Publication bias refers to a phenomenon in scientific reporting whereby authors are more likely to submit and journal editors are more likely to publish studies with “positive” results (i.e. results showing a significant finding) than studies with “negative” (i.e. supporting the null hypothesis) or unsupportive results.
Due to such a bias, important—albeit negative—results (e.g., a study showing that a new treatment is ineffective) may never reach the larger scientific community.
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
This presentation is to assist students and graduates in conducting an academic literature review, with step by step help, including some tips for academic reading and writing.
An overview on doing a literature review for a mutli-disciplinary professionals (physicians, engineers, and IT) covering some tips & tricks on organization (using Papers Software for literature files management, MindMapping for Literature Mapping, EndNote for bibliography program). It shows some examples of Citation Maps from Web of Science.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
This presentation shows the best way of writing the discussion part of your dissertation. For more help, you can refer to this article and to our writing service. https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-discussion-for-dissertation
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Science is ever evolving, and replication studies and negative findings play a major role in helping science grow. But journals are not always open to publishing these. What role do replication studies play in scientific discovery? And how does publishing negative results help further the cause of science? View this presentation to learn more.
Are there biases in the world of scientific publication? Indeed, one comes across biases in the publishing industry such as publication bias, time lag bias, multiple publication bias, location bias, citation bias, language bias, outcome reporting bias, confirmatory bias, and funding bias. This tutorial briefly explains what each of these biases is and how you can address them. Additionally, the SlideShare will enlighten you about the causes and effects of these biases, and why you should proactively oppose such prejudices.
An overview on doing a literature review for a mutli-disciplinary professionals (physicians, engineers, and IT) covering some tips & tricks on organization (using Papers Software for literature files management, MindMapping for Literature Mapping, EndNote for bibliography program). It shows some examples of Citation Maps from Web of Science.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
This presentation shows the best way of writing the discussion part of your dissertation. For more help, you can refer to this article and to our writing service. https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/writing-a-discussion-for-dissertation
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Science is ever evolving, and replication studies and negative findings play a major role in helping science grow. But journals are not always open to publishing these. What role do replication studies play in scientific discovery? And how does publishing negative results help further the cause of science? View this presentation to learn more.
Are there biases in the world of scientific publication? Indeed, one comes across biases in the publishing industry such as publication bias, time lag bias, multiple publication bias, location bias, citation bias, language bias, outcome reporting bias, confirmatory bias, and funding bias. This tutorial briefly explains what each of these biases is and how you can address them. Additionally, the SlideShare will enlighten you about the causes and effects of these biases, and why you should proactively oppose such prejudices.
Scientists need to emphasize the innovation and implications of their work if it is to be published. Yet, they face pressures to exaggerate and distort the medical and public health implications of their findings, from institutions, high impact journals seeking immediate media attention, and from the media. If they are to behave responsibly, they must resist such pressures, and instead adopt and encourage responsible reporting practices.
This is the presentation I made to the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Research in the Media workshop for Latin American journalists in Guadalajara on November 8, 2011. It is step-by-step advice about things to consider about each of the 10 criteria we apply to the review of health care news stories about treatments, tests, products & procedures.
Difference between cohort, cross sectional and case control study - Scientifi...Pubrica
In Brief:
1. Cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort studies are collectively known as observational studies.
2. Observations and not interventions are carried out by the investigator.
3. This will act as a quick reference table for researchers and authors.
4. This blog tries to discuss each of the observational studies methods laying emphasis on what their strengths and weaknesses are by comparing them.
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Advice to junior researchers: High or low road to success?James Coyne
A presentation from the International Psycho-Oncology Society Conference in Rotterdam invited by the IPOS Early Career Professionals Special Interest Group.
What are the study limitations, and how should they be stated.pptxPubricahealthcare
Journal Selection and Recommendation with wide variety of services such as Journal Selection, Assistance with publication planning and Journal Submission, Peer Review, Resubmissions and Responses to Reviewers comments, Formatting Services, Artwork preparation.
DUE 1162017 10 P.M ESTTHIS IS A 4 PART HIV SPSS PROJECT. ATTAC.docxsagarlesley
DUE 11/6/2017 10 P.M EST
THIS IS A 4 PART HIV SPSS PROJECT. ATTACHED IS THE PREVIOUS PARTS. PLEASE READ IT ALL. WHEN YOU GENERATE IT, I’M SURE IT WILL BE A LITTLE DIFFERENT BUT THAT’S O.K.. THE ANALYSIS IS ALSO ATTACHED.
