This document provides tips for journalists on evaluating medical evidence from studies. It discusses issues like the reliability of peer review and publication bias. It also covers challenges like overreliance on embargoed studies, how often studies are later found to be wrong, and the rise in retractions. The document provides advice on getting studies, assessing study quality, considering benefits and harms, and maintaining objectivity. It emphasizes the importance of reading full studies rather than just press releases or abstracts. Overall, the document aims to help journalists critically evaluate medical studies and provide accurate reporting to readers.
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.
Vitiligo and alopecia areata are both common, T cell-driven autoimmune diseases of the skin. Recognizing
similarities and differences between these diseases will promote a more complete understanding of their
pathogenesis as well as the development of new treatments.
The characteristics of the Ideal Source for practicing Evidence-Based Medicine are:-
Located in the clinical setting
Easy to use
Fast, reliable connection
Comprehensive /Full Text
Provides primary data
Summary, outcomes and action plan presented by Dr. Angela Christiano at the end of the two-day Alopecia Areata Research Summit held November 14-15, 2016 in New York, NY.
Epidemiology and cause of disease is understood and determined by two types of study-cohort study and case-control study. Case control study is a type of observational or ecological study where two existing groups are compared on the basis of certain attributes. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Case Study Control:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/statistics/case-study-control.aspx
The importance of sex and gender in medical researchCoda Change
The importance of sex and gender in medical research.
For many years it was widely assumed that the occurrence and outcome of disease was the same for women and men.
Our understanding was that studies involving only men would be equally relevant for women. In the last two decades however, it has been shown that this assumption is highly prejudice and can have a detrimental impact on the health of women.
It is, therefore, really important to incorporate a sex and gender research lens in to medical research.
First, Kelly makes the important distinction between sex and gender and how this can impact medical diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.
Then, she identifies how the incorporation of sex and gender into research has allowed for advancements across healthcare. Improved accuracy, avoiding misinterpretation, reduced unintentional bias and greater social equity to name a few.
In this presentation, Kelly Thompson refers to case studies to examine the differences in the interpretation of health data when examining through a sex and gender research lens.
The severity of disease, risk factors and treatment effectiveness are just a few of the reasons why this is so important.
Kelly encourages researchers to ensure gender diversity in the research team and to explain how sex and gender are accounted for in research applications moving forward.
From CodaZero Live, tune into this fascinating discussion on the importance of sex and gender in medical research by Kelly Thompson.
The views expressed in the presentations are that of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Canada. Presentations are shared in the original format received from the presenter.
Presentations given at the Conference to Develop a Federal Framework on Lyme Disease are the property of the author, unless otherwise cited. If you reference the author's work, you must give the author credit by naming the author and their work as well as the place and date it was presented.
For more information, contact the Lyme Disease Conference Secretariat at maladie_lyme_disease@phac-aspc.gc.ca
HXR 2016: Tracking the Body: Devices, Consumer Genomics, and Sensors- Niall O...HxRefactored
As tracking has become more mainstream, consumers who were once only curious about their heart rate at the gym are now interested in diving deeper and learning more. This session takes a look at the technical side of the latest in telehealth solutions, genomic platforms, and hacks in the world of sensors and devices.
December 9, 2016
This symposium brought together a variety of experts to discuss key ethical and legal questions regarding offers of payment to research participants. Panels covered:
- Why payment is offered to research participants
- Regulatory parameters governing payment
- Whether payment to research participants should be considered exceptional, compared to payment in other contexts
- How offers of payment affect participants
- How to define coercion and undue influence with regard to paying research participants
- Which factors should be considered when evaluating proposed payments
- The problem of low payment
This event was free and open to the public.
