CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 Biology Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
This document discusses biology and the classification of living organisms. It begins by defining biology as the science of life forms and living processes. It then discusses how early humans could perceive differences between living and non-living things. The document notes that systematic classification of organisms is necessary for detailed identification and nomenclature. It describes how all present and past living things are related through shared genetic material. The last section provides an overview of taxonomic categories and hierarchy used to classify organisms into convenient groups.
If you look around you will see a large variety of living organisms, be itpotted plants, insects, birds, your pets or other animals and plants. Thereare also several organisms that you cannot see with your naked eye butthey are all around you.
This document discusses the key levels of biological organization from atoms to ecosystems. It outlines common features of living organisms including cells, growth, energy use, regulation, movement, response to stimuli, order, and reproduction. Evolution is presented as the core theme, with Darwin's theory of natural selection explained. The five kingdoms of life are described. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are explained as interdependent groups. Finally, the scientific method is summarized as a systematic approach involving observation, questioning, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building.
The document discusses the key characteristics of living beings, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to external stimuli, and nomenclature and identification. It describes the general rules for biological naming conventions, with names written in Latin and containing a genus and species term. The document also outlines the taxonomic hierarchy used to classify organisms, from species up to kingdom, with examples provided of how organisms are grouped at each categorical level.
Zoology Chap 1(dont download not yet finished)Geonyzl Alviola
Zoology is the study of animals through various specializations including anatomy, cytology, ecology, embryology, genetics, histology, molecular biology, parasitology, physiology, and systematics. The document introduces zoology and defines it as the study of animals focused on their behavior, morphology, habitat, evolution, and relationships. It then lists and briefly defines the various specializations within the field of zoology.
This document provides an introduction to biology and classification. It discusses biology as the study of living things and outlines some key branches and characteristics of biology. The document then explains the importance of classification and outlines the historical development of classification systems. It describes the modern taxonomic units used in classification, from kingdom down to species. The five main kingdoms - Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - are identified. The hierarchical relationships between taxonomic groups from kingdom to species are also summarized.
This presentation deals with definition of the subject as well as its branches and future prospects....
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
CBSE Class 11 Biology Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
This document discusses biology and the classification of living organisms. It begins by defining biology as the science of life forms and living processes. It then discusses how early humans could perceive differences between living and non-living things. The document notes that systematic classification of organisms is necessary for detailed identification and nomenclature. It describes how all present and past living things are related through shared genetic material. The last section provides an overview of taxonomic categories and hierarchy used to classify organisms into convenient groups.
If you look around you will see a large variety of living organisms, be itpotted plants, insects, birds, your pets or other animals and plants. Thereare also several organisms that you cannot see with your naked eye butthey are all around you.
This document discusses the key levels of biological organization from atoms to ecosystems. It outlines common features of living organisms including cells, growth, energy use, regulation, movement, response to stimuli, order, and reproduction. Evolution is presented as the core theme, with Darwin's theory of natural selection explained. The five kingdoms of life are described. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are explained as interdependent groups. Finally, the scientific method is summarized as a systematic approach involving observation, questioning, hypothesis, experimentation, and theory building.
The document discusses the key characteristics of living beings, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to external stimuli, and nomenclature and identification. It describes the general rules for biological naming conventions, with names written in Latin and containing a genus and species term. The document also outlines the taxonomic hierarchy used to classify organisms, from species up to kingdom, with examples provided of how organisms are grouped at each categorical level.
Zoology Chap 1(dont download not yet finished)Geonyzl Alviola
Zoology is the study of animals through various specializations including anatomy, cytology, ecology, embryology, genetics, histology, molecular biology, parasitology, physiology, and systematics. The document introduces zoology and defines it as the study of animals focused on their behavior, morphology, habitat, evolution, and relationships. It then lists and briefly defines the various specializations within the field of zoology.
This document provides an introduction to biology and classification. It discusses biology as the study of living things and outlines some key branches and characteristics of biology. The document then explains the importance of classification and outlines the historical development of classification systems. It describes the modern taxonomic units used in classification, from kingdom down to species. The five main kingdoms - Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - are identified. The hierarchical relationships between taxonomic groups from kingdom to species are also summarized.
This presentation deals with definition of the subject as well as its branches and future prospects....
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This biology remediation review document provides a concise summary of key concepts across multiple biology topics to help with exam preparation. It lists and briefly explains essential terms and ideas related to lab safety, the scientific method, chemistry of life, cells, photosynthesis, respiration, cell transport, cell reproduction, DNA and RNA, genetics, genetic technology, evolution, classification, ecology, animal behavior, and more, with the goal of refreshing the reader's memory on these fundamental biology concepts.
This document discusses biology and the classification of living organisms. It begins by defining biology as the science of life forms and processes. It then discusses how early humans could distinguish living from non-living things. The development of systematic classification brought identification, nomenclature and categorization of organisms. This recognition of relationships between organisms showed they shared similarities and evolved from common ancestors. The document then outlines the classification of the kingdoms of plants and animals.
This document provides information about the key characteristics of living organisms and discusses various topics related to biology. It defines life as a unique organization of molecules that expresses itself through chemical reactions leading to growth, development, reproduction and other traits. The three key features of living organisms are identified as growth, reproduction and metabolism. The document also discusses biodiversity, systematics, taxonomy, and classification - which are important areas of biology that help organize and study the variety of lifeforms.
1) The document discusses the classification of animals based on key distinguishing features like their digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproduction type, and fertilization and development features.
2) It provides an overview of 12 animal phyla - Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata. For each it summarizes their key distinguishing characteristics.
3) It also discusses broader classification features like symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and notochord that are used to classify animals.
This document provides the contents page for a biology textbook divided into 5 units covering topics such as diversity in the living world, structural organization in plants and animals, cell structure and functions, plant physiology, and human physiology. The contents include 22 chapters across the 5 units. Some of the chapter topics include biological classification, plant kingdom, animal kingdom, transport in plants, respiration in plants, digestion and absorption. The document also provides brief biographies of two important biologists, Ernst Mayr and Carolus Linnaeus, known for their pioneering work in evolution and biological classification/taxonomy, respectively.
DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD - (CLASS XI, CBSE BIOLOGY)BIOLOGY TEACHER
Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. Early humans could perceive the difference between living and non-living things. All living things share certain characteristics including growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, and cellular organization. However, not all characteristics apply to all living things. The systematic classification and naming of organisms is necessary to effectively study the diversity of life on Earth.
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms and provides examples. It begins by outlining characteristics such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and cellular organization. It then discusses several characteristics in more depth, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. The document emphasizes that while these are common traits of living things, no single characteristic can definitively define life. It also covers scientific classification and nomenclature of organisms.
Biology is the study of living things and is divided into several branches including zoology, botany, and microbiology. It involves studying the characteristics of living things such as nutrition, respiration, reproduction, growth, and response to stimuli. Classification systems group organisms based on similarities, with taxonomy being the science of classification. The main taxonomic units are domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Classification is important for identification, understanding evolutionary relationships, and arranging biological information.
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics that define living things. It discusses the five traits of life - response, movement, organization, reproduction, and growth/development. It also outlines the basic needs of living things like energy, water, oxygen, and minerals. Furthermore, it describes how living things are classified into six kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Finally, it discusses viruses and how they differ from living things by being unable to grow or reproduce without a host cell.
This document discusses stimulus-response mechanisms in organisms. It defines key terms like stimulus, response, and coordination. It describes common external and internal stimuli and how organisms coordinate responses through receptors and effectors. Locomotory responses to stimuli are called taxes, including phototaxis, chemotaxis, aerotaxis, etc. Growth responses in plants are called tropisms, like phototropism, geotropism, and hydrotropism. Tropisms are influenced by plant hormones like auxins. The document compares taxes and tropisms, and also discusses nastic responses in plants mediated by changes in turgor pressure.
Biology : Chapter 1 : The Science of Lifepaglinton
This document provides an overview of biology and the classification of living organisms. It discusses:
1. What biology is and defines key terms like organism and biologist.
2. The characteristics of life including cells, nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, movement, reproduction, sensitivity and adaptability.
3. How Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms into a hierarchy of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species based on their similarities and differences.
Upp Sec Biology: introduction to the discipline of biologypaglinton
This biology textbook introduces upper secondary students to the study of biology through 22 chapters organized into 5 sections. The sections will cover principles of biology like cells and enzymes, maintenance and regulation of life processes such as nutrition, transport, and respiration in humans and plants, continuity of life including reproduction and heredity, and man's relationship with the environment through ecology. Each chapter will focus on a different aspect of the overarching topics to give students an in-depth understanding of biology.
Biology is the scientific study of living things. Key characteristics of living things include cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. There are many branches of biology that study different aspects of life, including anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, ecology, genetics, and molecular biology. The scientific method is used to systematically study and understand living organisms.
This document provides information about various topics in zoology including:
1) It outlines four main branches of life science - botany, zoology, genetics, and ecology. Zoology is defined as the science dealing with animals and animal life.
2) It then discusses seven key properties of living systems - chemical uniqueness, complexity/hierarchy, reproduction, genetic programs, metabolism, growth/development, and environmental interaction.
3) It provides an overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including its five major concepts of perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection.
4) It describes several types of zoological research including structural, physiological,
The Living World Biology Class notes for NEET preparationMiso Study
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms:
1) Growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness are common characteristics of living things, but metabolism is the defining characteristic as it has no exceptions.
2) Reproduction produces new individuals of the same kind, though some organisms are sterile or infertile.
3) The diversity of living organisms on Earth, known as biodiversity, includes over 1.7-1.8 million currently known and described species of plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabiting different habitats.
This document discusses taxonomy, classification, and diversity in the living world. It begins by defining taxonomy as the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms. Taxonomy establishes rules and procedures for grouping organisms based on their similarities and relationships. There are currently about 1.7-1.8 million known species on Earth. To facilitate study and communication about organisms, scientists have developed a standardized naming system called binomial nomenclature, which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name. This system, introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, is used universally among biologists.
1. The document discusses various characteristics used to define living organisms such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular structure, and consciousness.
2. It describes the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - as proposed by Carl Woese based on analysis of 16S rRNA genes.
3. Taxonomy and systematics are discussed as the scientific study and principles of classifying organisms, including characterization, nomenclature, and classification. Modern taxonomy incorporates various internal and external structural characters as well as ecological and developmental information.
This document provides an overview of diversity in the living world and taxonomy. It discusses key characteristics of living organisms like growth, reproduction, metabolism, consciousness and lifespan. It notes there are over 1.7 million known species, with 1.25 million being animals and 0.5 million being plants. Taxonomy is introduced as the branch of biology dealing with classifying and naming organisms. The basic steps of taxonomy - identification, classification and nomenclature - are outlined. The document also discusses species as the basic unit of classification and the hierarchical taxonomic categories from kingdom to species. Biological classification and rules of scientific naming are also summarized.
This ppt includes the basics of the diversity of the living world. The binomial nomenclature system, stages of taxonomy, and systematics are included in it.
This biology remediation review document provides a concise summary of key concepts across multiple biology topics to help with exam preparation. It lists and briefly explains essential terms and ideas related to lab safety, the scientific method, chemistry of life, cells, photosynthesis, respiration, cell transport, cell reproduction, DNA and RNA, genetics, genetic technology, evolution, classification, ecology, animal behavior, and more, with the goal of refreshing the reader's memory on these fundamental biology concepts.
This document discusses biology and the classification of living organisms. It begins by defining biology as the science of life forms and processes. It then discusses how early humans could distinguish living from non-living things. The development of systematic classification brought identification, nomenclature and categorization of organisms. This recognition of relationships between organisms showed they shared similarities and evolved from common ancestors. The document then outlines the classification of the kingdoms of plants and animals.
This document provides information about the key characteristics of living organisms and discusses various topics related to biology. It defines life as a unique organization of molecules that expresses itself through chemical reactions leading to growth, development, reproduction and other traits. The three key features of living organisms are identified as growth, reproduction and metabolism. The document also discusses biodiversity, systematics, taxonomy, and classification - which are important areas of biology that help organize and study the variety of lifeforms.
1) The document discusses the classification of animals based on key distinguishing features like their digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproduction type, and fertilization and development features.
2) It provides an overview of 12 animal phyla - Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata. For each it summarizes their key distinguishing characteristics.
