Nicotine addiction and common withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine is an addictive drug that causes mood-altering changes in the brain, making people want to use it more. When addicted to nicotine, unpleasant withdrawal symptoms occur when nicotine levels drop, temporarily relieved by using nicotine. Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, irritability and difficulty concentrating. Nicotine activates the brain's reward system by releasing dopamine, reinforcing drug-seeking behavior. Repeated use leads to tolerance and dependence as the brain adapts to nicotine's effects.
This PPT is based on Drug Addiction & Abuse..Anyone who is interested to download this ppt ,can comment on the comment section with their email id. I can assure you that I will send this original ppt to your email.
This PPT is based on Drug Addiction & Abuse..Anyone who is interested to download this ppt ,can comment on the comment section with their email id. I can assure you that I will send this original ppt to your email.
Vaping and tobacco: six things you need to know about harm reductionClive Bates
1. Smoking has not gone away
2. Technologies to obsolete cigarettes
3. Risks and risk (mis)perceptions
4. The public health mechanism and the pleasure principle
5. The youth vaping epidemic – a harder look
6. Policymaking and perverse consequences
Reviews types of opiates, side effects and effects on sports performance. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Drug addiction is complex illness characterized by compulsive and uncontrollable drug
craving, seeking and use that persists even in the face of extremely negative
consequences. Drug abuse and its disorders are the result of complex interaction of
sociological, biological and physiological factors. With the easy availability of semi-
synthetic products like heroin the abuse can be associated with more than one factors.
Tolerance means diminishing effect of the same dose of a drug or the need
to increase the dose to get a similar effect.
Habituation is the emotional or psychological need felt for a drug.
Dependence is the physical need to take the drug.
Discover the effects of smoking on your finances,society,health,environment and unborn baby.These slides will open your eyes to the harmful effects of tobacco,so,much so that you won't want to touch it again.
Vaping and tobacco: six things you need to know about harm reductionClive Bates
1. Smoking has not gone away
2. Technologies to obsolete cigarettes
3. Risks and risk (mis)perceptions
4. The public health mechanism and the pleasure principle
5. The youth vaping epidemic – a harder look
6. Policymaking and perverse consequences
Reviews types of opiates, side effects and effects on sports performance. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Drug addiction is complex illness characterized by compulsive and uncontrollable drug
craving, seeking and use that persists even in the face of extremely negative
consequences. Drug abuse and its disorders are the result of complex interaction of
sociological, biological and physiological factors. With the easy availability of semi-
synthetic products like heroin the abuse can be associated with more than one factors.
Tolerance means diminishing effect of the same dose of a drug or the need
to increase the dose to get a similar effect.
Habituation is the emotional or psychological need felt for a drug.
Dependence is the physical need to take the drug.
Discover the effects of smoking on your finances,society,health,environment and unborn baby.These slides will open your eyes to the harmful effects of tobacco,so,much so that you won't want to touch it again.
Smoking is a major public health problem. Cigarette smoking acts as a nicotine delivery in humans, has found to produce profound changes in physiological architecture. Smoking’s as well as chronic pain are one of the major challenging health concerns faced in day to day life. During smoking nicotine is quickly absorbed into the blood stream within a time gap of 30 seconds it reaches the brain. It stimulates the brain to release various chemicals namely epinephrine which will give a pleasurable euphoric effect. It is a proven fact that smoking of tobacco will cause the production of Rheumatoid factors or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoantibodies which is a risk factor for the development of Rheumatoid arthritis. There is a positive relation between smoking and depression and it has been seen smokers use more number of cigarettes when depressed and smoking also caused the individual who is depressed more prone to pain than a normal smoker. Quitting of smoking is quite difficult because of unpleasant withdrawal syndrome that consists of frustration, depression, anxiety, reduced heart rate, increased weight, depressed mood, difficulty in concentration. Because of all these withdrawal symptoms individuals who try to quit start up again very soon. Smoking is a health hazard, this is a well-known fact and the noxious effects are multiple so in management of pain in theseindividual’s, necessary steps has to be put forward in order to quit the habit. Cognitive behavioural therapy or antidepressant therapy in the management of pain of depressed patients who are smokers has shown good results in a rehabilitation centre on the course of the management of pain.