This event was part of the collaboration between the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School and the Regulatory Foundations, Ethics, and Law Program of Harvard Catalyst | The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center at Harvard Medical School. Cosponsored by the MRCT Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/paying-research-participants
Difference between cohort, cross sectional and case control study - Scientifi...Pubrica
In Brief:
1. Cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort studies are collectively known as observational studies.
2. Observations and not interventions are carried out by the investigator.
3. This will act as a quick reference table for researchers and authors.
4. This blog tries to discuss each of the observational studies methods laying emphasis on what their strengths and weaknesses are by comparing them.
Learn More: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp: 91 9884350006
United Kingdom: 44-1143520021
Vitiligo and alopecia areata are both common, T cell-driven autoimmune diseases of the skin. Recognizing
similarities and differences between these diseases will promote a more complete understanding of their
pathogenesis as well as the development of new treatments.
The characteristics of the Ideal Source for practicing Evidence-Based Medicine are:-
Located in the clinical setting
Easy to use
Fast, reliable connection
Comprehensive /Full Text
Provides primary data
Summary, outcomes and action plan presented by Dr. Angela Christiano at the end of the two-day Alopecia Areata Research Summit held November 14-15, 2016 in New York, NY.
Epidemiology and cause of disease is understood and determined by two types of study-cohort study and case-control study. Case control study is a type of observational or ecological study where two existing groups are compared on the basis of certain attributes. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Case Study Control:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/statistics/case-study-control.aspx
The importance of sex and gender in medical researchCoda Change
The importance of sex and gender in medical research.
For many years it was widely assumed that the occurrence and outcome of disease was the same for women and men.
Our understanding was that studies involving only men would be equally relevant for women. In the last two decades however, it has been shown that this assumption is highly prejudice and can have a detrimental impact on the health of women.
It is, therefore, really important to incorporate a sex and gender research lens in to medical research.
First, Kelly makes the important distinction between sex and gender and how this can impact medical diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.
Then, she identifies how the incorporation of sex and gender into research has allowed for advancements across healthcare. Improved accuracy, avoiding misinterpretation, reduced unintentional bias and greater social equity to name a few.
In this presentation, Kelly Thompson refers to case studies to examine the differences in the interpretation of health data when examining through a sex and gender research lens.
The severity of disease, risk factors and treatment effectiveness are just a few of the reasons why this is so important.
Kelly encourages researchers to ensure gender diversity in the research team and to explain how sex and gender are accounted for in research applications moving forward.
From CodaZero Live, tune into this fascinating discussion on the importance of sex and gender in medical research by Kelly Thompson.
The views expressed in the presentations are that of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Canada. Presentations are shared in the original format received from the presenter.
Presentations given at the Conference to Develop a Federal Framework on Lyme Disease are the property of the author, unless otherwise cited. If you reference the author's work, you must give the author credit by naming the author and their work as well as the place and date it was presented.
For more information, contact the Lyme Disease Conference Secretariat at maladie_lyme_disease@phac-aspc.gc.ca
HXR 2016: Tracking the Body: Devices, Consumer Genomics, and Sensors- Niall O...HxRefactored
As tracking has become more mainstream, consumers who were once only curious about their heart rate at the gym are now interested in diving deeper and learning more. This session takes a look at the technical side of the latest in telehealth solutions, genomic platforms, and hacks in the world of sensors and devices.
December 9, 2016
This symposium brought together a variety of experts to discuss key ethical and legal questions regarding offers of payment to research participants. Panels covered:
- Why payment is offered to research participants
- Regulatory parameters governing payment
- Whether payment to research participants should be considered exceptional, compared to payment in other contexts
- How offers of payment affect participants
- How to define coercion and undue influence with regard to paying research participants
- Which factors should be considered when evaluating proposed payments
- The problem of low payment
This event was free and open to the public.
This event was part of the collaboration between the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School and the Regulatory Foundations, Ethics, and Law Program of Harvard Catalyst | The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center at Harvard Medical School. Cosponsored by the MRCT Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/paying-research-participants
Difference between cohort, cross sectional and case control study - Scientifi...Pubrica
In Brief:
1. Cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort studies are collectively known as observational studies.
2. Observations and not interventions are carried out by the investigator.
3. This will act as a quick reference table for researchers and authors.
4. This blog tries to discuss each of the observational studies methods laying emphasis on what their strengths and weaknesses are by comparing them.