3) It also discusses broader classification features like symmetry, body cavity, segmentation, and notochord that are used to classify animals.
This document provides the contents page for a biology textbook divided into 5 units covering topics such as diversity in the living world, structural organization in plants and animals, cell structure and functions, plant physiology, and human physiology. The contents include 22 chapters across the 5 units. Some of the chapter topics include biological classification, plant kingdom, animal kingdom, transport in plants, respiration in plants, digestion and absorption. The document also provides brief biographies of two important biologists, Ernst Mayr and Carolus Linnaeus, known for their pioneering work in evolution and biological classification/taxonomy, respectively.
DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD - (CLASS XI, CBSE BIOLOGY)BIOLOGY TEACHER
Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. Early humans could perceive the difference between living and non-living things. All living things share certain characteristics including growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, and cellular organization. However, not all characteristics apply to all living things. The systematic classification and naming of organisms is necessary to effectively study the diversity of life on Earth.
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms and provides examples. It begins by outlining characteristics such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and cellular organization. It then discusses several characteristics in more depth, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. The document emphasizes that while these are common traits of living things, no single characteristic can definitively define life. It also covers scientific classification and nomenclature of organisms.
Biology is the study of living things and is divided into several branches including zoology, botany, and microbiology. It involves studying the characteristics of living things such as nutrition, respiration, reproduction, growth, and response to stimuli. Classification systems group organisms based on similarities, with taxonomy being the science of classification. The main taxonomic units are domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Classification is important for identification, understanding evolutionary relationships, and arranging biological information.
Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living organism and their life processes. It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics that define living things. It discusses the five traits of life - response, movement, organization, reproduction, and growth/development. It also outlines the basic needs of living things like energy, water, oxygen, and minerals. Furthermore, it describes how living things are classified into six kingdoms - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Finally, it discusses viruses and how they differ from living things by being unable to grow or reproduce without a host cell.
This document discusses stimulus-response mechanisms in organisms. It defines key terms like stimulus, response, and coordination. It describes common external and internal stimuli and how organisms coordinate responses through receptors and effectors. Locomotory responses to stimuli are called taxes, including phototaxis, chemotaxis, aerotaxis, etc. Growth responses in plants are called tropisms, like phototropism, geotropism, and hydrotropism. Tropisms are influenced by plant hormones like auxins. The document compares taxes and tropisms, and also discusses nastic responses in plants mediated by changes in turgor pressure.
Biology : Chapter 1 : The Science of Lifepaglinton
This document provides an overview of biology and the classification of living organisms. It discusses:
1. What biology is and defines key terms like organism and biologist.
2. The characteristics of life including cells, nutrition, respiration, excretion, growth, movement, reproduction, sensitivity and adaptability.
3. How Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms into a hierarchy of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species based on their similarities and differences.
Upp Sec Biology: introduction to the discipline of biologypaglinton
This biology textbook introduces upper secondary students to the study of biology through 22 chapters organized into 5 sections. The sections will cover principles of biology like cells and enzymes, maintenance and regulation of life processes such as nutrition, transport, and respiration in humans and plants, continuity of life including reproduction and heredity, and man's relationship with the environment through ecology. Each chapter will focus on a different aspect of the overarching topics to give students an in-depth understanding of biology.
Biology is the scientific study of living things. Key characteristics of living things include cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. There are many branches of biology that study different aspects of life, including anatomy, physiology, botany, zoology, ecology, genetics, and molecular biology. The scientific method is used to systematically study and understand living organisms.
This document provides information about various topics in zoology including:
1) It outlines four main branches of life science - botany, zoology, genetics, and ecology. Zoology is defined as the science dealing with animals and animal life.
2) It then discusses seven key properties of living systems - chemical uniqueness, complexity/hierarchy, reproduction, genetic programs, metabolism, growth/development, and environmental interaction.
3) It provides an overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including its five major concepts of perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection.
4) It describes several types of zoological research including structural, physiological,
The Living World Biology Class notes for NEET preparationMiso Study
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms:
1) Growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness are common characteristics of living things, but metabolism is the defining characteristic as it has no exceptions.
2) Reproduction produces new individuals of the same kind, though some organisms are sterile or infertile.
3) The diversity of living organisms on Earth, known as biodiversity, includes over 1.7-1.8 million currently known and described species of plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabiting different habitats.
This document discusses taxonomy, classification, and diversity in the living world. It begins by defining taxonomy as the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms. Taxonomy establishes rules and procedures for grouping organisms based on their similarities and relationships. There are currently about 1.7-1.8 million known species on Earth. To facilitate study and communication about organisms, scientists have developed a standardized naming system called binomial nomenclature, which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name. This system, introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, is used universally among biologists.
1. The document discusses various characteristics used to define living organisms such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular structure, and consciousness.
2. It describes the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - as proposed by Carl Woese based on analysis of 16S rRNA genes.
3. Taxonomy and systematics are discussed as the scientific study and principles of classifying organisms, including characterization, nomenclature, and classification. Modern taxonomy incorporates various internal and external structural characters as well as ecological and developmental information.
This document provides an overview of diversity in the living world and taxonomy. It discusses key characteristics of living organisms like growth, reproduction, metabolism, consciousness and lifespan. It notes there are over 1.7 million known species, with 1.25 million being animals and 0.5 million being plants. Taxonomy is introduced as the branch of biology dealing with classifying and naming organisms. The basic steps of taxonomy - identification, classification and nomenclature - are outlined. The document also discusses species as the basic unit of classification and the hierarchical taxonomic categories from kingdom to species. Biological classification and rules of scientific naming are also summarized.
This ppt includes the basics of the diversity of the living world. The binomial nomenclature system, stages of taxonomy, and systematics are included in it.
Class 11 Biology introduces students to the foundational concepts of "The Living World." This chapter serves as a gateway to understanding the diversity of life on Earth, exploring the characteristics that define living organisms and the methods used to classify and categorize them. It covers essential topics such as taxonomy, classification hierarchy, binomial nomenclature, and the five-kingdom classification system. Students learn about the significance of biodiversity, the role of systematics in studying evolutionary relationships, and the practical aspects of taxonomic aids like keys, herbaria, and museums. "The Living World" provides a crucial framework for subsequent studies in biology, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of the living organisms that inhabit our planet.