For your Final Project submission, you have the opportunity to share the significance of your results in the practice of public health. With your disease and data in mind, integrate instructor and peer feedback you have received throughout the course, in completing your statistical analyses.
The Assignment: (7 PAGES)
· Section I: Introduction (3 pages)
· Brief description of your identified disease
· Summary of other studies that directly relate to your identified disease outcome (Note: This is essentially the Literature Review you submitted in Week 6. There is no need to include the Annotated Bibliography as well since it was developed into your Literature Review.)
· Statement of the Problem/Research question
· Written statements for both your null and alternative/research hypothesis
· Brief description of the significance of why this disease is important for examination
·
· Section II: Methodology (1 page)
· Brief description of the study sample
· Description of the data gathering methods for your variables of interest
· Explanation of the types of statistical analyses you conducted and why
·
· Section III: Results (2 PAGES)
· Description of the steps you took to conduct your statistical analyses
· Summary of your statistical findings
· Narrative description
· Tables and graphs (Be careful—too many tables and graphs decreases clarity)
·
· Section IV: Conclusions and Discussion (1 PAGE
· Explanation of your major results (Be sure to answer your research question.)
· If appropriate, report on statistical significance (or not) of your results; including any relationship between your variables of interest.
· Social change implications of your results for the population that was sampled from.
· Suggestions for future research.
· Appendices
· SPSS Codebook
· Syntax Code (step-by-step instructions of how to run the different analyses)
· References
Include 4–6 peer-reviewed resources.
Be sure to follow APA format.
FINAL PROJECT: TOPIC, STATEMENT OF PROBLEM, AND ANNOTATED BIOGRAPHY
(DIRECTIONS) As a public health professional, you may research many areas of interest. For example, in studying how economics affects global health, what variables might you consider? In examining these variables, you may consider the significance of why this issue is essential for analysis.
For this Assignment, you will explore the Final Project dataset provided in the Course Information tab and select one of the following diseases (dependent variables): H.I.V. You will examine the other (independent) variables available in the dataset. They include demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, education, insurance, urban residence, and region), clinical risk factors (i.e., BMI and cholesterol), and behavioral risk factors (i.e. ...
Responding to peer reviewer comments can be a daunting task for most researchers. After spending months on your research project and preparing your manuscript, it is only natural that you will want to avoid making further changes to your paper. However, comments by peer reviewers and are meant to help you improve the qaulity of your manuscript. And the journal will only accept your paper for publication after you have addressed all of the reviewer comments.
This slide deck has 14 tips that will help you confidently and thoroughly address peer reviewers comments.
While writing your research paper, you might often refer to existing work published by other researchers in your field. However, it is extremely important to acknowledge all such sources clearly and completely. Attempting to use the ideas, words, or work of another person, without giving them due credit, is considered extremely unethical and is termed plagiarism.
This slide deck briefly explains 4 common types of plagiarism in academic publishing, how journals detect plagiarism in research papers, and the consequences of plagiarism.
In order for your manuscript to stand out from the other submissions you need to make sure you have everything right. Make sure the IMRaD structure as well as the submission requirements are fulfilled. Follow this checklist to make sure you have everything in place before you submit your paper.
In Part 1 of the Authorship series, we discussed criteria that will help you determine whether a particular contributor qualifies to be an author of your research paper. If you are submitting a multi-author paper, once you have ascertained the authors of your paper, how should you decide on the order in which these author names should be included? In this slide deck, we will discuss the basis on which you should list authors on your paper, who qualifies to be the first author, and how the remaining authors of your paper should be listed.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials.
2017 was a very eventful year for everyone in the academic publishing industry. The year witnessed many significant trend-setting changes and new practices, keeping many of us on our toes.
we interviewed many thought leaders in the scholarly industry to get a sense of their views on these trends and changes. In this SlideShare presentation, we bring you extracts from their interviews and advice that they shared to help you.
Many researchers hesitate to publish open access (OA) for a variety of reasons. This reluctance to submit to OA journals and make research freely accessible could be triggered by several existing misconceptions about OA. In order to choose a legitimate OA journal, authors must be able to differentiate between reliable OA journals and the predatory ones.
