This document discusses nicotine content in different tobacco species. It provides information on the structure, biosynthesis, metabolism, extraction, and pharmacology of nicotine. Nicotine is obtained primarily from tobacco plants in the nightshade family and is highly addictive. It acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Chronic nicotine use can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms and long term health effects like cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. The document also reviews literature on nicotine content in different plants and discusses toxicity risks associated with nicotine.
Affects of Substance Abuse on Mental Health - Opioids (Narcotics) zeeshan Shani
This slideshow is an endeavour to inculcate awareness and educate the youth and their parents about the usage, identification and affects of Narcotics (Opiods) Abuse.
Affects of Substance Abuse on Mental Health - Opioids (Narcotics) zeeshan Shani
This slideshow is an endeavour to inculcate awareness and educate the youth and their parents about the usage, identification and affects of Narcotics (Opiods) Abuse.
Pain points - Overcoming the Opioid CrisisCompleteRx
Today, 11 percent of Americans experience daily chronic pain, for which opioids are frequently prescribed. Unfortunately, what started as standard prescribing practice has become detrimental, and due to their highly addictive nature, we’ve seen a quadrupling number of opioid overdose deaths from 1999 to 2015, killing more than 90 people per day. While state and national legislatures continue to search for ways to combat this epidemic, significant change can be made at the community level starting with medical staff, hospitals and health systems. This webinar will provide a comprehensive overview of the pain crisis and how it affects various patient populations, outline CDC guidelines on opioid use for chronic pain and identify strategies to positively impact the use of opioids and outcomes.
Sources: NCCIH, NPR
Key Takeaways:
- Recognize the relationship between opioid use on clinical and economic outcomes in various patient populations and the community
- Outline recommendations suggested by CDC guidelines on opioid use in chronic pain and new pain standards just released by TJC
- Identify strategies to impact multiple drivers of the opioid crisis
This presentation provides information about synthetic drugs, including Bath Salts and K2/Spice, and identifies resources from The Partnership at Drugfree.org
List three different types of MAT (medication-assisted treatment) for opioid dependence
Describe the mechanism of action and the proper dosing for three different types of MAT for opioid dependence
Review common barriers to using MAT in a variety of treatment settings.
Line Bias: exploiting gambling line dataMichael Zaic
Bookies have been "crowdsourcing" long before the Internet has made the term popular. Gambling lines, however, don't necessarily represent who should win a game; rather, they represent how the risk the betting public is willing to stomach on its teams. There can be short term gaps between expectations and outcomes. Exploit the "line bias" and win (maybe?).
---
When someone says, "my team is favored by 2 points," there is a general misunderstanding of what that means. It is not directly indicative of who should win. It is indicative on how money is bet on the game. The statement can be expanded to, "the gambling line says that if my team gives the other team 2 points, there will be the same amount of money bet on both teams." That's a much different scenario.
Book makers win by evening the money that is bet on both teams in a sporting event. The losers pay the winners, and the bookies take a cut from both sides. Usually, the wisdom of the crowd prevails, and the betting public's money matches the outcome. By looking at historical betting data in the National Football League, we can see that play out. However, there are circumstances when, for a variety of reasons, a team is over- or under- bet. This allows for a unique opportunity for the small time gambler to exploit the line bias and win.
This talk will go over my limited research into NFL line bias since the 1970s. It is meant as a jumping off point for more discovery and discussion.
In the startup world, the most pressing issue usually isn't, "how to we prepare for a once-in-a-lifetime storm?" Risk management is always stressed at Velocity, but businesses don't always buy into dedicating resources to low probability events. Let our comedy of errors during Hurricane Sandy help to convince your bosses that infrastructure and redundancy are actually worthwhile investments.
Pain points - Overcoming the Opioid CrisisCompleteRx
Today, 11 percent of Americans experience daily chronic pain, for which opioids are frequently prescribed. Unfortunately, what started as standard prescribing practice has become detrimental, and due to their highly addictive nature, we’ve seen a quadrupling number of opioid overdose deaths from 1999 to 2015, killing more than 90 people per day. While state and national legislatures continue to search for ways to combat this epidemic, significant change can be made at the community level starting with medical staff, hospitals and health systems. This webinar will provide a comprehensive overview of the pain crisis and how it affects various patient populations, outline CDC guidelines on opioid use for chronic pain and identify strategies to positively impact the use of opioids and outcomes.