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This document provides an introduction to biology and the characteristics of living organisms. It discusses that all living things share the abilities to grow, reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain homeostasis. It describes how organisms are classified and named through the scientific processes of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature. The key characteristics that define life are then outlined, including organization, metabolism, reproduction, growth and adaptation.
The document provides an overview of the contents of a biology textbook organized into 5 units covering various topics in biology. Unit 1 discusses diversity in the living world, including chapters on the living world, biological classification, plant kingdom, and animal kingdom. The summary provides the high-level structure and scope of the textbook without extensive detail on the document contents.
This document provides information on key concepts in biology related to living organisms. It defines what constitutes a living thing, outlining several key characteristics including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular structure, and consciousness. The document also discusses biodiversity, noting that there are an estimated 1.7 million scientifically named species, with insects making up the largest group of animals. It states that existing species are the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution and that around 15,000 new organisms are discovered each year.
This document discusses various topics related to taxonomy and classification of living organisms. It defines key terms like taxonomy, systematics, nomenclature, and binomial nomenclature. It explains the need for classification and discusses the defining characteristics of living things. The document also outlines some of the basic rules for scientific naming, including the use of Latin names and following the International Codes of Nomenclature.
The document discusses biology and its branches. It begins by defining biology as the study of life, including the structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of living organisms. Modern biology is broad and composed of many branches and subdisciplines, but it is unified by concepts like recognizing the cell as the basic unit of life and evolution as driving the creation of new species. The hierarchy of biological organization extends from atoms to entire biospheres. Some key branches of biology mentioned include anatomy, ecology, genetics, microbiology, and zoology.
1. The document provides an overview of key biological concepts and principles, including the origin of biology from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and scientists like Darwin.
2. It describes several major branches of biology like anatomy, physiology, histology, ecology, and genetics.
3. The properties of life are discussed, including organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and adaptation. Living things share these fundamental characteristics.
20200909-XI-Biology-The Living World-1 of 1-Ppt.pdfallyourneeds8682
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology related to what defines living organisms. It discusses characteristics such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, and cellular organization. It also covers biodiversity, identification, nomenclature, classification, and the binomial nomenclature system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. The document is from a Class XI biology lesson on the living world.
Structural-Functional organization of the CellEneutron
This document discusses the structure and function of cells. It begins with an overview of levels of biological organization from atoms to biomes. It then covers cell structure, including organelles and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure of the cell membrane is described as a fluid mosaic model with phospholipids and embedded proteins that regulate transport. Transport mechanisms across the membrane include passive diffusion and facilitated transport as well as active transport processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and sodium-potassium pumps that require energy.
There is no universally agreed upon definition of life, but most biologists use a list of seven key properties to characterize living things: 1) organization, 2) metabolism, 3) homeostasis, 4) growth, 5) reproduction, 6) response to stimuli, and 7) evolution. While useful, this list does not cover all cases and may need to be revised as new types of living things are discovered. Viruses, prions, and self-replicating RNA pose challenges to defining life.
Cellular processes occur within distinct regions or compartments of cells and interact with each other. Each compartment functions with other parts to create specialized cellular machines. Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization, from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems, with cells becoming dependent on each other. The basic characteristics of life include being made of cells, having different levels of organization, using energy, responding to the environment, growing, reproducing, and adapting.
Cellular processes occur within distinct regions or compartments of cells and interact with each other. Each compartment functions with other parts to create specialized cellular machines. Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to whole organisms. Cells group into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and organ systems into whole multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms consist of single cells, while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that depend on each other.
One can easily avail of assignment help for any assessment related to biology. Biology is a branch of science that further includes 4 sub-disciplines that are discussed in later slides.
Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions. The document outlines the definition of biology, its major divisions (botany, zoology, microbiology), and branches such as anatomy, physiology, genetics, and molecular biology. It also discusses how biology relates to other sciences like physics, chemistry, mathematics, and discusses levels of biological organization from atoms to ecosystems. Finally, it notes how the Quran instructs humans to study and reveal knowledge about the origins and characteristics of life.
Similar to CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample ebook (20)
JEE Main Advanced 12 Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also download sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
JEE Main Advanced 11 Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also download sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
JEE Main Advanced 11 & 12th Sample ebookMiso Study
JEE Main Advanced 11 & 12th Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also download sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
JEE Main 12 Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
JEE Main 11&12 Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
JEE Chemistry Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 12 PCM Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
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CBSE Class 11 PCB Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
1. The document discusses taxonomy, which is the scientific classification of living organisms. It involves identifying organisms, assigning scientific names, and grouping organisms hierarchically into taxonomic categories like species, genus, family, order, class, and kingdom.
2. The key taxonomic categories are explained, with species being the basic unit and kingdom being the highest category. Binomial nomenclature, which assigns each species a two-part scientific name, is also introduced.
3. The importance of taxonomy is discussed, noting that it allows for the study of Earth's biodiversity and the identification of the millions of known living organisms.
CBSE Class 11 and 12 PCM Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
CBSE Class 11 and 12 PCB Sample ebook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
- The document discusses the structure of the atom, beginning with John Dalton's model of indivisible atoms and progressing to modern atomic structure based on experiments like Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
- It describes subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up atoms, and models of atomic structure proposed by scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and Moseley.
- Key aspects of atomic structure covered include the Bohr model of electron orbits, calculation of orbital radii and velocities, and the relationship between potential energy, kinetic energy and total energy of electrons in atoms.
CBSE Class 10th Sample eBook, which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
This document discusses various concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion can be uniform or non-uniform. Uniform motion occurs when an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
2. Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object, as opposed to distance which is the total path length covered.
3. Speed-time and distance-time graphs can be used to represent and analyze motion. The slope of speed-time graphs gives acceleration and areas under the graphs relate to displacement.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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01. Introduction
Ÿ Biology; Bios = life, Logos = Study, means study of life is biology.
Ÿ “Biology is the science of life forms and living processes”
Ÿ Systematic and monumental description of life forms made human to make a detailed
system of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms i.e. Taxonomy.
Ÿ Hence the study of identification, nomenclature and identification is called taxonomy.
