This document discusses pyridine alkaloids, including trigonelline and tobacco alkaloids. It notes that trigonelline is found in plants like fenugreek and is water soluble. Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine, which is addictive and can stimulate or block ganglia depending on dose. Nicotine acts in the brain and sympathetic nervous system. While nicotine may have some cognitive benefits, smoking has significant health risks and is the leading cause of preventable death. Nicotine withdrawal includes irritability and difficulty concentrating. Nicotinic acid is produced commercially from nicotine and is an important vitamin known as niacin that prevents the disease pellagra.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
A vast range of semi-synthetic or totally synthetic morphine like derivatives. These are collectively referred to as opioids.
Many have similar narcotic and pain relieving properties as morphine. Other possess the cough relieving properties or both activities.
Some semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine
More than 90% of the morphine extracted from opium or poppy straw is currently processed to give other derivatives
1- Codeine 2- Dihydrocodeine 3-Pholcodine 4- Hydromorphone 5-nalorphine
6-apomorphine 7- Diamorphine (Heroin)
Synthetic drugs modelled on morphine
1-Alfentanil 2-Fentanyl 3- levomethorphan 4- dextromethorphan
5- Tramadol 6- Pentazocine 7- Dextropropoxyphene 8- Methadone
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
A vast range of semi-synthetic or totally synthetic morphine like derivatives. These are collectively referred to as opioids.
Many have similar narcotic and pain relieving properties as morphine. Other possess the cough relieving properties or both activities.
Some semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine
More than 90% of the morphine extracted from opium or poppy straw is currently processed to give other derivatives
1- Codeine 2- Dihydrocodeine 3-Pholcodine 4- Hydromorphone 5-nalorphine
6-apomorphine 7- Diamorphine (Heroin)
Synthetic drugs modelled on morphine
1-Alfentanil 2-Fentanyl 3- levomethorphan 4- dextromethorphan
5- Tramadol 6- Pentazocine 7- Dextropropoxyphene 8- Methadone
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Alkaloids: Introduction, Property and classification OP VERMA
Alkaloids are major secondary metabolites reported in higher plants. In this PPT I have covered Introduction, Property, Clarification and identification tests.
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
Tobacco . Its definition, available forms , fatal dose , contents , pathophysiology , pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Diagnosis and treatment of toxicity.
Mass- 3rd lecture
Ionization methods
Electron Impact (EI),
Chemical Ionization (CI),
Field Desorption (FD),
Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB),
Plasma Desorption (PD),
Matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI),
Thermospray Mass and
Electrospray(ESI)
Analysis techniques
Magnetic Sector
Quadrupole
Ion Trap
Time-of-Flight (TOF)
Fourier Transform (FT)
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
4. 1. Pyridine alkaloids containing pyridine ring only (Trigonelline)
2. Pyridine alkaloids containing another nitrogenous ring (Tobacco alkaloids)
Trigonelline
5. ▪ Source: Foenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L, F. Leguminoseae)
▪ It found also in coffee beans, in the seeds of Strophanthus spp. and the Cannabis
sativa L., Besides in seeds of many other plants. It is also found in jellyfish and in
sea urchin.
▪ Water soluble
▪ It is derived from nicotinic acid
▪ Uses of foenugreek; Hypoglycemic, Lactagauge and Laxative
6. Tobacco Alkaloids
◘ Tobacco is the cured and dried
leaves of Nicotiana tabacum
(F. Solanaceae).
Pyridine alkaloids Containing another
Nitrogenous ring
7. • Tobacco is the cured and dried leaves of Nicotiana
tabacum (Solanaceae), an annual herb indigenous to
tropical America, but cultivated widely for smoking.
• Tobacco leaves may contain from 0.6 to 9% of (−)-
nicotine, an oily, volatile liquid as the major alkaloid
(about 93%), together with smaller amounts of
structurally related alkaloids, e.g. nornicotine (about
3% of alkaloids), and anabasine (about 0.5%).
• Despite the vast array of evidence linking tobacco
smoking and cancer, the smoking habit continues
throughout the world, and tobacco remains a major
crop plant.
8. Tobacco smoke contains over 4000
compounds, including more than 60 known
carcinogens formed by incomplete
combustion.
Amongst these are polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, e.g. benzopyrene,
nitrosamines, aromatic amines, aldehydes,
and other volatile compounds. Metabolism by
the body’s P-450 system leads to further
reactive intermediates which can combine
with DNA and cause mutations.
Tobacco smoking also contributes to
atherosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, and
emphysema and
is regarded as the single most preventable
cause of death in modern society.
Smoking tobacco is an addictive habit; unlike
other addictive drugs.
9.
10. * Nicotine is a pale yellow or colorless oily liquid, turns brown on exposure to air
or light.
•Nicotine, Nor-nicotine & Anabasine are volatile liquid
•alkaloids.
Nicotine is an example of tertiary amine alkaloid.
* It is volatile with steam.
* It possesses two basic nitrogen atoms.