Sources: NCCIH, NPR
Key Takeaways:
- Recognize the relationship between opioid use on clinical and economic outcomes in various patient populations and the community
- Outline recommendations suggested by CDC guidelines on opioid use in chronic pain and new pain standards just released by TJC
- Identify strategies to impact multiple drivers of the opioid crisis
This presentation provides information about synthetic drugs, including Bath Salts and K2/Spice, and identifies resources from The Partnership at Drugfree.org
List three different types of MAT (medication-assisted treatment) for opioid dependence
Describe the mechanism of action and the proper dosing for three different types of MAT for opioid dependence
Review common barriers to using MAT in a variety of treatment settings.
Line Bias: exploiting gambling line dataMichael Zaic
Bookies have been "crowdsourcing" long before the Internet has made the term popular. Gambling lines, however, don't necessarily represent who should win a game; rather, they represent how the risk the betting public is willing to stomach on its teams. There can be short term gaps between expectations and outcomes. Exploit the "line bias" and win (maybe?).
---
When someone says, "my team is favored by 2 points," there is a general misunderstanding of what that means. It is not directly indicative of who should win. It is indicative on how money is bet on the game. The statement can be expanded to, "the gambling line says that if my team gives the other team 2 points, there will be the same amount of money bet on both teams." That's a much different scenario.
Book makers win by evening the money that is bet on both teams in a sporting event. The losers pay the winners, and the bookies take a cut from both sides. Usually, the wisdom of the crowd prevails, and the betting public's money matches the outcome. By looking at historical betting data in the National Football League, we can see that play out. However, there are circumstances when, for a variety of reasons, a team is over- or under- bet. This allows for a unique opportunity for the small time gambler to exploit the line bias and win.
This talk will go over my limited research into NFL line bias since the 1970s. It is meant as a jumping off point for more discovery and discussion.
In the startup world, the most pressing issue usually isn't, "how to we prepare for a once-in-a-lifetime storm?" Risk management is always stressed at Velocity, but businesses don't always buy into dedicating resources to low probability events. Let our comedy of errors during Hurricane Sandy help to convince your bosses that infrastructure and redundancy are actually worthwhile investments.
Tobacco . Its definition, available forms , fatal dose , contents , pathophysiology , pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Diagnosis and treatment of toxicity.
Rethinking nicotine: illusions, delusions and some conclusionsClive Bates
presentation to the UK E-cigarette Summit on 9 December 2022. Looks at how our approach to nicotine must evolve from a "tobacco harm reduction" to treating nicotine like a socially acceptable recreational stimulant with minimal harm.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Nicotine content in different tobacco species
1. 1
University of sulaimani
College of pharmacy
Department of pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical
chemistry
A review on
Nicotine content in different tobacco species
Prepared by
Muhammad Koksh Sdiq
B.Sc. in pharmacy
2. 2
Contents
Introduction ……………………3
Literature review ……………...4
Structural identification ……….5
Biosynthesis …………………….6
Metabolism and elimination …….7
Physicochemical properties ………..8
Process of extraction …………………8
Pharmacology ……………….9, 10
Wiwhdrawal and toxicity…………………….11
Discussion ………………………12
References ………………………...13
3. 3
Introduction
Nicotine is a CNS stimulant and one of the few naturally occurring
liquid alkaloids, obtained from the tobacco plant (Nicotiana spp). It’s
pharmacological actions are complex and include effects on both the
central and peripheral nervous system. Nicotine is classified as a
stimulant of autonomic ganglia, although it possesses both stimulant and
depressant actions. Nicotine is the active ingredient and addictive
component in tobacco smoke. Addiction is physiological and
psychological and many smokers find it difficult to stop, even when they
have illnesses which are made worse by smoking. It may be
administered during the withdrawal period in the form of transdermal
patches or chewing gum. its inherent toxicity has been used in the
control of insects. The commercial preparation of the plant involves
drying the leaves for the production of chewing tobacco, cigars,
cigarettes, and snuff. Nicotine is easily isolated from the plant for use in
nicotine replacement products (gum, patches, and nasal spray)..They're
bitter-tasting, often poisonous substances that are made by plants to
discourage animals from eating them. But many persons ignore the risk
factor of it and use them for pleasure. There are many plants from which
nicotine can be obtained. These plants are a part of the nightshade family
(include eggplant, tomato, potato, green pepper) but concentration is
quite low.