Ÿ All the organisms have been evolved by a very long and complex process of evolution, so
they all are related to each other by sharing of some common genetic material but up to
varying degrees. This sharing may be less or more among different cases..
Ÿ When human came to know this fact then he humbled and led to cultural movements for
conservation of biodiversity.
Ÿ Sharing of common characters was also proved when human studied the similarities among
living organisms both horizontally and vertically.
Ÿ The living world is full of amazing diversity of living organisms.
Ÿ The diversity of habitats of organisms is also very vast and amazing.
Ÿ This diversity makes us deeply reflect on “What indeed is life” ? This question actually
asks to solve two problems.
(i) First is a technical → What living is as opposed to the non living means Living v/s Non
living.
(ii) Second is a philosophical one → what the purpose of life is?
As scientists we will try to solve the first question, because the second question is more
related to philosophy rather science.
02. Characters of Living Organism
Following are the main characters of “living”-
GROWTH
REPRODUCTION Not the defining properties/characters/features
METABOLISM
CELLULARORGANISATION
CONSCIOUSNESS
Defining properties/characters/features
The character which has no exception is called as defining property of life.
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Growth
Ÿ Increase in mass or overall size of a tissue or organism or its parts is called growth.
Ÿ Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals are twin characters of growth.
Ÿ Growth is an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an
individual cell.
Ÿ Growth is of two types :
(a) Intrinsic growth :- This growth is from inside of the body of living organisms.
(b) Extrinsic growth :- This growth is from outside i.e. accumulation of material on any body
surface Non living exhibts this type of growth.
Ÿ Growth is of two types :
(a) Indeterminate growth = Unlimited growth → Growth which occurs continuously
throughout their life span is indeterminate growth or unlimited growth. It occurs in plants
and not in animals.
(b) Determinate growth = Limited growth → Growth which occurs only up to a certain age
is determinate growth or Limited growth. It occurs in animals. However, cell division
occurs in certain tissues to replace lost cells.
Ÿ In majority of higher plants and animals, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive
events.
Ÿ Because both living and nonliving exhibit growth so it can not be taken as defining
property.
Ÿ Growth from inside (intrinsic growth) can be taken as defining property.
Reproduction
Reproduction is one of the fundamental characteristics of living organisms. It can be defined
as the production of new individuals of same kind by the grown up individuals. It is
characteristic exhibited by living organisms which can produce new young ones of their own
kind. There are two modes of reproduction ― asexual and sexual.
Ÿ In lower organisms like yeasts and Hydra, budding takes place in which new individuals
are produced by the formation of an outgrowth known as ‘bud’.
Ÿ Fragmentation is another mode of asexual reproduction, as in this, body of an organism
(parent body) breaks up into two or more parts (known as fragments) each of which
grows into a new individual. It is also quite common in filamentous algae, fungus,
bryophytes (at protonema stage which occurs during life cycle in mosses).
Ÿ Planaria (flat worms) exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate its lost body parts
completely (which is known as true regeneration).
Metabolism :
Ÿ The sum total all the chemical reactions occuring in our body is metabolism.
Ÿ All living organisms, both unicellular and multicellular exhibit metabolism.
Ÿ No non-living object shows metabolism.
Ÿ In this way metabolism is a defining character of living organisms because it has no
exceptions.
Ÿ Now we have known most of the chemical or metabolic reactions occuring in our body so
we can demonstrate many of them in a cell free medium or in a test tube in lab..
Ÿ The isolated metabolic reaction outside the body of an organism, performed in a test tube
(in-vitro) is neither living nor nonliving.
Ÿ These isolated reaction can be regarded as living things, but they are definitely living
reactions because they are similar to the reactions performing in our body.
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Ÿ Here we should not forget the fact that metabolism is the total sum of all the chemical
reactions performing in our body, it is not the sum of few or more living reactions.
Ÿ All organisms are made of small or big chemicals perform thousands of reactions and form
some other chemicals also in the bodies of living organisms.
Consciousness
Ÿ Most obvious and technically complicated feature of all living organism. All living
organisms are able to detect changes, i.e., sense their surroundings and can also respond to
them. This is known as sensitivity which is defined as the ability to detect changes in the
environment and to give response towards it accordingly. Any change that can be detected
by an organism is called stimulus. This can be physical (like intensity, duration, direction
of light, sound, change in temperature, duration of day length, i.e., photoperiod, etc.),
chemical (like acids, pollutants, etc.) or biological (like other organisms).
03. Diversity In The Living World
Ÿ We consider vast areas like forest, desert, plateau etc. we find that number and kinds of
living organisms increase many folds. These different kinds of plants, animals and other
organisms are referred to as ‘Biodiversity’ of this earth.
Ÿ Biodiversity is the number and various kinds of organisms found on earth. It stands for the
variability found among living organisms inhabiting this world.
Ÿ Biodiversity (Greek word bios = life; diversity = forms) or biological diversity can be
defined as the vast array of species of microorganisms, algae, fungi, plants, animals
occuring on the earth either in the terrestrial or aquatic habitats and the ecological
complexes of which they are a part.
Ÿ According to IUCN (International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural resources),
currently known and described species of all organisms are between 1.7-1.8 million. These
millions of plants, animals and other organisms in the world cannot be recognised, studied
or described by an individual on its own.
Ÿ There is need to standardize the names of all living organisms after proper identification, in
order to study such diverse life forms. Therefore, for better understanding of biodiversity
scientists have established a definite system of principles, procedures and terms which
identifies, categories and assigns specific name to each and every organism known to us.
Such systems are acceptable to all biologists all over the world.
Ÿ The scientific need for simple, stable and internationally accepted systems for naming the
living organisms of the world has generated, a process called “Nomenclature”. And, before
assigning a specific name to an organism, one should determine or know its kind or
features correctly, so that one can identify it in each every part of the world. This is
known as “Identification”
04. Taxonomy
Ÿ This word was proposed by A.P. De Candolle in his book “Theories elementaire de la
botanique” (Theory of elementary botany)
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Ÿ Taxonomy includes study of following 4 points
Characterization - Identification of character
Identification - Identification of living organisms
Nomenclature - Nomenclature of living organisms
Classification - Classification of living organisms in groups
05. Systematics
(i) The term “Systematics” was pro posed by Linnaeus. The word systematics is derived
from the latin word “systema” which means systematic arrangement of organisms.
