- The document examines the use of castor oil and glycerol as renewable substitutes for petroleum-based polyols in producing flexible polyurethane foam.
- Adding castor oil alone results in unstable foam collapse, but adding glycerol as a cross-linking agent helps overcome this instability.
- The addition of glycerol up to 15% by weight improves foaming and structural stability, while higher glycerol amounts above 20% slow foam growth due to faster cross-linking during expansion.
Detailed description of types of plasticizers, mode of selection, types of effects produced on polymers and optimization of plasticizers in aqueous/organic coating based systems.
The document discusses the process of transforming ordinary polyester into high shrinkage PET film. This is done through copolymerization, where isophthalic acid is added to modify the polyester from its crystalline to amorphous form. Cyclohexanedimethanol is also added, decreasing the melting point and making the structure more amorphous. This modified PET film can then be stretched and quickly cooled to "freeze" the molecular structures in their new orientation, eliminating contraction and enabling high shrinkage rates of up to 70%.
1. Plasticizers increase the plasticity and flexibility of polymers by interposing between polymer strands and preventing reformation of chain interactions. This modifies the tertiary structure of polymers into a more porous and flexible state.
2. Common plasticizers include polyols like PEG and esters like phthalates and citrates. Plasticizers decrease tensile strength, increase film elongation, and reduce glass transition temperature of films.
3. The effect of plasticizers on drug release depends on coat level and plasticizer type. Some plasticizers like glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate produce non-Fickian release while dibutyl sebacate produces zero-order release.
Introduction
Why do we need plasticizers?
Mechanism of action of plasticizers
Properties of plasticizers
Classification of plasticizers
Selection of plasticizers
Effect of plasticizer on permeability of film.
Effect of plasticizer on mechanical properties of film.
Effect on residual internal stress.
Effect of plasticizers on release rates of drug.
Texture of plasticized films.
Limitations.
Conclusion.
This document discusses applications of silicone masterbatch in automotive polypropylene (PP) and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) compounds. It summarizes three types of anti-scratch agents used in automotive PP materials: low molecular weight agents, new non-migrating surface agents, and silicone masterbatches. While low molecular weight agents are cheap and effective, they migrate and degrade when exposed to UV light. New non-migrating surface agents do not actually improve scratch resistance and have odor issues. Silicone masterbatches, like Chengdu Silike's LYSI-306 product, are effective at improving scratch resistance without migrating, and are odorless with low VOC emissions. Test data
This document reviews blending of biofuels to address issues with rising fuel prices and emissions. Blending involves mixing two fuels to reduce harmful effects while improving efficiency. Specifically discussed are:
1) Blending heavy fuel oil with jatropha and adding water emulsification to reduce viscosity and emissions. Testing showed blending can increase fuel consumption but reduce emissions.
2) Emulsifying jatropha biodiesel and diesel, which improved fuel properties and reduced emissions over diesel alone.
3) Using nano-emulsions of water and diesel to reduce NOx and soot emissions. Testing of emulsified fuels found increased engine torque, power and efficiency.
In conclusion, blending fuels is promising for economic and environmental
This document summarizes research into optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Key findings include:
1) The optimum conditions for highest biodiesel yield (99.2%) were 0.75% catalyst concentration, 15% alcohol concentration, and 45 minute reaction time.
2) The biodiesel produced under optimal conditions had viscosity, flash point, and fire point within specifications of ASTM standards for biodiesel.
3) Waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an alternative fuel source after processing into biodiesel via transesterification to reduce its high viscosity.
Detailed description of types of plasticizers, mode of selection, types of effects produced on polymers and optimization of plasticizers in aqueous/organic coating based systems.
The document discusses the process of transforming ordinary polyester into high shrinkage PET film. This is done through copolymerization, where isophthalic acid is added to modify the polyester from its crystalline to amorphous form. Cyclohexanedimethanol is also added, decreasing the melting point and making the structure more amorphous. This modified PET film can then be stretched and quickly cooled to "freeze" the molecular structures in their new orientation, eliminating contraction and enabling high shrinkage rates of up to 70%.
1. Plasticizers increase the plasticity and flexibility of polymers by interposing between polymer strands and preventing reformation of chain interactions. This modifies the tertiary structure of polymers into a more porous and flexible state.
2. Common plasticizers include polyols like PEG and esters like phthalates and citrates. Plasticizers decrease tensile strength, increase film elongation, and reduce glass transition temperature of films.
