The document discusses laterolog logs, which measure resistivity in formations drilled with saline muds. It describes how laterolog tools focus current into a thin sheet to improve resolution. Dual laterolog tools simultaneously provide deep and shallow resistivity measurements. Laterologs are used to identify hydrocarbon zones and determine properties like porosity, permeability and fluid saturation. Micro-resistivity logs provide very high resolution measurements near the borehole. Electrical logs are important tools for formation evaluation and reservoir characterization.
The Dual Laterolog provides two resistivity measurements, a Shallow reading which investigates the formation near the borehole and a Deep reading which measures farther out in the formation where it’s less disturbed by drilling fluid.
The Dual Laterolog provides two resistivity measurements, a Shallow reading which investigates the formation near the borehole and a Deep reading which measures farther out in the formation where it’s less disturbed by drilling fluid.
A small presentation about wireline logs, showing their function or the technology that they use.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Petroleum Geology II, Winter Semester 2013/2014.
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Laterolog is an electrical sonde for measring the electrical resistivity of rocks with in a borehole.Normaly measure the resistivity of mud cake and invaded zone.
A small presentation about wireline logs, showing their function or the technology that they use.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Petroleum Geology II, Winter Semester 2013/2014.
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
Laterolog is an electrical sonde for measring the electrical resistivity of rocks with in a borehole.Normaly measure the resistivity of mud cake and invaded zone.
content- Principle
Ilkovic equation
Construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode
Applications
Polarography is a voltammetric technique in which chemical species (ions or molecules) undergo oxidation (lose electrons) or reduction (gain electrons) at the surface of a dropping mercury electrode (DME) at an applied potential. Polarography only applies to the DME.
Objective of polarography
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution (in the presence of gradually increasing applied voltage) to determine the concentration of solute and its nature respectively
Polarography is based upon the principle that gradually increasing voltage is applied between two electrodes, one of which is polarisable (dropping mercury electrode) and other is non-polarisable and current flowing between the two electrodes is recorded.
A sigmoid shape current-voltage curve is obtained from which half wave potential as well as diffusion current is calculated.
Diffusion current is used for determination of concentration of substance.
Half wave potential is characteristic of every element.
Ilkovic equation is a relation used in polarography relating the diffusion current (id) and the concentration of the non-polarisable electrode, i.e., the substance reduced or oxidised at the dropping mercury electrode (polarisable electrode).
Definitions of types of currents
1. Residual current (ir), 2. Migration current (im): , 3. Diffusion current (id) 4.Half wave potential 5. Limiting current (il)
Dropping mercury electrode- Dropping mercury electrode (DME) is a polarisable electrode and can act as both anode and cathode.
The pool of mercury acts as counter electrode,
i.e., anode if DME is cathode or
cathode if DME is anode.
The counter electrode is a non-polarisable electrode.
To the analyte solution, electrolyte like KCl is added i.e., 50-100 times of sample concentration.
Pure nitrogen or hydrogen gas is bubbled through the solution, to expel (remove) out oxygen.
Eg: If the analyte solution contains cadmium ions, then cadmium ions are discharged at cathode (-)
Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd
Then, gradually increasing voltage is applied to the polarographic cell and current is recorded.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound and this is used in qualitative analysis.
Graph is plotted between voltage applied and current. This graph is called Polarograph and the apparatus is known as Polarogram.
The diffusion current produced is directly proportional to concentration of analyte and this is used in quantitative analysis.
The half wave potential is characteristic of every compound
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2. OUTLINE
A. Introduction
B. Principle uses
of electrical logs
C. Typical
responses of an
electrical tools
D. Old electrical
logs
E. Modern
resistivity logs
(Laterolog)
E.1. Basic
laterologs
E.1.1. LL3
E.1.2. LL7
E.2. Dual
Laterologs
E.2.1. LLD
E.2.2. LLS
E.3. Sperically
focus log
F. Micro-
resistivity logs
F.1 Micro log
F.2 Micro
Laterolog
F.3 Proximity log
G. Uses of
electrical log
2
3. Logging
• The identification of
reservoir
• The estimation of
hydrocarbon in place.
• The estimation of
recoverable
hydrocarbon
To identify the productive zones of
hydrocarbon.
To define the petrophysical
parameters like porosity,
permeability, hydrocarbon
saturation and lithology of zones.
To determine depth, thickness,
formation temperature and
pressure of a reservoir.
To distinguish between oil, gas
and water zones in a reservoir.
To measure hydrocarbon mobility.
Well logs
3
A. Introduction
4. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE
RECORDED :
1) Resistivity Logs
- Induction log
- Laterolog
2) Porosity/Radioactive Logs.
3) Sonic/Acoustic Log
4) Sampling and coring
5) Cement evaluation Log
6) Production Logs.
4
Target
A. Introduction
5. ELECTRICAL LOGGING
• The induction log actually measures conductivity, and hence is
sometimes called the conductivity log.
• The modern tool for measuring resistivity in high salinity (low
resistivity) muds is the laterolog, which focuses its current
into a thin sheet to improve vertical resolution and
penetration depth.
• The laterologs measure resistivity in the conventional sense,
and are usually referred to as resistivity tools.
5
A. Introduction
6. RESISTIVITY LOGGING
• Resistivity is one of the most variable physical properties of
materials and has proven to be the most useful geophysical
parameter in the search for hydrocarbons resources.
• The resistivity of a substance is its ability to impede the flow
of electric current through the substance.