This presentation will list a set of questions that authors can ask themselves before choosing an OA journal to submit their papers. These questions will indicate the authenticity of the concerned journal.
A cover letter is the first point of contact between you and the target journal's editors. As such, your cover letter functions as a sales pitch to the journal editors. In other words, you cover letter needs to sell the notion of why your manuscript deserves to be published in and how it matches the scope of the target journal.
This presentation will tell you everything you need to know to write a great cover letter for your submission. This includes:
1. What is a cover letter?
2. Differences between a cover letter and a title page
3. Why are cover letters important?
4. Basic information a cover letter should contain
5. Additional details you could include
6. References for further reading
Presenting at an academic conference is an essential and inevitable part of a researcher's life. In order to make a successful and effective conference presentation, knowing your research paper in its entirety is not enough. You must also be well-prepared in terms of of public speaking factors such as observing time limits, making eye contact, engaging the audience, etc. This Slideshare will equip you with 9 tips to help you effectively communicate your research at your next academic conference.
Traditional Medicine (TM) has been subject to substantial debate with regard to the ethics governing research in this area. The controversies have generally revolved around the unreasonable harvesting of medicinal plants, ethical accountability of researchers towards local knowledge holders and the credibility of TM as a complementary and alternative mode of treatment.
This presentation stresses the importance of understanding the 6 ethical principles governing publication in TM journals:-
1. Sustenance
2. Scientific validation
3. Informed consent
4. Reporting standards
5. Proprietary issues
6. Ethical policies and declarations
The theme of Peer Review Week 2016 was Recognize Review, and the global scholarly publishing community got together to talk about recognizing or incentivizing peer reviewers. Celebrating the theme, we asked our authors to share small notes of appreciation for reviewers. This flip book compiles some of the responses we received, which show the important role peer review and reviewers play in the academic publishing system.
What do you need to know before and while working on a clinical trial? This slide deck tells you more about the things you need to remember when preparing to publish your clinical trial, from developing a research protocol and getting informed consent from study participants to registering your trial and preparing a clinical trial manuscript.
Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important for you to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials. The idea is to help you form a basic understanding of clinical trials. This is a two-part series and the next segment will focus on the things you must remember when preparing to publish a clinical trial manuscript.
Coming soon - Part 2: Things to remember when preparing a clinical trial manuscript
As an author, it is quite difficult to write concisely. After all, you have so much to say! But when submitting your manuscript to a journal, you must ensure that you meet the required word count. Let us look at some areas you can focus on to keep your manuscript concise.
A literature review is a critical summary of all the published works on a particular topic. Most research papers include a section on literature review as part of the introduction. However, a literature review can also be published as a standalone article. These slides will help you grasp the basics of writing a literature review.
2015 was a busy year for the academic publishing world, with many trend-setting practices, significant discoveries, and innovations. Editage Insights spoke to several experts from the publishing industry to know their thoughts about these trends. Here, we bring you extracts of the knowledge they shared to help you get first-hand advice on academic publication.
Original research articles constitute a major portion of academic journal publishing. These slides will help you with four important steps to of writing an original research article: choosing a research question, doing a literature search, structuring a manuscript, and formatting a research paper.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. In a desert prison, an older prisoner befriends a new arrival. The young
prisoner talks constantly about escape, spinning plan after plan. After a few
months, he makes a break. He’s gone a week; then the guards drag him
back. He’s half-dead, crazy with hunger and thirst. He wails how awful it was
to the old prisoner: endless stretches of sand, no oasis, failure at every
turn. The old
prisoner listens for while, then says, “Yep.
I know. I tried those escape plans myself,
20 years ago.” The young prisoner says,
“You did? Why didn’t you tell me?”
The old prisoner shrugs”
“So who publishes negative results?”
“
”
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
3. What is publication bias?
Publication bias refers to a phenomenon in scientific reporting
whereby authors are more likely to submit and journal editors are
more likely to publish studies with “positive” results (i.e. results
showing a significant finding) than studies with “negative” (i.e.
supporting the null hypothesis) or unsupportive results.2
Due to such a bias, important—albeit negative—results
(e.g., a study showing that a new treatment is ineffective)
may never reach the larger scientific community.3
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
4. This bias toward publishing studies with positive results is just one
of the many different types of publication-related biases. As these
biases influence publication decisions, it is important that you
understand:
• What causes these biases
• The different types of biases, how they impact publication
decisions, and how to address them
• The need to counter publication and reporting biases
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
5. Causes of bias
Reporting and publication biases are caused by many different factors. Some of the main
causes are:
Many studies remain unpublished because researchers do not submit their work for
publication, thinking that journals will reject their papers because they do not have
positive or significant results to report. This submission-related bias has been termed
the file drawer problem.4
Journals may be biased toward positive results because negative results are less likely
to be cited and can thus lower a journal’s impact factor.