3. The effect of plasticizers on drug release depends on coat level and plasticizer type. Some plasticizers like glyceryl tricaprylate/caprate produce non-Fickian release while dibutyl sebacate produces zero-order release.
Introduction
Why do we need plasticizers?
Mechanism of action of plasticizers
Properties of plasticizers
Classification of plasticizers
Selection of plasticizers
Effect of plasticizer on permeability of film.
Effect of plasticizer on mechanical properties of film.
Effect on residual internal stress.
Effect of plasticizers on release rates of drug.
Texture of plasticized films.
Limitations.
Conclusion.
This document discusses applications of silicone masterbatch in automotive polypropylene (PP) and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) compounds. It summarizes three types of anti-scratch agents used in automotive PP materials: low molecular weight agents, new non-migrating surface agents, and silicone masterbatches. While low molecular weight agents are cheap and effective, they migrate and degrade when exposed to UV light. New non-migrating surface agents do not actually improve scratch resistance and have odor issues. Silicone masterbatches, like Chengdu Silike's LYSI-306 product, are effective at improving scratch resistance without migrating, and are odorless with low VOC emissions. Test data
This document reviews blending of biofuels to address issues with rising fuel prices and emissions. Blending involves mixing two fuels to reduce harmful effects while improving efficiency. Specifically discussed are:
1) Blending heavy fuel oil with jatropha and adding water emulsification to reduce viscosity and emissions. Testing showed blending can increase fuel consumption but reduce emissions.
2) Emulsifying jatropha biodiesel and diesel, which improved fuel properties and reduced emissions over diesel alone.
3) Using nano-emulsions of water and diesel to reduce NOx and soot emissions. Testing of emulsified fuels found increased engine torque, power and efficiency.
In conclusion, blending fuels is promising for economic and environmental
This document summarizes research into optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Key findings include:
1) The optimum conditions for highest biodiesel yield (99.2%) were 0.75% catalyst concentration, 15% alcohol concentration, and 45 minute reaction time.
2) The biodiesel produced under optimal conditions had viscosity, flash point, and fire point within specifications of ASTM standards for biodiesel.
3) Waste cooking oil has potential to be used as an alternative fuel source after processing into biodiesel via transesterification to reduce its high viscosity.
The document discusses research into producing particle boards from para rubber wood flour, coconut flour, and recycled plastic. It examines the effects of adding different ratios of para wood flour on the mechanical properties of plastic composites. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and melt flow index of samples. Overall, tensile strength decreased while tensile modulus increased with higher wood flour content. Flexural strength also decreased as wood flour was added. Coconut flour was then added and resulted in increased tensile strength but decreased tensile modulus and flexural modulus. The melt flow index decreased with both wood and coconut flour fillers.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses various thermoplastic materials and their properties. It begins by introducing thermoplastics and comparing them to thermosetting polymers. It then groups 40 thermoplastic types into categories based on their chemical structures and discusses their typical properties, including transition temperatures, processing temperatures, densities, water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electrical properties. The properties of various thermoplastic groups like polyolefins, styrenics, vinyls, and others are also introduced at a high level. The document aims to provide guidelines for selecting thermoplastics based on their properties.
1) The document studies the impact of emulsified water-diesel mixtures on engine performance and emissions. Diesel was emulsified with 3%, 5%, and 7% water by volume.
2) Test results showed that adding water to diesel emulsions improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake specific fuel consumption compared to pure diesel. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter also decreased with the addition of up to 5% water.
3) The presence of water in the emulsions lowers combustion temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. It also increases the expansion work and reduces compression work in the engine, improving efficiency.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of water content in water-microemulsified diesel on fuel properties and engine performance. Three water-microemulsified diesel systems were tested with water contents of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Testing showed that fuel viscosity, density, cloud point, and pour point increased with higher water content. Calorific value decreased with more water. In engine tests, torque and power increased with water content up to 10% but decreased at 15% water, especially at lower engine speeds. Brake specific fuel consumption increased as water content rose. Overall, the 5% and 10% water systems showed potential as alternative fuels with good fuel properties and engine performance.
Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production ...Valentyn Mohylyuk
Suspension of microparticles in an easy-to-swallow liquid is one approach to develop sustained-release formulations for children and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, to date production of sustained-release microparticles at the industrial scale has proven to be challenging. The aim of this investigation was to develop an innovative concept in coating sustained-release microparticles using industrial scalable Wurster fluidised bed to produce oral liquid suspensions. Microcrystalline cellulose cores (particle size <150 μm) were coated with Eudragit® NM 30 D and Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D aqueous dispersions using a fluidised bed coater. A novel approach of periodic addition of a small quantity (0.1% w/w) of dry powder glidant, magnesium stearate, to the coating chamber via an external port was applied throughout the coating process. This method significantly increased coating production yield from less than 50% to up to 99% compared to conventional coating
process without the dry powder glidant. Powder rheology tests showed that dry powder glidants increased the tapped density and decreased the cohesive index of coated microparticles. Reproducible microencapsulation of a highly water-soluble drug, metoprolol succinate, was achieved, yielding coated microparticles less than 200 μm in size with 20-h sustained drug release, suitable for use in liquid suspensions. The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties.
1. The document compares pigment printing systems using acrylate and butadiene-based binders.
2. It finds that the butadiene-based binder shows better performance in terms of crocking fastness, formaldehyde release, and PVC migration. The K/S values are also higher for prints using butadiene binder.
3. Increasing the binder concentration decreases formaldehyde release and improves crocking fastness for both binders. However, the butadiene binder continues to perform better.
Natural rubber comes from latex produced by plants and its purified form is polyisoprene. Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer or polymer that can undergo elastic deformation without permanent damage and serves as a substitute for natural rubber, especially when improved properties are needed. It is made through polymerization of monomers like isoprene and isobutylene that can be mixed in proportions to control physical, mechanical, and chemical properties by design.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document reviews the mechanisms by which various wet-strength resins impart strength to paper when wet. There are two main mechanisms: the protection mechanism, where the resin crosslinks to form an insoluble network around fibers to inhibit separation when wet, and the reinforcement mechanism, where the resin forms covalent bonds with cellulose to supplement natural hydrogen bonding in wet fibers. The location of the resin on fibers is important, as it must be located at weak fiber links to be effective. Various tools can provide insights into interactions between resins and cellulose, such as spectroscopy, modeling using simpler substrates, and examining fiber failure zones in treated paper.
This document provides technical data on Crayamid 125, a medium viscosity liquid amino polyamide resin used to produce high-build coatings, structural adhesives, and laminating adhesives. It details the resin's properties including non-volatile content, density, viscosity, color, and amine value. Recommendations for mixing the resin with epoxy resins at a ratio of 80:20 polyamide to epoxy by solid weight are provided. Curing times of around 180 minutes at 25°C for a 75:25 polyamide to epoxy blend are listed. The resin is suitable for use with a variety of epoxy resins and demonstrates excellent adhesion to various substrates when used
This document discusses dental composites, which are used for dental restorations. It describes the components of composites, including the matrix, fillers, and coupling agents. It explains the types of fillers and their purposes. It also discusses the different types of composites based on particle size, including microfilled, small-particle filled, hybrid, packable, and flowable composites. The document outlines the polymerization process and classifications of composites according to curing system and particle size. Advantages and applications of composites are provided. Considerations for bonding composites to enamel and dentin are also summarized.
The document experimentally investigates the performance of a variable compression ratio diesel engine using blends of palm oil and diesel fuel. Various blends from 10% to 100% palm oil were tested and results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature are presented. The conclusions indicate that a 50% palm oil blend achieved the highest brake thermal efficiency. A 70% palm oil blend had the lowest specific fuel consumption. Exhaust gas temperatures were highest for lower palm oil blend percentages. Overall, palm oil blends can provide economic benefits when used in diesel engines.
Plasticizers are substances added to polymers to make them softer and more flexible. They work by inserting themselves between polymer chains and reducing intermolecular forces and friction. This lowers the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Common plasticizers are esters such as phthalates, adipates, and trimellitates. They are added to things like plastics, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical films to modify properties.
Starch is a natural polymer that is renewable and biodegradable. However, it has poor processability and mechanical properties on its own. This document discusses how starch can be combined with synthetic biodegradable polymers like polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) to create completely biodegradable polymer materials with improved properties. The polymers are blended physically or chemically modified starch is combined. These starch-based completely biodegradable polymers (SCBP) have potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields due to their low cost, biodegradability and ability to reduce consumption of petroleum resources.