Learn More: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp: 91 9884350006
United Kingdom: 44-1143520021
examination,impingement syndrome,rotator cuff injury,shoulder,shoulder instability
All about orthopaedic shoulder examination. comprehensive ppt with all tests arranged symptom wise
This is the presentation I made to the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Research in the Media workshop for Latin American journalists in Guadalajara on November 8, 2011. It is step-by-step advice about things to consider about each of the 10 criteria we apply to the review of health care news stories about treatments, tests, products & procedures.
How to Transition from Allopathic to Integrated Practice - IMM Brazil 2015Louis Cady, MD
In this lecture, Dr. Cady compares and contrasts the significance differences, both conceptually and practically, between the conventional practice of medicine and a more rational, functional, integrated approach. Tactical concepts and didactic tools to make the transition are reviewed.
Evidence and Science Based Medicine A Primer.pptxKaushik Banerjee
A Starter pack to understand what is Evidence-Based Medicine and how it works, provides a historical perspective (Homeopathy, Allopathy, etc.), discusses levels of evidence, methods to generate evidence etc.
A Promulgation Of Incredulity In The Pharmaceutical IndustryStuart Silverman
It is simply no longer possible to believe much of the clinical research that is published, or to rely on the judgment of trusted physicians or authoritative medical guidelines.
Talk at the University of Tokyo on history of Retraction Watch, our database, and current trends. Includes titles in Japanese, courtesy of Iekuni Ichikawa.
My June 14, 2017 talk at the Friends of the National Library of Medicine conference, "Consequential Clinical Research Accelerating Continuous Improvement"
Is your favorite ring slipping and sliding on your finger? You're not alone. Must Read this Guide on What To Do If Your Ring Is Too Big as shared by the experts of Andrews Jewelers.
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
From Stress to Success How Oakland's Corporate Wellness Programs are Cultivat...Kitchen on Fire
Discover how Oakland's innovative corporate wellness initiatives are transforming workplace culture, nurturing the well-being of employees, and fostering a thriving environment. From comprehensive mental health support to flexible work arrangements and holistic wellness workshops, these programs are empowering individuals to navigate stress effectively, leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and overall success.
Have you ever wondered about the lost city of Atlantis and its profound connection to our modern world? Ruth Elisabeth Hancock’s podcast, “Visions of Atlantis,” delves deep into this intriguing topic in a captivating conversation with Michael Le Flem, author of the enlightening book titled “Visions of Atlantis.” This podcast episode offers a thought-provoking blend of historical inquiry, esoteric wisdom, and contemporary reflections. Let’s embark on a journey of discovery as we unpack the mysteries of ancient civilizations and their relevance to our present existence.
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SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
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Evaluating medical evidence for journalists
1. Evaluating Medical Evidence
for Journalists
Ivan Oransky, MD
Executive Editor, Reuters Health
Association of Health Care Journalists
Atlanta
April 19, 2012
2. Can You Trust Journal Studies?
• How good is peer review?
• Positive publication bias:
Publish a trial that will bring US$100,000 of
profit or meet the end-of-year budget by firing
an editor. -- Former BMJ editor Richard Smith
• Over-reliance on embargoed studies
• How often it turns out to be wrong
3. Embargoes and the Ingelfinger Rule
By the late 20th century, journals needed to compete not
just with each other but with newspapers and other
media…In 1969, the Journal articulated this relationship
in its Ingelfinger Rule, a policy against publishing anything
that had already appeared elsewhere. Other journals
followed suit. This rule, combined with embargo
policies, has led to a carefully choreographed
production in which medical journals and the popular
press work cooperatively and competitively to influence
the news cycle.