Study sponsors or funding sources may be biased towards results that favour their
interests. They may withhold the publication of unfavourable results and industry-
funded studies have led to positive results far more often than studies that are funded
or conducted by independent agencies.5,6
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
6. Different biases and how you can address them
The table in the next few slides lists different types of
publication and reporting biases existing in scientific
literature.1,7-11
It also offers some suggestions for addressing the different
types of biases. It is best to address these biases directly,
possibly while discussing the importance of the study in
your cover letter to the journal editor.
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
7. Type of bias What it means How to address this bias
Publication
bias
Studies with positive results
are more likely to be accepted
for publication than studies
with negative results.
Describe the specific problem that your study results will
help address. Point out that your negative results could
help counter publication bias12 (in fact, there are now
journals that exclusively publish negative results13) and
specify the outcome or views that your study can
potentially change.
Time lag bias Studies with positive findings
are likely to be published faster
than studies with negative
findings.
State why you think your study should be published
without delay (e.g., because the results could warrant
suspension of further trials or could affect how things
are being done in practice).
Multiple
publication
bias
Multiple publications are more
likely to be generated from a
single set of positive or
supportive results than from a
set of negative or unsupportive
results
If you have published a paper discussing a set of positive
results, do not publish another paper using the same set
of results (unless you are offering a radically different
perspective or analysis; always cross-reference the first
publication).
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
8. Type of bias What it means How to address this bias
Location bias Studies that report positive
results have a greater chance
of being published in widely
circulated, high-impact journals
than do studies with negative
results.
1. Don’t hesitate to submit your paper to a journal
with a high IF. Researchers have found that one of
the main reasons for this bias is that authors send
negative results to low-impact factor journals, and
not necessarily because journals are more likely to
reject these studies.14,15
2. When submitting to a high IF journal, explain how
the paper fits the journal’s scope and target
audience, why the negative results are important,
how the results challenge existing knowledge, and
why it is important that your research reaches a
wide audience.
Citation bias Researchers are more likely to
cite positive study results than
negative study results.
If you come across negative results related to your study,
be sure to mention them in your paper. Do not cite
studies that only support your own results, as this could
lead peer reviewers to suspect bias.
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
9. Type of bias What it means How to address this bias
Language
bias
The language in which a study
is published depends on
whether the study has positive
or negative results; studies
with positive results are more
likely to be published in
English-language journals.
Describe how your study results are of relevance to a
global audience and hence should be published in an
international journal that reaches out to this audience.
Outcome
reporting
bias
Researchers working on a study
in which multiple outcomes
were measured are more likely
to report positive outcomes
than negative outcomes.
Report any outcome that is relevant to your study,
whether it is positive or negative.
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
10. Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
Type of bias What it means How to address this bias
Confirmatory
bias
Findings that conform to a
person’s (e.g., peer reviewer’s
or journal editor’s) beliefs and
hypotheses are more likely to
be recommended for
publication or published.
Relate your study to a previous study published in the
journal. Explain that your study results may go against
previously/widely held beliefs. Emphasize how your
study results can address an issue or change existing
perspectives.
Funding bias Study conclusions are biased in
favor of the sponsors’
products; findings that go
against the interests of study
sponsors never make it into
print.
Ensure that your sponsors do not influence your study
decisions—you should have access to all study data,
should analyze the data and choose the study
methodology independently, and should have the final
say in preparation and submission of the
manuscript.16Always disclose funding sources and any
conflict of interest. Manuscripts disclosing any funding
source are more likely to be published than those
without such a disclosure.11
11. Why you should proactively counter biases
Defend the purpose of research: By emphasizing the publication of positive results, these
biases have built “a systematically unrepresentative” body of literature17 and have “led to
scientific integrity being compromised.”18
Avoid adverse consequences: This trend can harm the public such as ineffective or
dangerous treatments, prolonged suffering among patients, and wasted resources (See
box: “Effects of publication bias”).