Synthesis of Polyurethane Solution (Castor oil based polyol for polyurethane)IJARIIE JOURNAL
This document discusses the synthesis of polyurethane solutions using castor oil as the sole polyol component. Castor oil is a triglyceride fatty acid composed of approximately 90% ricinoleic acid. The goal was to examine whether a natural oil polyol like castor oil could be used directly to make flexible polyurethane solutions. Four different polyols were tested, including two petroleum-based polyols and two natural oil polyols (castor oil and soybean oil-based polyol). The castor oil-based solutions showed higher glass transition temperatures, indicating more rigid structures. While castor oil provided a first success in making flexible solutions from a natural oil polyol alone, further optimization
1) The properties of castor oil-based polyurethane foams, such as foam height, density, tensile strength, elongation, and compression set, are affected by the speed of mixing during foam production.
2) As mixing speed increased, the properties initially improved as proper mixing enhanced the chemical reactions, but then deteriorated at very high speeds as excess energy broke bubbles and cells.
3) An optimal mixing speed of around 800 rpm was found to produce foams with the best combination of properties like highest foam height, lowest density, and good strength and flexibility.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...tumizuki
This document discusses optimizing biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. It studies the effect of varying the mass fraction of catalyst and oil to alcohol molar ratio using different catalyst systems. A 32 factorial design and response surface methodology were used to obtain quadratic polynomial equations to model glycerol conversion. The two variables significantly affected conversion, with molar ratio having a greater effect. Optimum conditions varied for each catalyst system, but generally required less catalyst mass fraction (1-2%) and higher molar ratios (1:12-1:40) for homogeneous versus heterogeneous (5-6%) catalysts. The resulting fuels met American biodiesel standards.
This document describes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine running on blends of jatropha biodiesel and diesel. The parameters investigated were blend ratio, compression ratio, and engine load. Nine experiments were conducted based on an L9 orthogonal array with the parameters each at three levels. The mechanical efficiency was measured for each experiment. Response curve analysis showed that engine load had the greatest influence on mechanical efficiency, followed by compression ratio, with blend ratio having the least influence. The analysis predicted that a blend ratio of 50%, compression ratio of 16, and engine load of 10kg would provide the optimum setting for highest mechanical efficiency. A confirmation experiment was conducted to validate this prediction.
The document discusses research into producing particle boards from para rubber wood flour, coconut flour, and recycled plastic. It examines the effects of adding different ratios of para wood flour on the mechanical properties of plastic composites. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and melt flow index of samples. Overall, tensile strength decreased while tensile modulus increased with higher wood flour content. Flexural strength also decreased as wood flour was added. Coconut flour was then added and resulted in increased tensile strength but decreased tensile modulus and flexural modulus. The melt flow index decreased with both wood and coconut flour fillers.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses various thermoplastic materials and their properties. It begins by introducing thermoplastics and comparing them to thermosetting polymers. It then groups 40 thermoplastic types into categories based on their chemical structures and discusses their typical properties, including transition temperatures, processing temperatures, densities, water absorption, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electrical properties. The properties of various thermoplastic groups like polyolefins, styrenics, vinyls, and others are also introduced at a high level. The document aims to provide guidelines for selecting thermoplastics based on their properties.
1) The document studies the impact of emulsified water-diesel mixtures on engine performance and emissions. Diesel was emulsified with 3%, 5%, and 7% water by volume.
2) Test results showed that adding water to diesel emulsions improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake specific fuel consumption compared to pure diesel. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter also decreased with the addition of up to 5% water.
3) The presence of water in the emulsions lowers combustion temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. It also increases the expansion work and reduces compression work in the engine, improving efficiency.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of water content in water-microemulsified diesel on fuel properties and engine performance. Three water-microemulsified diesel systems were tested with water contents of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Testing showed that fuel viscosity, density, cloud point, and pour point increased with higher water content. Calorific value decreased with more water. In engine tests, torque and power increased with water content up to 10% but decreased at 15% water, especially at lower engine speeds. Brake specific fuel consumption increased as water content rose. Overall, the 5% and 10% water systems showed potential as alternative fuels with good fuel properties and engine performance.
Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production ...Valentyn Mohylyuk
Suspension of microparticles in an easy-to-swallow liquid is one approach to develop sustained-release formulations for children and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, to date production of sustained-release microparticles at the industrial scale has proven to be challenging. The aim of this investigation was to develop an innovative concept in coating sustained-release microparticles using industrial scalable Wurster fluidised bed to produce oral liquid suspensions. Microcrystalline cellulose cores (particle size <150 μm) were coated with Eudragit® NM 30 D and Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D aqueous dispersions using a fluidised bed coater. A novel approach of periodic addition of a small quantity (0.1% w/w) of dry powder glidant, magnesium stearate, to the coating chamber via an external port was applied throughout the coating process. This method significantly increased coating production yield from less than 50% to up to 99% compared to conventional coating
process without the dry powder glidant. Powder rheology tests showed that dry powder glidants increased the tapped density and decreased the cohesive index of coated microparticles. Reproducible microencapsulation of a highly water-soluble drug, metoprolol succinate, was achieved, yielding coated microparticles less than 200 μm in size with 20-h sustained drug release, suitable for use in liquid suspensions. The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties.
1. The document compares pigment printing systems using acrylate and butadiene-based binders.
2. It finds that the butadiene-based binder shows better performance in terms of crocking fastness, formaldehyde release, and PVC migration. The K/S values are also higher for prints using butadiene binder.
3. Increasing the binder concentration decreases formaldehyde release and improves crocking fastness for both binders. However, the butadiene binder continues to perform better.
Natural rubber comes from latex produced by plants and its purified form is polyisoprene. Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer or polymer that can undergo elastic deformation without permanent damage and serves as a substitute for natural rubber, especially when improved properties are needed. It is made through polymerization of monomers like isoprene and isobutylene that can be mixed in proportions to control physical, mechanical, and chemical properties by design.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document reviews the mechanisms by which various wet-strength resins impart strength to paper when wet. There are two main mechanisms: the protection mechanism, where the resin crosslinks to form an insoluble network around fibers to inhibit separation when wet, and the reinforcement mechanism, where the resin forms covalent bonds with cellulose to supplement natural hydrogen bonding in wet fibers. The location of the resin on fibers is important, as it must be located at weak fiber links to be effective. Various tools can provide insights into interactions between resins and cellulose, such as spectroscopy, modeling using simpler substrates, and examining fiber failure zones in treated paper.
This document provides technical data on Crayamid 125, a medium viscosity liquid amino polyamide resin used to produce high-build coatings, structural adhesives, and laminating adhesives. It details the resin's properties including non-volatile content, density, viscosity, color, and amine value. Recommendations for mixing the resin with epoxy resins at a ratio of 80:20 polyamide to epoxy by solid weight are provided. Curing times of around 180 minutes at 25°C for a 75:25 polyamide to epoxy blend are listed. The resin is suitable for use with a variety of epoxy resins and demonstrates excellent adhesion to various substrates when used
This document discusses dental composites, which are used for dental restorations. It describes the components of composites, including the matrix, fillers, and coupling agents. It explains the types of fillers and their purposes. It also discusses the different types of composites based on particle size, including microfilled, small-particle filled, hybrid, packable, and flowable composites. The document outlines the polymerization process and classifications of composites according to curing system and particle size. Advantages and applications of composites are provided. Considerations for bonding composites to enamel and dentin are also summarized.
The document experimentally investigates the performance of a variable compression ratio diesel engine using blends of palm oil and diesel fuel. Various blends from 10% to 100% palm oil were tested and results for brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature are presented. The conclusions indicate that a 50% palm oil blend achieved the highest brake thermal efficiency. A 70% palm oil blend had the lowest specific fuel consumption. Exhaust gas temperatures were highest for lower palm oil blend percentages. Overall, palm oil blends can provide economic benefits when used in diesel engines.
Plasticizers are substances added to polymers to make them softer and more flexible. They work by inserting themselves between polymer chains and reducing intermolecular forces and friction. This lowers the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Common plasticizers are esters such as phthalates, adipates, and trimellitates. They are added to things like plastics, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical films to modify properties.
Starch is a natural polymer that is renewable and biodegradable. However, it has poor processability and mechanical properties on its own. This document discusses how starch can be combined with synthetic biodegradable polymers like polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) to create completely biodegradable polymer materials with improved properties. The polymers are blended physically or chemically modified starch is combined. These starch-based completely biodegradable polymers (SCBP) have potential applications in biomedical and environmental fields due to their low cost, biodegradability and ability to reduce consumption of petroleum resources.
