This document discusses pure substances and mixtures. It defines a pure substance as one that does not contain impurities from other substances, while a mixture is a collection of individual compounds. Mixtures can be either homogeneous, with components in a single phase, or heterogeneous, with dissimilar parts. Common types of mixtures include solutions, suspensions, and colloids. Methods for separating mixtures include sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, distillation, and more. The document provides examples of each type of mixture and separation method.
This will give you a complete idea about this topic " is matter around us pure.
It is the concept from ncert class9 and it is also useful for ntse level 1 exam
Scientists like to classify things. One way that scientists classify matter is by its composition. Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds...
CBSE Class 11 Biology Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
This will give you a complete idea about this topic " is matter around us pure.
It is the concept from ncert class9 and it is also useful for ntse level 1 exam
Scientists like to classify things. One way that scientists classify matter is by its composition. Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds...
CBSE Class 11 Biology Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 PCB Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 and 12 PCM Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 and 12 PCB Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 PCB Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
Those things that you have learned in elementary, you will learn it in this lesson, but it is extended. In this lesson, you will something new, which is Unifying themes. It contains a lot of important things as new and old.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. As you know, every substance has a
characteristic set (complex) of
properties on which it can always be
distinguished from any other
substance. However, these properties
are well-defined only for a single
individual substance that is not mixed
with other substances. So necessary
to distinguish between pure
substances from mixtures.
3.
4. • Pure are substances that do not contain
impurities of other substances.
5. Mixture - a collection of individual compounds
that make up the physical body.
6. Homogeneous refers to substances and mixtures
which are in a single phase.
from Ancient Greek
μογενής (
ὁ homogenēs) from μός (
ὁ homos,
“same”) followed by γένος (genos, “kind”)
7. Heterogeneous in the sciences is a substance
composed of dissimilar or diverse parts.
from Ancient Greek
τερογενής (
ἑ heterogenēs), from τερος (
ἕ heteros,
“other, another, different”) respectively,
followed by γένος (genos, “kind”).
10. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture
containing solid particles that are sufficiently large
for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than
1 micrometer.
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed
throughout another substance.
The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of
between approximately 1 and 1000
nanometers.
Solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of
only one phase. In such a mixture, a solute is a
substance dissolved in another substance, known
as a solvent.
11.
12. Sedimentation (Defending)
• This is one of the easiest methods of
separation. It is based on the fact the fact
that the components of the mixture
have different density. This method
can be divided heterogeneous mixture of
two liquids, such as oil and water, liquids
and solids (sand and water).
13. Filtration
• When filtering requires a special filter.
Filter can serve as special paper, special
glass, gauze or cotton. The use of filters
depends on how big the particles of
one component of the mixture. We
will try to divide a heterogeneous mixture
of solid and liquid substances, water and
chalk.
15. Evaporation
• The method is based on the fact that
different materials have different
degrees of volatility. For example, water and
alcohol are volatile substances, salt and alkali -
non-volatile. Take a mixture of salt and water.
This mixture is homogeneous or not? Will heat
the mixture. What's going on? The water
evaporates and condenses on the glass, the salt
remains in a solid. Tell me, which one of the
components of the mixture is volatile?
• This method is widely used in the extraction of
salt from natural brine.
17. Distillation
• The method is based on the fact that
different components of the mixture
have different boiling points. Most
often, this method is used to separate a
homogeneous mixture of liquid substances.
18. Separation of Mixtures using Fractional Distillation
- OLabs- Amrita University(Distillation)
19. Recap quiz:
1) Give examples of almost pure substances
with which you meet in everyday life.
2) Give five examples of homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures, you meet every
day
3) How to distinguish a pure substance
from a mixture of substances?
20. Recap quiz:
4) Homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture is
formed by mixing:
• a) alcohol and water;
• b) flour and water
• a) starch and sugar;
• d) of oil and water
• e) weak tea and sugar;
5) Why is not found in nature is pure water?
6) What are the methods most often used for
the separation of homogeneous mixtures?
7) What are the methods most often used for
the separation of heterogeneous mixtures?
21. Home task:
•Learn definitions which you wrote
on the lesson
•Pleas write 5 examples of the
types of mixtures which you are
using in your life?