* Nicotine is biosynthesized from nicotinic acid and proline
(derived from L-ornithine).
11. Color Tests:
1) Aqueous solution of Nicotine + p-DAB
(P- dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) Rose redViolet color
2) Aqueous sol. of Nicotine +Vanillin/ HCl Red color.
12. Powdered Leaves
* Acidification with H2O/ HCl
* Conc.
Distilled fraction
Extraction and separation of Tobacco alkaloids
Extract
* Alkalinization with NaOH
* Steam distillation
Undistilled fraction
Volatile alkaloids
* Extract with ether
* Evaporate the ether extract
* Treatment with HCl & NaNO2 on cold
(Nicotine, Nor-nicotine & Anabasine)
Oily layer Aqueous layer
Nitroso derivative of
Anabasine & Nor-nicotine
Nicotine HCl
* Extract with benzene
* Evaporattion
Residue
Non-volatile alkaloids
(Nicoteine & Nicotelline
* Solubilization with ether
* Conc.
Mother liquor Crystals
Nicoteine (Liq.) Nicotelline (Solid)
13. Oily layer Aqueous layer
Nitroso derivative of
Anabasine & Nor-nicotine
Nicotine HCl
* Heating with HCl
* Alkalinization with NaOH
* Extraction with ether
* Evaporation
Residue
Anabasine & Nor-nicotine
(Liq 2ary
amines)
* Fractional distillation
under reduced pressure
Anabasine Nor-nicotine
* Alkalinization with NaOH
* Extraction with ether
* Evaporation
Nicotine
(Liq 3ary
amine)
14.
15. Uses:
◘ Nicotine and Anabasine are used as natural insecticides in form of sulfate
salts.
16. Types of cholinergic receptors.
Cholinergic Receptors (Cholinoceptors)
Two families of cholinoceptors, designated
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, can be
distinguished from each other on the basis of
their different affinities for agents that mimic
the action of acetylcholine (cholinomimetic
agents or parasympathomimetics).
17. Muscarinic receptors
These receptors, in addition to binding acetylcholine, also recognize muscarine the
muscarinic receptors show only a weak affinity for nicotine.
Binding studies and specific inhibitors, as well as cDNA characterization, have
distinguished five subclasses of muscarinic receptors: M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5. only M1, M2
and M3, receptors have been functionally characterized.
Locations of muscarinic receptors: These receptors have been found on ganglia of the
peripheral nervous system and on the autonomic effector organs, such as the heart,
smooth muscle, brain, and exocrine glands.
Specifically, although all five subtypes have been found on neurons, M1 receptors are also
found on gastric parietal cells, M2 receptors on cardiac cells and smooth muscle, and M3
receptors on the bladder, exocrine glands, and smooth muscle.
18. Nicotinic receptors: These receptors, in
addition to binding acetylcholine, also
recognize nicotine but show only a weak
affinity for muscarine.
The nicotinic receptor is composed of five
subunits, and it functions as a ligand-gated ion
channel.
Nicotinic receptors are located in the
CNS,
adrenal medulla,
autonomic ganglia,
and the neuromuscular junction.
19. Nicotine
• A component of cigarette smoke, nicotine is a poison with many undesirable actions.
It is without therapeutic benefit and is deleterious to health.
• Depending on the dose, nicotine depolarizes autonomic ganglia, resulting first in
stimulation and then in paralysis of all ganglia.
• The stimulatory effects are complex due to effects on both sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia.
• The effects include increased blood pressure and cardiac rate (due to release of
transmitter from adrenergic terminals and from the adrenal medulla) and increased
peristalsis and secretions.
• At higher doses, the blood pressure falls because of ganglionic blockade, and activity
both in the GI tract and bladder musculature ceases.
20. Mechanism of action:
In low doses, nicotine causes ganglionic stimulation by depolarization.
At high doses, nicotine causes ganglionic blockade.
Nicotine receptors exist at a number of sites in the CNS, which participate in the stimulant
attributes of the drug.
Actions:
CNS: Nicotine is highly lipid soluble and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Nicotine activates nicotinic receptors on neurons that innervate the ventral tegmental area
and within the mesolimbic (reward) pathway where it appears to cause the release of
dopamine.
Nicotine also appears to induce the release of endogenous opioids that activate opioid
pathways in the reward system.
Cigarette smoking of low doses of nicotine produces some degree of euphoria and arousal
as well as relaxation.
It improves attention, learning, problem solving, and reaction time.
Chronic nicotine use disturbs different pathways in ventral tegmental area and ventral
striatum , where this effect plays a role in nicotine addiction.
High doses of nicotine result in central respiratory paralysis and severe hypotension caused
by medullary paralysis.
Nicotine is an appetite suppressant
22. Recent studies suggest that nicotine can improve memory by stimulating the
transmission of nerve impulses, and this finding may account for the lower incidence
of Alzheimer’s disease in smokers.
Any health benefits conferred by smoking are more than outweighed by the increased
risk of heart, lung, and respiratory diseases.