-- NEJM, April 19, 2012
12. Conference Pitfalls
• Conferences select presenters based on < 1000 words
• Urologists at U of Florida & Indiana U studied 126
randomized controlled trials presented in 2002-2003
13. Conference Pitfalls
• RCTs are the “gold standard” of medical evidence
• But the quality of that evidence wasn’t pretty
• No abstract said how trial subjects were randomly
assigned to different treatments or placebos
• None told how the study ensured that neither the
researchers nor their doctors knew which they got
• Only about a quarter said how long researchers
followed the subjects in the trial
15. Always Read the Study
Writing about a study after reading just a press
release or an abstract
– without reading the entire paper –
is journalistic malpractice
16. How to Get Studies
• www.EurekAlert.org for embargoed material
• Association of Health Care Journalists membership
includes access to Cochrane Library, Health Affairs,
JAMA, and many other journals
www.healthjournalism.org
• ScienceDirect (Elsevier) gives reporters free access to
hundreds of journals www.sciencedirect.com
• Open access journals (e.g., Public Library of Science
www.plos.org)
• Ask press officers, or the authors
17. How Good Was The Study?
• Was it:
– Peer-reviewed?
– Published? Where?
• Was it in humans?
– It’s remarkable there are any mice left with
cancer, depression, or restless leg syndrome
• Size matters
• Was it well-designed?
19. What’s Your Angle?
• Are you trying to help readers, listeners, and
viewers make better health care decisions?
• Covering a study because it has a good business
angle, or it’s about a local project, is perfectly OK,
but it doesn’t mean readers deserve less
evidence and skepticism
20. Who Could Benefit?
• How many people have the disease?
• Keep potential disease-mongering in mind
21. How Effective is the Treatment?
• Clinically significant endpoints, or surrogates –
does this matter?
• Preventing complications? How many?
• Always remember to quantify results, not just
“patients improved”
22. What Are The Side Effects?
• Every treatment has them
• Where to look:
– Go beyond press releases and abstracts
– Look at tables, charts, and results sections
23. Who Dropped Out?
• Why did they leave the trial?
• Intention to treat analysis
24. How Much Does it Cost?
• If it’s ready to be the subject of a story,
someone has projected the likely cost and
market.
– At least ask.
25. Who Has an Interest?
• Disclose conflicts
• PharmedOut.org
• Dollars For Docs series
http://projects.propublica.org/docdollars/
26. Are There Alternatives?
• Did the study compare the new treatment to
existing alternatives, or to placebo?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages
(and costs) of those existing alternatives?
27. Don’t Rely Only on Study Authors
• Find outside sources. Here’s how:
28. Use Anecdotes Carefully
• Is the story representative?
• Does the source of the story have any conflicts?
29. Watch Your Language
• Lifestyle/diet – are they randomized controlled
trials, or just observational?
• If observational, make the language fit the
evidence:
– YES: “tied,” “linked”
– NO: “reduces,” “causes”
30. Absolute vs. Relative Risk
• Consider the risk for blindness in a patient with
diabetes over a five-year period
• The risk for blindness is 2 in 100 (2%) in people
who get the conventional treatment and 1 in 100
(1%) with a new drug
• The absolute difference is derived by subtracting
the lower risk from the higher risk: 2% - 1% = 1%.
From Covering Medical Research, Schwitzer/AHCJ
31. Absolute vs. Relative Risk
• Expressed as an absolute difference, the new drug
reduces the five-year risk for blindness by 1%.
• The relative difference is the ratio of the two risks.
• Given the data above, the relative difference is:
1% ÷ 2% = 50%
• Expressed as a relative difference, the new drug
cuts the risk of blindness in half.
From Covering Medical Research, Schwitzer/AHCJ
32. Number Needed To Treat
• Same concept as number needed to screen
• Can be calculated from absolute risk:
– 100/absolute risk difference (as a percentage)
33. A Dirty Little Secret
Keep a biostatistician in your back pocket
Photo by Peyri Herrera, on Flickr