(ii) According to G. Simpson : Systematics is the study of diversity of organisms and all
their comparative and evolutionary relationship.
NOTE ☞ It includes description of external morphological characters of plants of living
organisms.
eg. Morphological characters of Root, Stem, Leaves, Flowers.
06. New Systematics or Neosystematics or Biosystematics
Ÿ Neo-systematics – A new branch – Name given by Julian Huxley (1940)
Ÿ It includes description of all the characters (external + internal)
e.g. Anatomical characters, Histological characters, Embryological characters, Identical
characters
Ÿ It is used to know the inter-relationship between living organisms.
NOTE ☞ New systematics is mainly based on evolutionary as well as genetic relationship as
compared to morphological characters.
07. Types of Taxonomy
Ÿ Alpha taxonomy or classical taxonomy : It is based on external morphology of plants.
Ÿ Bete taxonomy or Explorative taxonomy : Besides external morphology it also includes
internal characters like embryological, cryological, anatomical characters etc.
Ÿ Omega taxonomy or Encyclopaedic taxonomy : Omega taxonomy have widest scope. It is
based on all the information or data available about plants.
Ÿ Chemotaxonomy : The uses of chemical characters of plants in classification or in solving
taxonomic problems is called chemotaxonomy or chemical taxonomy. It is based on the
chemical constituents of plants. The fragrance and taste vary from species to species. The
basic chemical compounds used in chemotaxonomy are alkaloids, carotenoides, tannins,
polysaccharide, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, aromatic compounds etc.
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Ÿ Cytotaxonomy : The use of cytological characters of plants in classification or in solving
taxonomic problems is called cytotaxonomy. Cytological data have been used in many cases
to find out the affinities among genera.
Ÿ Karyotaxonomy : Based on characters of nucleus and chromosomes. Pattern of chromosomal
bands (dark bands and light bands) is most specific character.
Ÿ Alpha taxonomy or classical taxonomy : It is based on external morphology of plants.
Ÿ Bete taxonomy or Explorative taxonomy : Besides external morphology it also includes
internal characters like embryological, cryological, anatomical characters etc.
Ÿ Omega taxonomy or Encyclopaedic taxonomy : Omega taxonomy have widest scope. It is
based on all the information or data available about plants.
Ÿ Chemotaxonomy : The uses of chemical characters of plants in classification or in solving
taxonomic problems is called chemotaxonomy or chemical taxonomy. It is based on the
chemical constituents of plants. The fragrance and taste vary from species to species. The
basic chemical compounds used in chemotaxonomy are alkaloids, carotenoides, tannins,
polysaccharide, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, aromatic compounds etc.
Ÿ Cytotaxonomy : The use of cytological characters of plants in classification or in solving
taxonomic problems is called cytotaxonomy. Cytological data have been used in many cases
to find out the affinities among genera.
Ÿ Karyotaxonomy : Based on characters of nucleus and chromosomes. Pattern of chromosomal
bands (dark bands and light bands) is most specific character.
Ÿ Adansonian system or Phenetic Classification or Numerical Classification.
v Proposed by “Sokel and Sneath”
v In it plants are classified on the basis of number of similarities and dissimilarities.
v In this, importance to any one character is not given, all characters have same
importance.
While in natural classification floral characters have importance than morphological
characters.
08. Significance of Taxonomy
Ÿ Most significant feature is identification of living organism.
Ÿ With the help of taxonomy diversity of living being can be studied easily.
Ÿ Maximum diversity of living beings are found in tropical rain forests. These forest have
heavy rain fall through out the year. In India maximum tropical rain forest are found in
Andaman & Nicobar and in all eastern states (Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal etc.)
Ÿ At present, 300 lakh (30 million) type of living organism are found on our earth.
Ÿ 17 lakh (1.7 million) type of living organism have been discovered till now.
Ÿ Out of them 12 lakh types are animal and 5 lakh types are plants.
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09. Taxonomic Category
Classification is not a single step process but involves heirarchy of steps in which each step
represent a rank or category.
Ÿ Species :
Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organism with fundamental similarities as
a species. One should be able to distinguish one species from the other closely related
species based on the distinct morphological difference.
Ÿ Genus :
Genus comperises a group of related species which has more characters in common in
comparison to species of other genera.
Ÿ Family :
Family has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to
genus and species. Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative and
reproductive feature of plant species.
For example :Three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are included in family
solanaceae.
Ÿ Order :
Order being a higher category is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar
character.
For example : Plant families like convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order
polymoniales mainly based on the floral characters.
Ÿ Class :
Class includes organism of related orders having less similarities than orders.
Ÿ Division :
Division includes all organisms belonging to different classes having a few common
characters. There 7 main taxonomic categories. They are obligate or essential or broad
categories i.e. they are strictly used at the time of any plant classification. There are some
extra or sub categories, like sub division, sub order, sub family, etc. They are used only
when they are needed.
Biggest group → Kingdom
Division/Phylum
Class
Order - Cohort
Family
Genus
Species
v The classification of any plant or animal is written in descending or ascending order.
v Hierarchy – Descending or ascending arrangement of taxonomic categories is known as
hierarchy.
v Species : Smallest taxonomic category → It is basic unit of classification.
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10. Nomenclature
Ÿ Polynomical system :
v According to this system name of any plant consists of many words.
v For eg. Caryophyllum → Caryophyllum saxatilis folis gramineus umbellatis corymbis
v Based of morphology mainly
Ÿ Trinomical system :
v Proposed by Lamarck.
v According to this system name of any plant or species is composed of three names-
Ÿ Generic name
Ÿ Specific epithet
Ÿ Subspecific name (Name of variety)
v When members of any species have large variations then trinomial system is used.
v On the basis of dissimilarities this species is classified into sub species. eg.