The presentation by Dr.M.S.Chandragupta, Chief Dental Surgeon, Dr. Gupta's Dental Specialities Centre, deals with Tobacco Cessation Methodologies.
Tobacco is the number one killer in the world and kills around 9 lakh people annually in India alone. The victims succumb to tobacco in the most productive years of their life. To curb this issue the World Health Organization has brought out a public health legal treaty called ‘Frame Work Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)’ which more than 176 countries have signed and ratified the same. India has signed in the year 2005 and initiated measures to bring down the demand and supply of tobacco in India as mandated by the FCTC. India has the second highest number of tobacco users in the world, at an alarming number of 274 million users (GATS Report, 2010) and it is high time we act together to make India Tobacco Free for a healthier and wealthier tomorrow
Smoking cessation: Why Change Is Hard and What Helps To Make It Possible(mostly) TRUE THINGS
The power point is part of a workplace smoking cessation program designed by Lifestage, Inc., which educates participants about the process of change, the neuroscience of addiction, and ways to ease the difficulties involved with change.
A presentation created for Pulmonary Rehab to help patients with smoking cessation. Overview of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, triggers, withdrawals, and nicotine replacement therapies.
Rethinking nicotine: illusions, delusions and some conclusionsClive Bates
presentation to the UK E-cigarette Summit on 9 December 2022. Looks at how our approach to nicotine must evolve from a "tobacco harm reduction" to treating nicotine like a socially acceptable recreational stimulant with minimal harm.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. NICOTINE
• addictive drug
• causes mood-altering changes in the brain
• temporarily pleasing, making people want to use it
more and more
• When a person addicted to nicotine they have
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, which temporarily
go away when they receive the nicotine
3. NICOTINE
• potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid found in the
nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) and a stimulant
drug.
• nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
• It is made in the roots and accumulates in the leaves of
the plants. It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the
dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–
7 µg/kg of various edible plants.
• nicotine was widely used as an insecticide
4.
5. NICOTINE
• According to the American Heart Association,
nicotine addiction has historically been one of the
hardest addictions to break, while the
pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that
determine nicotine addiction are similar to those
determining addiction to heroin and cocaine.
10. E CIGARETTES
• benefits and health risk are uncertain.
• no evidence they are better than regulated medication for quitting
smoking
• safety risk is like that of smokeless tobacco
• US FDA approved products, such as nicotine inhalers, are
probably safer than e-cigarettes.
• While high voltage (5.0 V) e-cigarettes may generate formaldehyde
agents at a greater level than smoking when above a standard
setting.
• Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease,
potential birth defects, and poisoning.
15. . . . to relax; for the taste; to fill the time; something to
do with my hands
. . . . But, for the most part, people continue to smoke
because they find it too uncomfortable to quit’’
Philip Morris, 1984
Philip Morris. Internal presentation. 1984, 20th March; Kenny et al. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001;70:
531-549.
16. The use of no
substance
Non-user
Trying a
substance a
few times
Experimental
use
• Once and
awhile
• Not regularly
done
• Not getting
drunk very
time
Occasional
use
•Routine
•Part of a design
ie every end of
the week,every
other weekend
•Doesn’t get
intoxicated
whenever
Regular
use
•Uses interferes
with functioning
•Loss of control
over amount
ones
uses/intends to
use
•Loss of control
of behaviour
ABUSE
•Routine
•Part of a style ie
every end
weekly
DEPENDANCY
S TA G E S O F S U B S TA N C E
D E P E N D A N C Y
17. Tobacco smoke
contains ~ 7000
compounds, most
of which are
highly toxic to the
human body
Tobacco is
extremely
addictive
20. Mechanism of Action of Nicotine in the Central
Nervous System
• The 42 nicotinic receptor in the VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area)
mediates the effects of nicotine in the central nervous system
• After nicotine binds to the 42 nicotinic receptor in the VTA, it
results in a release of dopamine in the nAcc, which is believed to
be linked to reward
nAcc= Nucleus Accumbens. Adapted from Picciotto et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 1999;1:S121-S125.