Maintain the integrity of scientific literature: By submitting methodologically sound
studies that have not yielded the expected results, highlighting the need to publish both
negative and positive results, conducting peer reviews objectively and without prejudice,
refusing to allow funding agencies influence study methodology, and reporting of
outcomes or publication decisions, you can act as gatekeepers of science.
A collective effort will ensure that published findings are more representative of all the
completed studies and can help maintain the integrity of scientific literature.
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
12. Effects of publication bias
Effects of publication bias on literature Effects of publication bias on public health
• Positive study findings may
dominate published literature.17
• Since fewer negative results are
published, there could be an
overestimation of the efficacy of
new treatments, social policies, or
new devices, and an
underestimation of their risks or
drawbacks.3,11,19
• Studies that find a treatment to be
harmful may never be published.7
• In 1980, researchers who found an increased
death rate among heart patients treated with a
class 1 anti-arrhythmic did not publish their study,
considering this result to be a chance finding.
Later, these drugs were found to actually lead to
increased mortality in heart patients. In 1993, the
researchers acknowledged that this non-
publication “was a good example of ‘publication
bias’”; 20 they admitted that had they reported
their findings 13 years earlier, they could have
saved lives.7,20
• A review of experimental studies examining the
adverse effects of cell phone use on health
revealed that industry-funded studies were least
likely to report a positive result.21
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
13. REFERENCES:
1. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D. (Editors) (2008). Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases in Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions (eds. JPT Higgins and S Green). Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration.
2. Dickersin K (1990). The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 263: 1385–1389.
3. McGauran N, et al. (2010). Reporting bias in medical research—a narrative review. Trials, 11: 37.
4. Rosenthal R (1979). The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3): 638–641. doi:
10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638.
5. Bodenheimer T (2000). Uneasy alliance—clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. New England Journal of Medicine,
342: 1539–1544.
6. Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP (2003). Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 289(4): 454–465.
7. Song F, Parekh S, Hooper L, Loke YK, Ryder J, Sutton AJ, et al (2010). Dissemination and publication of research findings: An
updated review of related biases. Health Technology Assessment, 14(8): iii,ix–xi.
8. Mahoney MJ (1977). Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cognitive
Therapy and Research, 1(2): 161–175. doi: 10.1007/BF01173636.
9. Chopra SS (2003). Industry funding of clinical trials: Benefit or bias? Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(1): 113–
114.
10. Lesser LI, Ebbeling CB, Goozner M, Wypij D, Ludwig DS (2007). Relationship between funding source and conclusion among
nutrition-related scientific articles. PLoS Medicine, 4(1): e5.
11. Lee KP, Boyd EA, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Bacchetti P, Bero LA (2006). Predictors of publication: Characteristics of submitted
manuscripts associated with acceptance at major biomedical journals. Medical Journal of Australia, 184: 621–626.
Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research
14. REFERENCES:
12. Sridharan L & Greenland P (2009). Editorial policies and publication bias: The importance of negative studies (editorial
commentary) . Archives of Internal Medicine, 169: 1022–1023.
13. Kotze JD, Johnson CA, O’Hara RB, Vepsäläinen K, Fowler MS (2004). Editorial. Journal of Negative Results—Ecology & Evolutionary
Biology, 1: 1–5.
14. Koricheva J (2003). Non-significant results in ecology: A burden or a blessing in disguise? Oikos, 102: 397–401.
15. Leimu R & Koricheva J (2004). Cumulative meta-analysis: A new tool for detection of temporal trends and publication bias in
ecology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B271: 1961–1966.
16. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals:
Writing and editing for biomedical publication [Accessed: June 14, 2011] Available from: http://www.ICMJE.org.
17. Rothstein HR, Sutton AJ, Borenstein M. (Editors) (2005). Chapter 1: Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis in Publication Bias in Meta-
Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments (eds. HR Rothstein, AJ Sutton, and M Borenstein). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.:
Chichester, UK.
18. Editorial. The whole truth. New Scientist. May 1, 2004. Magazine issue 2445.
19. Scholey JM & Harrison JE (2003). Publication bias: Raising awareness of a potential problem in dental research. British Dental
Journal, 194: 235–237.
20. Editorial: Dealing with biased reporting of the available evidence. The James Lind Library. [Accessed: June 14, 2011] Available
from: www.jameslindlibrary.org.
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Publication and reporting biases and how
they impact publication of research