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (Cauliflower)
Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage)
Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa (Knol-Khol)
Ÿ Binomial system :
v Binomial system was first proposed by Gaspard Bauhin in his book -“Pinax Theatre
Botanica”
v Carolus Linnaeus : Linnaeus used this nomenclature system for the first time on large
scale and proposed scientific name of all the plants and animals.
v Linnaeus is the founder of binomial system.
v Linnaeus proposed scientific name of plants in his book “Species Plantarum”
v It was published on 1 May, 1753. So this was the initiation of binomial system for
plants.
v So any name proposed (for plants) before this date is not accepted today.
v Linnaeus proposed scientific name of animals in his book “Systema Naturae” (10th
edition).
v This 10th
edition of Systema Naturae was first published on 1 August, 1758.
v So initiation of binomial system for animals is believed to be started on 1 August,
1758.
11. ICBN
Ÿ Main rules of ICBN :
v According to binomial system name of any species consists of two components or
words.
Ÿ Generic name Name of genus
Ÿ Specific epithet
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e.g. Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Mangifera indica (Mango)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Generic name Specific epithet Generic name Specific epithet
v In plant nomenclature (ICBN) tautonyms are not valid i.e. generic name and specific
epithet should not be same in plants.
eg. Mangifera mangifera
But tautonyms are valid in animal nomenclature (ICZN-International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature)
eg. Naja naja (Indian cobra), Rattus rattus (Rat)
v First letter of generic name should be in capital letter and first letter of specific epithet
should be in small letter.
eg. Mangifera indica
v But if specific epithet is based on the name of any person, its first letter should be in
capital letter.
eg. Isoetes pantii
v When written with free hand or typed, then generic name and specific epithet should
be separately underlined.
But during printing name should be in italics to indicate their latin orgin.
v Name of scientist (who proposed nomenclature) should be written in short after the
specific epithet.
eg. Mangifera indica Linn.
v Name of scientist should be neither underlined nor in italics, but written in Roman
letters (simple alphabets)
v Sciectific names should be derived from Latin (usually) or Greek languages because
they are dead languages.
v Type specimen (Herbarium Sheet) of newly discovered plant should be placed in
herbarium (Dry garden).
12. Classification
According to “A.P. de Candolle”, Classification is of two types
(i) Empirical Classification (ii) Rational Classification
Ÿ Empirical Classification :
v In this type, the actual nature or character of plants is not considered.
v Plants are classified on the basis of their alphabetical order.
v In this way plants are classified into 26 groups.
Ÿ Rational Classification
In this classification, plants are classified on the basis of their actual character or nature
i.e. by viewing the characters.
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13. Taxonomical Aids
Ÿ Accurate classification and identification of organisms is required which needs field studies
and intensive laboratory work. This is done after collection of actual specimens of plants
and animal species which is the primary source of all taxonomic studies.
Ÿ Hence, these taxonomical studies help in
Fundamental study of different living organisms.
Also aid in their systematic study.
Information gathered is stored with specimens for future studies.
Herbarium
Ÿ It is defined as “store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and
preserved on sheets”. Further, these sheets are arranged in the sequence of a universally
accepted system of classification.
Ÿ Such herbaria serve as quick source of reference in taxonomical studies. It also provides
information about the local flora as well as flora of distant areas. This information is also
useful in locating wild varieties and relatives of economically important plants.
List of some Herbaria of the world :
(i) Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (England)
(ii) Central National Herbarium, Calcutta
14. Botanical Gardens
Botanical garden is an institution located in an enclosed piece of land which grows numerous
kinds of plants obtained from different places for botanical studies. Each plant is first
identified and then labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
List of some Botanical Gardens
(i) Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (England)
(ii) National Botanica Garden, Lucknow
(iii) Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah
(iv) Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling
15. Museum
Ÿ Museum is a place used for storing, preservation and exhibition of both plants and
animals. All educational institutes and universities maintain museums in their Botany and
Zoology departments.
Ÿ A commonly used preservative solutions is “Formalin”. Plants and animals specimen may
also be preserved as dry specimens. For instances, insects are collected, killed and pinned
before preserving them in special insect boxes while larger animals like reptiles, birds
and mammals are usually stuffed and then preserved.
Ÿ National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) in Delhi is important from natural science
point of view.
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16. Zoological Parks
Ÿ Zoological parks commonly known as zoos are the places where live wild animals are
kept in protected environment which is made similar to their natural habitats as much as
possible. Here, they are provided with protection and care by human beings.
Ÿ These parks serve as ideal means to study and learn different food habits and behaviour
of variety of animals. So, students should visit nearby zoos for knowledge and
entertainment both.
Ÿ National Zoological Park (Delhi) is one of the finest zoos of Asia.
17. Key
Ÿ Key is an important taxonomic aid used for identification of plants and animals based on
the similarities and dissimilarities. Actually, it is a set of alternate characters of different
types arranged sequence wise in such a fashion that by selection and elimination one can
quickly find out the name of the organism.
Ÿ The keys are based on the set of contrasting characters generally in a pair known as
“couplet”. Each character of the couplet or statement in the key is called as “lead”.
Ÿ One has to choose correct option between two statements of characters of definite species
so that the animal or plant is identified accurately. Keys are generally analytical in nature.
18. Flora, Manuals, Monographs and Catalogues
Ÿ These flora, manuals, monographs, etc. are recorded descriptions of plants, animals and
other organisms. They provide correct identification and description of variety of living
organisms.
v Flora : It is a book containing information about plants found in a particular area. It
gives the actual account of habitat and distribution of various plants of a given area.
These provide the index to the plant species found in a particular area. For example,
Flora of Delhi by J.K. Maheshwari.
v Manual : It is a book containing complete listing and description of the plants growing
in a particular area. They provide useful information for identification of names of
various species found in an area.
v Monograph : It contains information of any one taxon.
v Catalogue : It include the alphabetical arrangement of species of a particular place
describing their features.
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CBSE Exam Pattern Exercise
Subjective Questions (1)
(Q1 to 3) One Mark
1. Write the correct order of sequence of taxonomical categories.
2. What do you mean by chemotaxonomy?
3. Define genus
(Q4 to 6) Two Marks
4. Elaborate about keys as one of taxonomical aids?
5. What is classical taxonomy and modern taxonomy?
6. What is meant by living ? Give any four defining features of all life forms.
(Q7 to 8) Three Marks
7. What are taxonomical aids? Give importance of herbaria & mueseums . How are botanical gardens
and zoological parks useful in conserving biodiversity?
8. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception. Isolated metabolic
reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions. Comment
(Q9 to 10) Five Marks
9. ICBN has provided a code for classification of plants. Give hierarchy of units of classification
botanists follow while classifying plants.
10.What is binomial system of nomenclature? Who proposed this system? Why is binomial
nomenclature the most acceptable mode of naming organism?
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Answer & Solution
Q1
Species→genus → family → order → class → Phylum → kingdom
Q2
Chemotaxonomy is based on the presence or absence of certain chemicals in cells or tissues.
Q3
Terms ’Genus was coined by Tournefort. Genera are the aggregates of closely related species. For
example, Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and brinjal (Solanum nigrum)
are three diff
Q4
It is a taxonomical aid used for the identification of plants and animals. The keys are based on the
paired contrasting characters called as couplet. It represent two alternate forms of a given character.
Keys are generally of two types
(i) Indented or yoked keys It has a sequence of forms of different characters.
(ii) Bracketed keys It includes one pair of contrasting statements for a given characters.
Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and
species for identification purposes.
Q5
1. Classical Taxonomy deals with morphospecies. Modern Taxonomy deals with biological species.
2. Classical Taxonomy has typological concept. Modern Taxonomy has a population or biosystematic
concept.
3. In Classical taxonomy, species is considered to be static. In moder taxonomy, species is
considered to be dynamic.
4. Classical taxonomy does not study evolution and inter-relationships of species. Modern Taxonomy
studies premitiveness, advancement and inter-relationships of specoes.
Q6
The living organism exhibit distinctive characteristics, which are as follows (i) Growth All living
organisms grow in size as well as in number. Plants show growth all through their life whereas
animals up to a certain growth period after which growth ceases. (ii) Reproduction The process of
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reproduction is essential for the continuity of life on earth. Every organism whether unicellular or
multicellular gives rise to an individual of its own kind. Lower organisms usually reproduce
asexually, e.g.. Hydra, fungi, yeast, etc. Sexual reproduction is found in advanced group of
organisms, which involves two parents. In Amoeba growth and reproduction however is
synonymous. (iii) Metabolism There are thousands of enzymatic ally controlled reactions occurring
in all living cells. These are synthesizing (anabolic) and breaking down (catabolic) reactions. Hence,
it is the most important characteristic of living organisms. (iv) Response to stimuli Consciousness
and response to stimulus is the defining property of all living organisms. Plants respond to light,
water temperature. Unicellular organisms also sense their environment and respond accordingly. (v)
Cellular organization The cellular organization of the body is the defining feature of life forms.
Cells work together in hierarchical manner group of cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs
make systems, systems when work in co-ordination form an individual. So, we can say living
organisms are self replicating, evolving and capable of responding to external stimuli.
Q7
The taxonomic aids are the aids which help in identification, classification and naming of a newly
discovered organisms (plant or animal). It could be in the form of preserved document like herbaria
or specimen kept at museums or scientific institutions. Other aids can be in the form of written
document like monograph ,taxonomic keys, couplets, etc. A new organism found can be studied
while comparing it with living plants and animals living in protected areas like Botanical gardens,
Zoological parks, etc. Botanical gardens helps in conservation of plants by (i) Growing important
local plant species and keeping record of them. (ii) Growing and maintaining rare and endangered
species. (iii) Supplying seeds for different, aspects of botanical research. Whereas zoological parks
also contribute in conserving biodiversity by (i) Providing natural environment and open space to
animals, i.e., wild life species. (ii) Keeping them safe from their predators ensuring protection, food
and shelter. (iii) Providing home to different native and exotic wild animals. (iv) Involving in the
rescue of endangered species. (v) Facilitating breeding of animals and releasing them free. Thus,
both botanical gardens and zoological parks play an important role in conservation ofbiodiversity.
Q8
All living organisms are made of chemicals which belong to various classes and have different
sizes and functions. In the cells, these chemicals are constantly being made and changed into
some other biomolecules. These conversions or chemical reactions taking place in the body are
collectively known as metabolism. All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism.
Non-living objects do not exhibit metabolism. So we can say metabolism is a defining feature of
all living organisms without exception.
Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in a test-tube. A metabolic reaction
preformed in a test-tube (in vitro) is neither living nor non-living but surely living reaction.
Q9
The study of taxonomy has led to the taxonomic categories – Kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, and species. Now let us see how all the organisms are classified into the hierarchy.
Species
It is the lowest level of classification and shows the high level of similarities among the organisms. One
species can be distinguished from other closely related species based on distinct differences in
morphology. Let us look at an example; Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum – Both are
malaria-causing parasites but have different effects on a patient. Plasmodium is the name of the genus and
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has a number of species which show distinct morphological characteristics.
Genus
This taxonomic group comprises several species which have similar characteristics but different from that of species
from another genus. Considering the same example of Plasmodium, it is a genius with multiple species which are
similar to each other and differs from the species of another genus.
Family
This category of taxonomy includes various genus which shares some resemblance among
themselves. However, the number of similarities decrease compared to species and genus. For
example, the genus of tiger, leopard, lion, i.e., Panthera and the genus of cats i.e., Felis are
grouped together in the family Felidae.
Order
The classification which begins with the order has fewer comparisons as an effect, they are grouped
based on aggregates of characteristics. A group of families showing somewhat few similarities forms
an order. For example, the order of carnivores i.e., Carnivore includes families like Felidae and
Canidae.
Class
A group of Orders which share a few similarities forms a Class. For example- Orders of primates
and carnivores are grouped together in the Class of mammals.
Phylum
This is the next level of classification was along a number of Classes are clubbed up to form one
Phylum. Example – aves, fishes, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians combined to form the phylum
of or Chordata.
Kingdom
This is the highest level of classification. We have Kingdoms like Plantae, Animalia, Fungi,
Protista, and Monera.
Q10
Binomial nomenclature, introduced by Carolus Linnaeus is the method of naming an organism with
the genus name first and species name later.
Conventions followed while naming
*Name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
*Name of the species should begin with a small letter.
*Scientific name should be in Italics when printed.
*Genus name and the species name should be underlined separately while handwritten.
The advantages of scientific over common names are that they are accepted by speakers of all
languages, that each name applies only to one species, and that each species has only one name.