The spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterise rock
The spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterise rock
Well logs can be states as “a recording against depth of any of the characteristics of the rock formations traversed by a measuring apparatus in the well-bore.”
Laterolog is an electrical sonde for measring the electrical resistivity of rocks with in a borehole.Normaly measure the resistivity of mud cake and invaded zone.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Recovery method to mitigate the effect of NBTI on SRAM cellsIJERA Editor
NBTI stands for Negative Bias Temperature Instability. NBTI basically affects the parameter at the device level
and hence affects the performance of the device. This paper explains what NBTI is and its effect on the SRAM
cells while also dealing with the leakage current that is supposed to be one of the important factors affecting any
circuit. Not just that but this paper also puts forth a method called recovery mode which explains a different
approach to overcome this effect of NBTI on the 6T SRAM cell.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
5. Usages of Rxo
One of the usages of Electrode devices is
the measurement of the resistivity of
the invaded or flushed zone Rxo.
Historically, the first use of the Rxo was,
in the absence of any other measurement,
to make an estimate of the formation porosity (ϕ).
Since then Rxo has found many applications.
(when compared with Rt) gives a visual indication of
permeable zones and evidence of moved hydrocarbons.
in obtaining a better estimate of the deep-resistivity Rt .
(combined with other information)
to determine the water saturation of the invaded zone, Sxo,
and thereby estimate the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery.
Sxo can also be a useful indicator of hydrocarbons on its own.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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6. electrode device applications
The development of the electrode devices which
have been designed to measure Rxo
has paralleled the development of laterologs,
but with electrodes mounted on pads and
applied against the borehole wall.
Similar devices have been put to excellent use
to measure
the size and
direction of formation dip and,
later, to make
detailed images of the resistivity near the borehole wall.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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7. electrode device applications (Cont.)
A further use for electrode devices has been on drill collars
to provide logs while drilling.
It is now possible to record a resistivity
as soon as the bit penetrates a formation.
Toroids are used instead of electrodes
for current generation and focusing.
It might be thought impossible to measure resistivity through
a material as conductive as casing, but this can now be done.
Indeed the measurement sees remarkably deep into the formation.
Electrodes have thus been put to a wide range of use
for logging with wireline or while drilling.
One word of warning: with few exceptions,
electrode devices will not work
in nonconductive muds, such as oil-based muds.
For such muds, induction and propagation measurements are needed.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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8.
9. Microelectrode devices
Microelectrode devices, as their name implies,
are electrical logging tools with electrode spacings
on a much-reduced scale
compared to the mandrel tools previously considered.
A further distinction,
a result of the smaller spacings,
is that their depth of investigation is also much reduced.
The electrodes are mounted on special devices,
called pads,
which are kept in contact
with the borehole wall while ascending the well.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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10. The development of
microelectrode devices
The development of microelectrode devices has
undergone the same evolution as electrode tools.
The first was the microlog device,
which was an unfocused measurement based on the
principle of a normal and a lateral.
Current is emitted from the button marked A0,
and the potentials of the two electrodes M1 and M2 are
measured.
To ensure a shallow depth of investigation, the
spacing between electrodes is 1 in.
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11. A microlog device
a pad version of
the short normal and
(The potential on
electrode M2 forms a
normal measurement
which,
being farther from the
current source,
is influenced more
by the flushed zone.)
the lateral
(The difference in
potential between
electrodes M1 and M2
forms a lateral, or inverse,
measurement that is
mostly influenced by the
presence of mudcake.)
From Serra
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
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12. microelectrode curves
The influence of mudcake,
especially in the case of a resistive formation and
a very conductive and thick mudcake,
was a major disadvantage for the purpose of
determining Rxo, but meant that
the two curves separated when there was invasion.
This separation proved to be
a reliable indicator of permeable zones,
much beloved by many log analysts,
to the extent that
modern tools create synthetic microlog curves
just for this purpose.
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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13. focused or microlaterolog device
In order to improve the determination of Rxo, a focused
or microlaterolog device was the next innovation which
shares many features of the laterolog, except for
dimensions.