23. Sympathetic nervous system
Nicotine also activates the sympathetic nervous
system.
By binding to ganglion type nicotinic receptors in the
adrenal medulla, nicotine increases flow of adrenaline
(epinephrine).
The release of epinephrine (adrenaline) causes an
increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration,
as well as higher blood glucose levels.
24. Peripheral effects: The peripheral effects of nicotine are complex.
• Stimulation of sympathetic ganglia as well as the adrenal medulla increases blood
pressure and heart rate. Thus, use of tobacco is particularly harmful in
hypertensive patients.
• Nicotine-induced vasoconstriction can decrease coronary blood flow, adversely
affecting a patient with angina.
• Stimulation of parasympathetic ganglia also increases motor activity of the bowel.
• At higher doses, blood pressure falls, and activity ceases in both the gastrointestinal
tract and bladder musculature as a result of a nicotine-induced block of
parasympathetic ganglia.
25. Pharmacokinetics:
• Because nicotine is highly lipid soluble,
absorption readily occurs via the oral
mucosa, lungs, gastrointestinal mucosa,
and skin.
• Nicotine crosses the placental
membrane and is secreted in the milk
of lactating women.
• By inhaling tobacco smoke, the average
smoker takes in 1 to 2 mg of nicotine
per cigarette (most cigarettes contain 6
to 8 mg of nicotine).
• The acute lethal dose is 60 mg. More than 90 percent of the nicotine inhaled in
smoke is absorbed. Clearance of nicotine involves metabolism in the lung and the
liver and urinary excretion.
• Tolerance to the toxic effects of nicotine develops rapidly, often within days
after beginning usage.
26. Adverse effects:
• The CNS effects of nicotine include irritability and tremors.
• Nicotine may also cause intestinal cramps, diarrhea, and increased heart rate and
blood pressure and induces abnormal heart rhythms.
• In addition, cigarette smoking increases the rate of metabolism for a number of drugs.
• It was found that nicotine taking is associated with cardiovascular disease.
• Prolonged nicotine use seems not to increase atherosclerosis.
• Children exposed to nicotine may have a number of lifelong health issues.
27. Cancer
• Although there is insufficient evidence to classify nicotine as a carcinogen, there is
an ongoing debate about whether it functions as a tumor promoter
• There is evidence indicating possible oral, esophageal, or pancreatic cancer risks.
• In a recent study, nicotine administered to mice with tumors caused increases in
tumor size (twofold increase), metastasis (nine-fold increase), and tumor recurrence
(threefold increase)
28. • Nicotine has been confirmed to affect the sperm morphology and sperm count.
• Nicotine is the main addictive compound in tobacco smoke, it is also a strong
vasoconstrictor (narrows blood vessels) as it reduces uterine and placental blood
flow.
• Nicotine is not safe to use in any amount during pregnancy.
• Nicotine negatively affects pregnancy outcomes and fetal brain development
• Risks to the child later in life via nicotine exposure during pregnancy include type 2
diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurobehavioral defects, respiratory dysfunction, and
infertility.
• Nicotine crosses the placenta and is found in the breast milk of mothers who smoke as
well as mothers who inhale passive smoke
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
29.
30. Withdrawal syndrome:
• As with the other drugs in this class, nicotine is an
addictive substance, and physical dependence on
nicotine develops rapidly and can be severe.
Withdrawal is characterized by;
• Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty
concentrating, headaches, and insomnia. Appetite is
affected, and gastrointestinal pain often occurs.
• Smoking cessation programs that combine
pharmacologic and behavioral therapy are the most
successful in helping individuals to stop smoking.
• The transdermal patch and chewing gum containing
nicotine have been shown to reduce nicotine
withdrawal symptoms and to help smokers stop
smoking.
• The blood concentration of nicotine obtained from
nicotine chewing gum is typically about one-half the
peak level observed with smoking.
• Bupropion , an antidepressant , can reduce the
craving for cigarettes.
31.
32. Nicotine can be used commercially to produce one of vitamin B- complex named
Nicotinic acid or Niacin (Vitamin B3) used to prevent Pellagra.
Biological Sources of niacin; It is widely distributed in nature; and appreciable
quantities are found in fish, yeast, liver, and cereal grains.
NICOTINE
CH3
N
N
H
Oxidation
Nicotinic acid
(Niacin or Vitamin B3)
COOH
N
33. • Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin
(vitamin B3).
• Second, it may result from deficiency of tryptophan, an
essential amino acid found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and
peanuts that the body converts into niacin
• The classic symptoms of pellagra are diarrhea, dermatitis,
dementia, and death.
• As a result of niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, decreased NAD
production leading to most of the pathology
Pellagra
• If untreated, pellagra can kill within four or five years.
• Treatment is with nicotinamide, which has the same vitamin
function as niacin and a similar chemical structure, but has
lower toxicity.
34. Ph. D. Ahmed M. Metwaly
Assistant professor, Pharmacognosy
department,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University.
ametwaly@azhar.edu.eg