Nicotine -
Dopamine -
4 2
2
2
4
42
Nicotinic
receptor
nAcc
Ventral
tegmental area
(VTA)
NIC
23. T H E B R A I N H A S
N I C O T I N E R E C E P T O R S .
B U T U N L E S S Y O U
S M O K E , T H E S E A R E
“ A S L E E P ” .
Nicotine Receptor
24. W H E N Y O U S M O K E T H E
N I C O T I N E AT TA C H E S T O
T H E N I C O T I N E R E C E P T O R
Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine
25. T H I S R E S U L T S I N T H E R E L E A S E
O F D O P A M I N E W H I C H G I V E S A
G O O D F E E L I N G F O R A F E W
M I N U T E S
Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine
Dopamine
26. T H E M O R E O N E S M O K E S , T H E M O R E
N I C O T I N E R E C E P T O R S A R E
“ A W A K E N E D ” , M U L T I P L Y I N G T H E
G O O D F E E L I N G .
Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine
Nicotine
Nicotine
Nicotine
Dopamine
Dopamine
Dopamine
Dopamine
The number of
these receptors
increases after the
second dose of
nicotine
28. T H E “ L O W F E E L I N G ” C A N
S H I F T T O A N X I E T Y,
I R R I T A B I L I T Y, A N G E R ,
U N E A S I N E S S , H U N G E R …
Nicotine Receptor
Loss of
Dopamine
29. W H E N S E V E R A L R E C E P T O R S
F E E L L O S S O F D O P A M I N E , T H I S
R E S U L T S I N “ C R A V I N G ” F O R
N I C O T I N E .
Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor
Loss of
Dopamine
30. B Y S M O K I N G M O R E C I G A R E T T E S ,
M O R E D O P A M I N E I S R E L E A S E D
A N D T H E G O O D F E E L I N G I S
R E S T O R E D , B U T M O R E N I C O T I N E
R E C E P T O R S A R E N O W A C T I V A T E D .
Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor Nicotine Receptor
Nicotine
Nicotine
Nicotine
Nicotine
Dopamine
Dopamine
Dopamine
Dopamine
Ksir C, Hakan R, Hall
DP, Kellar KJ (1985)
Exposure to nicotine
enhances the
behavioral stimulant
effect of nicotine and
increases binding of
[3H]acetylcholine to
nicotinic receptors.
Neuropharmacology
24:527–53
31. The Cycle of Nicotine Addiction
• Nicotine binding causes an increase in
release of dopamine
• Dopamine gives feelings of pleasure
and calm
• The dopamine decrease between
cigarettes leads to withdrawal
symptoms of irritability and stress
• The smoker craves nicotine to restore
pleasure and calmness
• Smokers generally titrate their smoking
to achieve maximal stimulation and
avoid symptoms of withdrawal and
craving
Jarvis. BMJ. 2004;328:277-279; Picciotto et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 1999;1:S121-S125.
Dopamine
Nicotine
32. • Developed tolerance and withdrawal
W I T H C H R O N I C U S E … .
DRUGS = REDUCE WITHDRAWAL
SYMPTOMS
DRUGS EUPHORIC EFFECT
33. M O D E L O F I M PA I R E D C O N T R O L
Addiction
Dopamine
Serotonin
Endorphins
GABA
Glutamate
Acetylcholine
34. Impulsivity
(automaticity)
Decision making
Neurobiological Basis for Relapse
Adinoff. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004;12:305-320.
Compulsive Drive
Circuits
Inhibitory Control
Deficits
Priming
Drug cues
Obsessive thoughts
(craving)
Stress
35. Nicotine Dependence: DSM-IV-TR Criteria
• 3 or more of the following symptoms within a 1-year time
span:
– Tolerance to nicotine with decreased effect and
increasing dose to obtain same effect
– Withdrawal symptoms with cessation
– Persistent desire to smoke despite efforts to decrease
intake
– Extensive time spent smoking or purchasing tobacco
– Postponing work, social, or recreational events in order
to smoke
– Continuing to smoke despite health hazards
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Association; 2000; http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/supplem/supp/sup2.htm. Accessed October 19,
2007.