Synthesis of Polyurethane Solution (Castor oil based polyol for polyurethane)IJARIIE JOURNAL
This document discusses the synthesis of polyurethane solutions using castor oil as the sole polyol component. Castor oil is a triglyceride fatty acid composed of approximately 90% ricinoleic acid. The goal was to examine whether a natural oil polyol like castor oil could be used directly to make flexible polyurethane solutions. Four different polyols were tested, including two petroleum-based polyols and two natural oil polyols (castor oil and soybean oil-based polyol). The castor oil-based solutions showed higher glass transition temperatures, indicating more rigid structures. While castor oil provided a first success in making flexible solutions from a natural oil polyol alone, further optimization
1) The properties of castor oil-based polyurethane foams, such as foam height, density, tensile strength, elongation, and compression set, are affected by the speed of mixing during foam production.
2) As mixing speed increased, the properties initially improved as proper mixing enhanced the chemical reactions, but then deteriorated at very high speeds as excess energy broke bubbles and cells.
3) An optimal mixing speed of around 800 rpm was found to produce foams with the best combination of properties like highest foam height, lowest density, and good strength and flexibility.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFA...tumizuki
This document discusses optimizing biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. It studies the effect of varying the mass fraction of catalyst and oil to alcohol molar ratio using different catalyst systems. A 32 factorial design and response surface methodology were used to obtain quadratic polynomial equations to model glycerol conversion. The two variables significantly affected conversion, with molar ratio having a greater effect. Optimum conditions varied for each catalyst system, but generally required less catalyst mass fraction (1-2%) and higher molar ratios (1:12-1:40) for homogeneous versus heterogeneous (5-6%) catalysts. The resulting fuels met American biodiesel standards.
This document describes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine running on blends of jatropha biodiesel and diesel. The parameters investigated were blend ratio, compression ratio, and engine load. Nine experiments were conducted based on an L9 orthogonal array with the parameters each at three levels. The mechanical efficiency was measured for each experiment. Response curve analysis showed that engine load had the greatest influence on mechanical efficiency, followed by compression ratio, with blend ratio having the least influence. The analysis predicted that a blend ratio of 50%, compression ratio of 16, and engine load of 10kg would provide the optimum setting for highest mechanical efficiency. A confirmation experiment was conducted to validate this prediction.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the combustion performance of blends containing digestate pyrolysis oil in a diesel engine. Digestate from anaerobic digestion was converted to pyrolysis oil and blended with waste cooking oil and butanol in volumes of 10-30%. The physical properties and engine performance of the blends were evaluated and compared to fossil diesel. The key findings were that the pyrolysis oil blends had higher viscosity than diesel, produced lower in-cylinder pressures, increased ignition delay, and decreased combustion duration. At full engine load, the blends showed lower smoke and CO emissions but lower efficiency and higher fuel consumption compared to fossil diesel.
iaetsd Biodiesel from algae oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engineIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses producing biodiesel from algae oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It describes how algae contain 2-65% oil that can be extracted. Through a transesterification process, the algae oil is converted to biodiesel which is then tested in a diesel engine. The results show biodiesel from algae oil reduces greenhouse gas emissions and increases oxygen in exhaust compared to diesel alone or diesel blended with biodiesel.
This document describes a study that synthesized bioplastics from chitosan, yellow pumpkin starch, and castor oil as a plasticizer. Different compositions of chitosan and starch were tested to determine their effects on solvent absorption capacity, tensile strength, and biodegradability. The optimum absorption capacity was obtained with a 50/50 composition in water and ethanol solvents. The highest tensile strength of 6.787 MPa was achieved with a 40/60 composition. The fastest biodegradation within 5-10 days occurred with a 50/50 composition. More chitosan resulted in higher tensile strength, while a balanced composition led to the fastest biodegradation.
The document discusses various granulation technologies used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins with describing the ideal characteristics of granules and reasons for granulation. Then it discusses several novel granulation technologies including pneumatic dry granulation, freeze granulation, foamed binder technologies, melt granulation, steam granulation, and moisture activated dry granulation. Each technology is briefly described in terms of its process, advantages, and applications. The document emphasizes that pneumatic dry granulation can granulate any pharmaceutical ingredient and has advantages over traditional wet granulation methods.
