also of the process itself. The primary objective of Research Methodology is to describe and analyze research methods, elucidate their limitations and resources, and clarify their presuppositions and consequences. Additionally, it aims to relate their potentialities to the ambiguous realm at the forefront of knowledge.
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. KEEP IN MIND THAT …
• Qualitative research
generally deals in words,
images and the subjective
• Quantitative research
generally deals in
numbers, logic and the
objective
4. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Research used in range of activities
from exploratory designs to means
of completing explanations
• Qualitative research assumes that
people have meaningful
actions or experiences
that can be interpreted
Agenda
Definition
When to
use?
Types
FOCUS GROUPS
IN DEPTH
INTERVIEW
PROJECTIVE TECH.
Pros&Cons
6. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Identification of a given question; opportunity
or information requirements
• Interest in obtaining insights for
motivational /social (group) or emotional and
attitudinal (individual) factors
• In IR: primary data of events or personalities
supporting explanations and argument
• (Cf. In marketing: for new product launch, new service
development or repositioning current product
7. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
FOCUS GROUPS
Characteristics:
• 6-12 people
• Lead by a trained moderator
• in-depth discussion on 1 particular topic
or concept
• Relaxed, informal atmosphere
• 1-3 hour duration
Goal:
• Learn and understand what people say
and why?
Agenda
Definition
When to
use?
Types
FOCUS GROUPS
IN DEPTH
INTERVIEW
PROJECTIVE TECH.
Pros&Cons
9. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
FOCUS GROUPS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Synergy
Spontaneity
Speed
Security
Flexibility
Inexpensive
Representativeness
Misjudgement
Lack of analysis
Moderator
Subjectivity
10. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative Research:
• Examples
• Case studies on effect of vocational training in Papua
• Ethnographic studies on indigenous populations in Oaxaca, Mexico
Qualitative Research Types:
• Case studies
• Developmental research
• Historical research
• Ethnograph studies
• Case Studies:
• Purpose: to do an in depth study
• In brief: Background, current status and/or environmental factors that interact for
each group (individual, institution or community)
11. • Characteristics of Case Studies:
• It gives very detailed information about individuals / group / community
• It may give a detailed explanation of a complete life cycle or part of it
• Number of cases studied may be small but the number of variables studied are
usually more in-depth (e.g. if compared to a survey)
• Developmental Research:
• Conducted to research on the development of individuals / group / institution /
community
• TWO TYPES: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal
• Historical Research:
• Used to gain information on an event, development and/or previous educational
experience
• Process may involve studying previous situation, checking on current situation,
and to predict if the same situation will occur again
• Conclusion on previous event is done based on collected facts and evidences to
answer why and how the event and repercussions occurred
• Useful to solve questions that involve sensitive issues
• Important for systematically & objectively collecting and defining facts and
evidences
12. • Procedure for Historical Research:
• Define the problem
• Specify source of evidence
• Collect evidence / reference materials
• Primary source / original (observation or witnesses of events or authentic objects – e.g. artifacts, speech
text, records etc.)
• Secondary source (materials or information collected from primary sources – e.g. paintings, films, news
reports, documents
• Critique of evidences
– External critique: confirming if collected sources are genuine and reliable (authenticity of paintings, signatures, chemical analysis etc.)
– Internal critique: conducted after authenticity of source of information is confirmed – involves evaluation of collected evidences– is it
important? Required?
• Able to explain the researched phenomenon?
• Prepare the report
• Ethnographic Research:
• In-depth study of natural behaviours in a culture or social group
• Purpose – to understand relationships between behaviour and culture
– Example: In education – to understand schooling process (e.g., immigrant children) Involves widespread observations (participant &
nonparticipant)
• Here often starts research without hypothesis – hypothesis is developed in the process of observations,
and the researcher explores and test his hypothesis
20. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PROJECTIVE TECH.
2. Sentence Completion
Customers are required to complete
sentences or stories in their own words
• People who are concerned about ecology …
• When I think of a city …
• I drink a Coca-Cola, usually when .
• Starbucks reminds me of…
22. QUALITATIVE MARKETING - PROJECTIVE TECH.
• Hth
• Hntfyf
• hngfhn
Let’s see if we can
pick up some
house wares at
Walmart
WALMARTWALMART
23. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PROJECTIVE TECH.
4. Role Playing
• Respondents are asked to assume the
behavior of someone else
• Useful for emphatic approaches for conflict
resolution
Sales Supervisors are asked to become Sales
Represantatives, and vice versa.
24. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PROJECTIVE TECH.
5. Third Person
Way of learning respondents feelings or
opinions by asking them to answer for a
third party :
“your neighbour”
“most people”
“typical person”
26. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PROJECTIVE TECH.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Elicit responses that
subjects would be
unwilling to give
Underlying
Motivations, Beliefs,
Attitudes
Participation of the
respondents
Skills are required to
analyse the responses
Expensive
27. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Degree of Structure
2. Probing of individual
respondents
3. Moderator bias
4. Interpretation bias
5. Uncovering
subconscious
information
6. Discovering innovative
information
7. Obtaining sensitive
information
8. Involve unusual
behavior or
questioning
9. Overall usefulness
Relatively high
Low
Relatively medium
Relatively low
Low
High
Low
No
Highly useful
Relatively medium
High
Relatively high
Relatively
medium Medium to
high
Medium
Medium
To a limited
extent
Relatively low
Medium
Low to high
Relatively high
High
Low
High
Yes
Somewhat
useful
Focus
Groups
Depth
Interviews
Projective
Techniques
Criteria
28. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY
SURVEY METHOD:
• STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE
• GIVEN TO A SAMPLE OF A POPULATION
• DESIGNED TO GAIN SPECIFIC INFORMATION
30. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - EXPERIMENTATION
EXPERIMENTATION METHOD:
• Scientific investigation in which
• an investigator manipulates and controls one or more independent
variables and
• observes the dependent variable for variation concomitant to the
manipulation of the independent variables.*
31. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Specific research
problem
Clear independent and
dependent variable
High level of reliability
Minimum personal
judgement
Limited outcomes due
to structured method
Unability to control the
environment
Expensive(large
number of respondents)
32. COMPARISON OF
QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Research
Objectives
Discovery of new
ideas,insights
and feelings
Validation of
facts,estimates,
relationships
Type Of
Research
Usually
exploratory
Descriptive and
causal
Type Of
Questions
Open-
ended,semi-
structured,
unstructured,
probing
Mostly structured
33. COMPARISON OF
QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
contd.
CHARACTERISTICS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Time Of
Execution
Short Time
Frames
Usually long time
frames
Sample Size Small Large
Type Of
Analyses
Subjective,
Interpretitive
Statistical,
Descriptive,causal
Researcher Skills Psychology,
Sociology,CB,
Social Psychology
Statistics, MR, DSS,
Decision Models
Representativeness Limited Good
34. SUMMARY
• Qualitative methods focus on generating exploratory
initial/progressive insights into questions and problems
• Depth probing of hidden attitudes, feelings or behaviour
• Focus Groups
• In depth Interviews
• Projective Techniques
35. SUMMARY
• Quantitative Research is interested in using formalised,
standard structured questioning, whereby response options
are pre-determined
• Usually to be administered to significantly large numbers of
people.
Descriptive Causal
(Surveys) (Experimentation)
Quantitative research focuses on the left brain - objective, comfortable with logic, numbers, and unchanging static data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning. Qualitative research deals with the right brain - the hemisphere accountable for processing data as words, emotions, feelings, emotions, colour, and music.