36. Role of Environmental Stimuli in Nicotine
Dependence
• Environmental/social stimuli associated with smoking play a
role in reinforcing nicotine dependence
• Non-nicotine stimuli are important in both motivating and
maintaining smoking behavior
• Role of environmental vs. pharmacologic stimuli in nicotine
dependence varies between men and women
Direct pharmacologic effects of nicotine are necessary but
not sufficient to explain tobacco dependence; these
effects must take into account the environmental/social
context in which the behavior occurs
Caggiula et al. Physiol Behav. 2002;77:683-687.
37. Nicotine Withdrawal
Restlessness
or impatience
Increased appetite
or weight gain
Withdrawal Syndrome
Anxiety
(may increase
or decrease
with quitting)
Dysphoric or
depressed mood
Irritability,
frustration,
or anger
Difficulty concentrating
Insomnia/sleep
disturbance
Nicotine withdrawal syndrome consists of both somatic and affective
symptomatology
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
38. 3.91
16.29
21.81
6.28 6.42
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Severity of Withdrawal and Psychiatric
Disorders
aThe ratio of the odds of development of disease in exposed persons to the odds of development of disease in nonexposed persons.
Madden. Addiction. 1997;92(7): 889-902.
Smokers with a history of psychiatric disorders have a higher
likelihood of experiencing severe withdrawal
Alcohol
Dependence
Conduct
Disorder
Agoraphobia
Major
Depression
Social
Phobia
Odds
Ratio
(95%
CI)
a
42. K A E D A H R AWATA N
1.Nilai tahap kesediaan untuk berubah dan beri intervensi mengikut fasa
2.Strategi 5A atau 3A
3.Saringan Fagerstrom
4.Tetapkan Tarikh untuk berhenti
5.Persediaan mental, fizikal dan persekitaran
6.Petua 10 M
7.Langkah pencegahan relapse 5R
43.
44.
45. M U Z A K A R A H J A W A T A N K U A S A
F A T W A M A J L I S K E B A N G S A A N B A G I
H A L E H W A L U G A M A I S L A M
M A L AY S I A K A L I K E - 3 7 YA N G
B E R S I D A N G P A D A 2 3 M A C 1 9 9 5
T E L A H M E M B I N C A N G K A N H U K U M
M E R O K O K D A R I P A N D A N G A N
I S L A M . M U Z A K A R A H T E L A H
M E M U T U S K A N B A H A W A M E R O K O K
A D A L A H H A R A M D A R I P A N D A N G A N
I S L A M K E R A N A P A D A N YA
T E R D A P A T K E M U D H A R A T A N .
Editor's Notes
18
Schematic diagram of the human brain that highlights some of the main brain areas and neurotransmitter pathways implicated in reward processe.The ventral tegmental area, or VTA, is in the midbrain, situated adjacent to the substantia nigra. Although it contains several different types of neurons, it is primarily characterized by its dopaminergic neurons, which project from the VTA throughout the brain. The VTA is considered an integral part of a network of structures, together known as the reward system, that are involved in reinforcing behavior
The 42 nicotinic receptor in the VTA mediates the effects of nicotine in the central nervous system
After nicotine binds to the 42 nicotinic receptor in the VTA, it results in a release of dopamine in the nAcc, which is believed to be linked to reward
Nicotine causes an increase in the number of high affinity nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain structures associated with the reward pathway in both humans and rodents.30-33 The number of these receptors increases after the second dose of nicotine.31The increase parallels the development of tolerance, and receptor numbers decline after the drug is stopped coinciding with the withdrawal syndrome.30 33 That these high affinity receptors might play a role in dependence is also suggested by experiments with genetically altered mice.
Relapse occurs in response to stimulation by compulsive drive circuits and deficits in inhibitory restraint
Nicotine dependence is a well-defined addictive disorder
Nicotine’s effects on the 42 receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) results in
Acute dopamine release and short-term reward
Chronic receptor activation, desensitization, and up-regulation
The dopaminergically mediated physical and psychological rewards of smoking reinforce repeat behavior. Environmental/social stimuli associated with smoking play a role in reinforcing nicotine dependence
Nicotine withdrawal syndrome consists of both somatic and affective symptomatology
Smokers experiencing severe withdrawal have the most pronounced symptoms of depression
Smokers with a history of psychiatric disorders have a higher likelihood of experiencing severe withdrawal