Chronic use of nicotine may cause psychologic and physical
dependence.
4. 4
Aim
To provide the information about the botany of nicotine in different tobacco
species .
To know the pharmacological activity and toxicity of the nicotine .
Literature review
Plant contain nicotine :
# nicotiana tabacum contain 0.6 to 0.9 % nicotine . one cigar contain 10mg
nicotine and only 2mg delivered to smokers.(2)also contain ( nornicotine ,
anabasine , nicotinic acid and nicotine amine ) (1)
Plant part used :
# dried leaves
Family :
Solanaceae
Plant contain nicotine Nicotine ng/g Amout of vegetable to obtain 1
microgram nicotine by g .
Cauliflower 3.8 263.4
Eggplant 100 10
Potatoes 7.1 140.4
Tomatoes 4.1 244
Green tomato 42.8 23.4
5. 5
Table 1 (plant containing nicotine)(1)
Structure identification
Figure -1- (-)- nicotine (3)
Nicotine is also called 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine according to the
IUPACa nomenclature. It is a bicyclic compound with a pyridine cycle and a
pyrrolidine cycle. The molecule possesses an asymmetric carbon and so exists in
two enantiomeric compounds. In nature, nicotine only exists in the S shape, which
is levoisomer.
basic compound
water soluble
lipophilic
environments:
o no absorption in acidic environments
o functions at blood pH = 7.4 (31%)
o absorption occurs readily in basic environments
6. 6
Biosynthesis
Figure -2- nicotine biosynthesis (4)
nicotine contain both pyridine and pyrollidine nucleus .
derived from L- ornithine and L- Aspartate .
7. 7
Metabolism & elimination
Figure -3- metabolic pathway of nicotine (5)
The presence of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine in the body fluids of
nonsmokers is usually taken as evidence of exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studied 800
people, both smokers and nonsmokers, all of whom tested positive for urinary
cotinine .
Eliminated mainly by kidney via urine also by Hepatic, Pulmonary.
8. 8
Physicochemical properties
1) Nicotine is an oily liquid that is colorless to pale yellow.
2) Very hygroscopic and turns brown on exposure to air or light.
3) When nicotine is mixed with water, it's volume contracts.
4) Nicotine forms salts with almost any acid and double salts with many metals
and acids.
5) Nicotine is very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, petrolatum ether,
kerosene and oils.(6)
Process of extraction
6gm of tobacco + Ba(OH)2 ( powder + liquid)
Add 100ml toluene
After 20 min filtration
Use burrete with standerezed 0.1M HClO4
Add 4-5 drops of crystal violet
Titration
Greenish yellow end point .
Figure -4- extraction of nicotine
9. 9
Pharmacology
The nicotine molecules attach to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on
ganglionic site of SANS and PSANS and CNS.
The nerve cells respond to the nicotine molecules by releasing the
neurotransmitter glutamate.
The glutamate alerts neurons to release dopamine
Result: Pleasurable feelings, stress reduction, increased heart
rate, heightened alertness, increased ability to process information, and
improved cognitive abilities.
Enhance secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by adrenal medulla so
increase heart rate , peripheral vascular resistant so elevate blood pressure .
In chronic use affect the kidney may lead to renal failure , tachycardia ,
possibility to cause heart failure due to increase workload on the heart .
affect nicotinic receptor in GIT resemble the action of Ach , it cause diarrhea
by increasing peristalsis movement and tone of smooth muscle .also increase
secretion of digestive fluid in GIT .
At low dose stimulate CNS by increasing transmission in CNS . while at
high dosecause depressionof CNS , also depress respiratory center in CNS .
At low dose activate vagal nerve so decrease HR , but at high dose increase
secretion of adrenaline lead to tachycardia .
adrenaline also affect metabolism of fat so increase LDL conc. In blood and
increase risk of atherosclerosis and MI.
incomplete combustion of nicotine lead to formation of carcinogenic
substance ( nitrosamine ) that directly attack DNA , mainly produce lung
cancer .
heavy smoker less subject to Alzheimer disease .