Various other microelectrode devices followed the
microlaterolog, each trying to minimize the effect of
mudcake while not reading too deep into the
formation.
The microspherical device is based on the same
principle as the spherical log.
The spherical focusing, as well as a larger pad,
causes it to be much less sensitive
to the presence of mudcake.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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14. A microlaterolog device
the bucking
current from
electrode A1
focuses the
measure current
to penetrate the
mudcake.
Depending on
the contrast
between
Rxo and Rt ,
90% of the
measured signal
comes from the
first 2–4 in. of
formation.
From Serra
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
a reduced scale and pad version of the laterolog.
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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15. Mudcake corrections for
two types of microresistivity device.
The two
mudcakecorrection
charts in the
Fig. allow
comparison
between two
types of
devices – the
microspherica
l log and the
microlaterolog
.
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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16. Micro Cylindrically Focused Tool
The micro-cylindrically focused log developed the
measurement further.
It uses a rigid metal pad, unlike earlier devices that used
flexible rubber pads.
The rigid design prevents deformation and makes a more
consistent standoff correction.
Focusing in the horizontal plane is more difficult because the
pad’s width is necessarily smaller than the pad’s length, so
that the area available for focusing is smaller.
Horizontal focusing is therefore active, with two bucking
electrodes on each side of the pad emitting the current
needed to maintain the monitor electrodes at the potential of
A0.
The combination of vertical and horizontal focusing ensures
cylindrical equipotential lines near the center of the pad.
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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17. Micro Cylindrically Focused Tool
schematic
Pad layout for the Micro
Cylindrically Focused Tool.
The two bars near the outer
edges on each side of the pad
are bucking electrodes;
the inner two bars are
monitor electrodes.
The pad itself forms the A0
electrode.
With three measurements of
three different radial
sensitivities
it is possible to solve for three
unknowns, Rxo, Rmc, and tmc,
where the latter is the
mudcake thickness.
Courtesy of Schlumberger.
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18.
19. uses of Rxo: the estimation of porosity
In the early years of resistivity logging,
no porosity information was available
from other logging devices.
For this reason, the first use of Rxo, the estimation of
porosity, is of historical interest only.
This estimation is based on knowledge of the mudfiltrate
resistivity Rmf (obtained from a mud sample) and a very
shallow-resistivity measurement.
Following the definition of the formation factor F:
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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20. uses of Rxo:
the identification of movable oil
With porosity now measured by many other
devices, the porosity estimation procedure from
Rxo is rarely used.
However Rxo has proved useful in many other
ways. We have already seen its use
for invasion corrections
and for the identification of movable oil.
by quantifying the separation often observed
between the microresistivity curves,
which correspond to
Rxo, and the deep-resistivity curves,
which are usually close to Rt .
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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21. uses of Rxo: Determination
of the residual hydrocarbon saturation
If the value of porosity is known from an additional
measurement, then the residual oil saturation can be
calculated from:
This saturation can be used
to determine the efficiency of water-flood production,
because it quantifies
the residual hydrocarbon saturation after flushing with mud filtrate.
In a water flood, or a reservoir in contact with a water zone,
hydrocarbons are displaced by water
leaving a certain volume of residual hydrocarbon behind.
The same mechanism occurs during invasion,
• but the rate is higher and
the time shorter in the latter so that the displacement can be less efficient.
The residual hydrocarbon saturation estimated from
invasion, (1 − Sxo), may then be too high.
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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22. uses of Rxo: hydrocarbon indication
Sxo is also a useful indicator of hydrocarbons
when the formation water salinity is variable or
unknown.
This application is particularly useful in
sedimentary basins where formation waters are
fresh,
since when they are fresh
they also tend to vary rapidly between reservoirs.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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23.
24.
25. dipmeters
The concept of small electrodes mounted
on a pad was quickly extended
to sondes with three or four arms,
known as dipmeters.
