This document provides an overview of cell biology concepts. It defines key word parts related to cells and discusses some early scientists who studied cells, including van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Brown, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. It also summarizes the cell theory developed by these scientists. The document then describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - and compares some of their characteristics. Finally, it discusses various cell transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and concentration gradients.

1. Word Parts
• Cyto – cell
• Plasm – jelly like substance
• Plast – storage area
• Leuco – white
• Chloro – green
• Chromo – colored
• Multi/Poly – many
• Mono/Uni – one
Old (Pro, Eu, Kary, ology)

2. The Cell
Cells are the basic units of life

3. Scientists
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek created the first
single-lens microscope and observed pond
water that revealed the world of
microorganisms
• Robert Hooke in 1665 created the word
“Cell” by using a compound microscope to
observe cork & stated that the cork looked
like thousands of tiny, empty chambers.

4. Robert Brown discovered the nucleus

5. Matthias Schleiden (Botanist - plants)
Theodor Schwann (Zoologist - animals)
Rudolph Virchow (Pathologist - disease)

6. • These 3 worked together to come up with
the cell theory.

7. The Cell Theory states:
1. All living things are composed of
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of living
things.
3. New cells are only produced from
existing cells. (Theory)

8. Two Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotes – The
largest group of
unicellular organisms
because they include
bacteria & are found in
all types of
environments.
2. Eukaryotes –
contains a Nucleus
where DNA is stored

9. Prokaryotes
–No Nucleus
–DNA centrally concentrated
–No membrane-bound organelles
–Generally smaller & simpler
–Earliest type of cell (4 billion years ago)
–Example: Bacteria (E. coli)

10. – Escherichia coli
Peptidoglycan
Cell
Membrane
Ribosomes
PiliDNAFlagellum
Cell
Wall

11. Eukaryotes
• Larger & more complex
• DNA enclosed in a nucleus
• Contains many organelles
• Highly specialized
• Appeared later (1 billion years ago)
• Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungi,
and Protists

12. Movement of Cells
• Flagella – long, usually singular tail-like
structure
– Example: Sperm
• Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like structure
– Example: Human Egg

13. Plant and Animal Cell Differences
1. Animals have centrioles while plants have a cell plate
for division
2. Plants have a chloroplast used for photosynthesis
3. Animals do not have a cell wall
4. Vacuoles are much larger in Plants
Organelles – general term for all cell parts

15. Animal or Plant ?

16. Word Parts
Tonic – Concentration
Hyper – High
Hypo – Low
Iso – Same/equal
Exo – Exit/outside
Endo – In/inside
Phago – Eat
Pino – Drink
Osis- Process
Hydro – Water
Philic – Loving
Phobic - Scared

17. Cell Transport
Concentration Gradient – a change in
concentrations where particles move
against the gradient (LowHigh) and
with the gradient (HighLow)
Mountain Drawing:

18. 2 Types of Gradients:
1. Active Transport – requires energy to
move against the gradient (LH)
2. Passive Transport – requires no energy
and travels down the gradient (HL)

19. 3 Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion - random movement of particles from
HL
» Air Freshener Demo
1. Facilitated Diffusion – movement of materials
across the cell membrane using transport proteins
» Worksheet Drawings
1. Osmosis – diffusion of water across the cell
membrane depending on concentrations
(Hypertonic, Hypotonic, & Isotonic)
» Egg Demo

20. Factors Affecting Diffusion
• Food Coloring Demo
– Solute – gets dissolved (less)
– Solvent – dissolving agent (water-most common)
– Solution – mixture when solute is evenly
distributed in the solvent
– Factors that affect the rate of diffusion –
concentration, movement, and heat

21. 3 Types of Concentrations
• Potato Experiment
1. Hypertonic – High concentration of substances
outside of cell causing it to shrink (Sugar or
Salt Water)
2. Hypotonic – Low concentration of substances
outside of cell causing it to swell and possibly
burst (Pure Water)
3. Isotonic – Equal concentrations inside and
outside of the cell causing the cell to stay the
same size.

22. Equalibrium
• A state of balance between opposing
forces
• Every concentration is trying to reach
Equalibrium

23. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis is the process of taking material into
the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the
cell membrane
» Pinocytosis – liquids entering cell
» Phagocytosis – solids entering cell
Exocytosis is the release of large amounts of
material from the cell