6
A. Introduction
7. THE ELECTRICAL TOOLS ALSO HAVE A
NUMBER OF QUALITATIVE USES, PRINCIPLE
OF WHICH ARE :
(i) indications of lithology,
(ii) facies and electro-facies analysis,
(iii) correlation,
(iv) determination of overpressure, determination of shale
porosity,
(v) indications of compaction, and the investigation of source
rocks.
7
B. Principle uses of electrical log
8. THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE
SANDSTONES HAVE HIGHER
RESISTIVITIES DEPENDS UPON :
(i) their porosity,
(ii) their pore geometries,
(iii) the resistivity of the formation water,
(iv) the water, oil and gas saturations (oil and gas are taken to
have infinite resistivity).
8
C. Typical responses of an electrical tool
11. THE CURRENT DENSITY VARIES INVERSELY
WITH THE RADIAL DISTANCE AND CAN BE
CALCULATED FROM:
Current density
Current density =
I / (2 * PI * R * T)
Where,
I = total current intensity
(amperes)
T = thickness of measure
current disc (meters)
R = radial distance (meters)
Resistivity of the
formation
Rt = K * V / I (same as ES log except K is
different)
Where
V = potential of measure electrode
(volts)
I = current flow from measure electrode
(amperes)
K = a calibration constant defined by
the geometry of the electrode spacing
11
12. • Laterolog was put into service in 1949 as a replacement for
the ES Log in salt mud environments.
• It was another invention by Henry Doll of Schlumberger.
Competitive tool designs were called Guard Logs or Focused
Logs.
• The objective was to focus the current from the tool into the
rock better than could be accomplished with the ES Log.
12
E. Modern resistivity logs (Laterolog)
13. • Laterologs work best in saltier muds or in normal muds in high
resistivity formations. They will not work in air filled or cased
holes
• The laterolog is a direct current (DC) tool based on Ohm's Law.
• The tools have been designed to produce reliable resistivity
measurements in boreholes containing highly saline drilling fluids
and/or when surrounded by highly resistive rocks.
13
14. • The logging current is prevented from flowing up and down
within the drilling fluid by placing focusing electrodes (A1 and
A2) on both sides of a central measure electrode A0, as
illustrated below.
• The focusing electrodes force measure current to flow only in
the lateral direction, perpendicular to the axis of the logging
device.
14
17. DUAL LATEROLOG (DLL)
• Dual Laterolog instruments are electrode tools designed to
produce reliable formation resistivity measurements in
boreholes containing saline drilling fluids.
• The Dual Laterolog instrument simultaneously produces a
deep investigation resistivity and a shallow investigation
resistivity measurement.
17
18. • The DLL produces two measurements, the laterolog shallow
(LLS), and laterologdeep (LLD).
• The dual laterolog (DLL) is the latest version of the laterolog.
• As its name implies, it is a combination of two tools, and can
be run in a deep penetration (LLd) and shallow penetration
(LLs) mode.
• These are now commonly run simultaneously and together
with an additional very shallow penetration device.
18
19. LLD MODE
• The tool operates just like a
LL7 tool but with the same
bucking currents that are
emitted from the A 1
electrodes
• The result of this is to focus
the current from the central
electrode.
19
20. LLS MODE
• The bucking current must
veer away from the pathway
into the formation, and back
towards the tool A2
electrodes, and hence cannot
constrain (focus) the current
being emitted from the
central electrode as much.
20
21. BOTH MODES OF THE DUAL LATEROLOG HAVE A BED
RESOLUTION OF 2 FEET, AND A SENSITIVITY OF 0.2 TO 20,000
ΩM.
TO ACHIEVE THIS SENSITIVITY BOTH THE CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE ARE VARIED DURING THE MEASUREMENT,
KEEPING THEIR PRODUCT (THE POWER) CONSTANT. 21
23. 23
F. Micro-Resistivity logs
F.1 Micro log
The microlog (ML) is a rubber pad with
three button electrodes placed in a line
with a 1 inch spacing. known current is
emitted from electrode A, and the potential
differences between electrodes M1 and
M2 and between M2 and a surface
electrode are measured.
24. • The microlaterolog (MLL) is the micro-
scale version of the laterolog, and
hence incorporates a current focussing
system.
• The tool is pad mounted, and has a
central button electrode that emits a
known measurement current
surrounded coaxially by two
ringshaped monitoring electrodes, and
a ring-shaped guard electrode that
produces a bucking current as in the
LLD.
24
F. Micro-Resistivity logs
F.2 Micro laterolog
25. 25
F. Micro-Resistivity logs
F.3 Proximity log
The proximity log (PL) was
developed from the MLL to overcome
problems with mudcakes over 3/8”
thick, and is used to measure RXO.
26. 26
F. Micro-Resistivity logs
F.4 Micro spherically
focused logs
The micro spherically
focussed log (MSFL) is
commonly run with the
DLL on one of its
stabilizing pads for the
purpose of measuring
RXO.
27. 27
G.Uses of electrical log
G.1 Recognition of hydrocarbon
G.2 Calculation of water saturation
G.3 Other application
28. APPLICATION OF DUAL
LATERALOG
• Determine formation resistivity in saline mud systems and
high formation resistivities
• Qualitatively indicate permeability
• Formation evaluation, including hydrocarbon/water contact
28
34. CONCLUSION
• Resistivity is one of the most variable physical properties of
materials and has proven to be the most useful geophysical
parameter.
• Laterologs work best in saltier muds or in normal muds in high
resistivity formations.
• Dual Laterolog instruments are electrode tools designed to
produce reliable formation resistivity measurements in boreholes
containing saline drilling fluids.
34
35. REFERENCES
• Shankar , Shri S. WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES AND
FORMATION EVALUATION-AN OVER VIEW
• https://www.spec2000.net/07-latlog.htm
35