Each arm held one or more electrodes
pressed against the borehole wall and
sampled with a fine vertical resolution
on the order of 0.1 in.
Although the measurements are not necessarily
calibrated in terms of resistivity,
the vertical sequence of resistivity anomalies is of interest
for determining the 3D orientation of strata
intersecting the borehole.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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26. bedding orientation indication using
dipmeter
For a vertical well traversing horizontal layers of
formation, the resistivity variations encountered by
the measurement pads should correlate at the
same depth.
Depending on the orientation of the sonde
(which is determined by an inertial platform or
a magnetometer and pendulum),
dipping beds will produce resistivity anomalies
at different depths for each arm.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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27. Dipmeter application
The shift required
to bring them into alignment will depend on
the formation dip angle and
borehole size.
The raw-resistivity curves of the dipmeter
are rarely used directly
but are subjected to various correlation or
pattern recognition processing programs.
These produce a summary log of the correlated events,
which indicates the bedding orientation
(dip angle and azimuth).
Fall 13 H. AlamiNia
Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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28. microscanner
In the 1980s the dipmeter evolved
into the electrical microscanner,
a device that incorporates a large number of
small electrodes, or buttons, on several pads.
A typical pad contained 27 electrodes of
0.2 in. diameter arranged in four rows.
The tool measures the current emitted by each electrode,
while maintaining the potential of each electrode and
the surrounding pad constant
relative to a return electrode on the tool string above.
• The arrays of staggered electrodes are sampled
at a high rate and processed to provide
an electrical image of a portion of the borehole wall.
o Details on the scale of a few millimeters are resolved,
so that the electrical image is nearly indistinguishable
from a core photograph.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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29. Dipmeter drawbacks
The main drawback of early tools was that
the pads did not cover a sufficient fraction of the borehole
wall, particularly in large holes.
Modern imaging devices contain a few hundred electrodes
mounted on six arms, or else on four arms with movable
flaps, so that up to 80% of the borehole wall can be covered
in an 8 in. hole.
Another drawback was that
the devices did not work in nonconductive muds because of
the high impedance presented by the mudcake.
Initially, dipmeters were fitted with sharp protruding
electrodes designed to cut through the mudcake, but this was
never very satisfactory.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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30.
31. resistivity measurement made
while drilling
The first resistivity measurement made while
drilling
was a short normal with electrodes mounted on an
insulated sleeve, itself mounted on a drill collar.
This was subsequently improved by
the use of two guard electrodes
in an LL3 arrangement
that was also mounted on an insulated sleeve.
Insulated sleeves are not popular
in the drilling environment
as they tend to wear faster than the steel collars.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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32. Resistivity at the Bit
A much better solution was to use toroids.
Toroids also offered a solution
to the problem of measuring resistivity
at the very bottom of the drill string, i.e., at the bit.
It has always been highly desirable
to measure the resistivity of the formation
as soon as it is penetrated, or even beforehand.
With this information it is possible, for example,
• to steer a highly deviated well within a reservoir or
• to stop drilling as soon as the reservoir is penetrated.
The first device to measure the resistivity at the bit was
the Dual Resistivity MWD Tool (Halliburton),
which also makes a type of lateral measurement.
The second device was
the Resistivity at the Bit Tool (RAB)(Schlumberger),
which also makes a focused resistivity measurement.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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33. Example of a log recorded by
the RAB tool.
The increase in bit
resistivity at A
indicates the top of
the reservoir sand.
This top can be seen in
logs from the offset
well (right).
Drilling was stopped to
set casing.
Adapted from Bonner et al.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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34. Cased-hole Resistivity Measurements
The ability to measure water saturation
through casing is highly desirable,
mainly in old wells to monitor
changes with depletion and
identify zones that still have producible oil.
It has been done for many years
using pulsed neutron devices.
However these
have relatively shallow depths of investigation and
do not always give satisfactory answers.
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Well Logging Course (1st Ed.)
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35. 1. Ellis, Darwin V., and Julian M. Singer, eds. Well
logging for earth scientists. Springer, 2007.
Chapter 6