10. 10
Positive effect
Anxiolysis , Cognitive Enhancement , Cerebro-vasodilation ,
Neuroprotection ,Analgesia, Anti-psychotic .
Negative effect
Gastrointestinal Distress , Hypothermia , Emesis , Hypertension , Seizures ,
Respiratory Distress .
Addictive Nature
Nicotine is highly addictive and is actually comparable to other hard drugs
such as cocaine and heroin in its addictiveness.
Due to nicotine’s ability to promote the release of dopamine, smokers
become dependent on nicotine to help release dopamine, and must have
increasingly more to produce the same effect.
Nicotine takes effect in the limbic system of the brain which contains the
brain’s natural “reward system” which alerts a person that something is
good and that they should continue doing it . (4)
What Age-Groups Smoke The Most ?
Age Men Women
18-24 37.2 18.9
25-34 34.2 29.5
35-44 34.8 21.5
45-54 31.9 13.4
55-64 17.0 18.1
65 & over 12.0 19.2
Table-2- The percentage of smokers by age group (7)
11. 11
Withdraw
Many smokers experience an increase in their stress level between each
cigarette, which is relieved when they next smoke.
Symptoms experienced by abstaining from smoking: increased anxiety,
irritability, poor concentration, restlessness, and trouble sleeping
Toxicity
Even a small drop of nicotine in its pure form would be enough to kill
someone. This toxicity gives it the potential to be used as a pesticide.
Smoking cigarettes, which is the main method of nicotine use, is linked to
various illnesses, such as: cancer of the upper and lower respiratory tract,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease
Symptoms of nicotine toxicity, otherwise known as acute nicotine poisoning,
include nausea, vomiting, salivation, pallor, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
cold sweat.(8)
12. 12
Discussion
Nicotine present in different tobacco species also in some plants. While many
people were enjoying the use of tobacco, others were beginning to think that it
might not be as healthful as had once been thought. Although at this time people
generally did not contest the medicinal value of tobacco, some began to suspect
that tobacco produced negative effects as well . Nicotine has an extremely short
half life. That's to say, once inside the body it breaks down pretty quickly. And that
affects how frequently people smoke. And because nicotine is so addictive so you
only need to try a few of these cigarettes or any type of nicotine to become
addicted to it - that's a major concern. So it is good that the industry is looking for a
safer cigarette, because at the moment they say that low-nicotine, low-tar cigarettes
are safer. But what actually happens is they sell more cigarettes because people
obviously puff harder and smoke more of them to get their same dose of nicotine.
So that's actually a good commercial strategy. Nicotine is primarily indicated in
conditions like Tobacco withdrawal. Nicotine should be used with caution in
patients with history of heart disease, high blood pressure, cerebrovascular disease,
endocrine disorders including hyperthyroidism and insulin-dependent diabetes,
peptic ulcer, impaired liver or kidney function. Skin patches should not be used on
broken skin. This is not recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation.The
hope for the future is that drug companies will be able to separate nicotine's
positive properties from the negative and develop drugs for the treatment of
everything from Alzheimer's disease to weight control.
Educate patients about the benefits of smoking cessation and the cessation
process. Provide a description of the expected withdrawal syndrome. Continue
with a discussion of the possible cessation methods, which include counseling,
nicotine replacement, antidepressant medications, behavioral training, group
therapy, hypnosis.
13. 13
References
1) Siegmund B, Leitner E, Pfannhauser W (1999) Determination of the nicotine content of
variousedible nightshades (Solanaceae) and their products and estimation of the associated
dietary nicotine intake. J Agric Food Chem 47(8):3113–3120 .
2) Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd (1984) Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clin
Pharma-col Ther 35(4):499–504 .
3) http://examine.com/supplements/Nicotine/
4) Yang KS, Gholson RK, Waller GR (1965) Studies on nicotine biosynthesis. J Am Chem
Soc87: 4184–4188 .
5) Edward F. Domino(1999). Pharmacological significance of nicotine. In: Analytical
Determination of Nicotine and Related Compounds and their Metabolites. Elsevier, :1-11 .
6) http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=89594
7) Perry, M. (2006, August 18). Understanding nicotine dependence. Practice Nurse, 39-43.
8) André Conrad 2011. Exposure to Tobacco Smoke. In: Cigarette Smoke Toxicity. Wiley-VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA:67-91.