A review paper on comparative analysis of Diesel blends with different propor...ijtsrd
Biodiesel is an attracted alternative fuel and biodiesel“diesel blends can be used as fuel in order to substitute some part of diesel in engine at various applications. In this study, the spray properties of different type of blends of biodiesel“diesel (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% biodiesel) as well as pure diesel is investigated under various ambient conditions by means of high-speed schlieren photography technique. A comparative analysis of blended fuels and diesel sprays is also presented. The experimental results show that when adopting fuel blends with variable biodiesel“diesel fractions in the swirl-type injector sprays, the spray developing patterns are not significantly changed. In the case of low ambient pressure (surrounding condition), the main spray tip penetration decreases and the spray angle increases with the increase of biodiesel fraction. Under the elevated ambient pressure condition, the difference of spray penetration amongst the blends shows inconspicuous, meanwhile the spray angle of all test fuels keeps almost constant in the fully developed stage except that the spray of pure diesel shows a larger cone angle in the beginning of injection period. Ajeet Kumar Prajapati | Vipin Kumar Patel"A review paper on comparative analysis of Diesel blends with different proportions of karanja oil Biodiesel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12896.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/12896/a-review-paper-on-comparative-analysis-of-diesel-blends-with-different-proportions-of-karanja-oil-biodiesel/ajeet-kumar-prajapati
EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTER...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental and computational analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of plastic oil, neem oil, and their blends with diesel in a multi-fuel engine. The fuels were blended in a 20% ratio with 80% diesel. Testing was conducted on a 5hp single cylinder engine to analyze emissions like NOx, CO, CO2, HC, NO2, and smoke. Since engine testing is time consuming, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using ANSYS Forte was also performed to model the combustion chamber and simulate the blended fuels. The results from both methods validated each other and suggest that plastic-neem oil blends could serve as a viable diesel alternative fuel.
This document summarizes an experimental study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine operating on blends of jatropha biodiesel and diesel fuel. The parameters investigated were load, compression ratio, and blend proportion. The goal was to minimize brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The results of the Taguchi experiment identified that a 0% biodiesel blend, 18 compression ratio, and 10kg load produced the lowest BSFC. Engine load had the greatest influence on performance, while blend proportion had the least influence. A confirmation experiment using the optimal settings showed results close to predicted values.
This document discusses starch-based polyurethanes. It begins by classifying polymers as either synthetic or natural. Common synthetic polymers are listed. Starch is introduced as a natural polymer extracted from plants. The document then explains how polyurethane is formed from diisocyanates and polyols. Several studies modifying starch to create biodegradable and renewable starch-based polyurethanes are summarized. These modifications improved properties like mechanical strength and decreased toxicity. Finally, applications of these starch-based polyurethanes are mentioned, such as in biomedical products, packaging and controlled fertilizer release.
Senior Design - Green Diesel Final ReportEric Shockey
This document summarizes a design for a plant to produce green diesel as an additive for petroleum diesel. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Choosing soybean oil as the triglyceride feedstock and palladium on carbon as the catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation reaction in the reactor.
2) Sizing the hydrodeoxygenation reactor to produce 140 million gallons per year with specifications including a volume of 853 m3.
3) Designing flash drums, a distillation column, and a membrane separator to separate the green diesel, water, excess hydrogen, and propane byproducts.
4) Finding that the current design results in a $3.67
Investigation for Strength of Layering of Pelletized Balls Used As Feed for G...IJERA Editor
To bring the mandatory changes in feed preparation of conventional methods of gas solid reactions the method
of pelletization is introduced. This paper provides the best case of balls which are sustainable to pressure
maintained for gas solid reaction so that desired size and production rate of balls can be achieved. Pelletization
is agglomeration technique which is beneficial with fine powder to improve feed preparation present in the gas
solid reaction. This technique is useful to increase production rate and to reduce the difficulties which occur in
production by mechanical means with heavy mechanical operating devices. Currently many of the chemical
industries are using briquettes for gas solid reaction which consume extra power, cost and time. Hence this can
be substituted by using pelletization and material science technique. Pellets should be improvised alternated feed
preparation for gas solid reaction as manufacturing of pellet consumes less time and power. It has better surface
area and porosity when compared to the briquettes. Few sets of experiments have been done to overcome factors
affecting in pellet making and positive result are observed.
To study the performance of Palm Kernel Oil in the use of non dairy whip toppingIJERA Editor
Palm Kernel Oil is most suitable for Non dairy whip topping.The results show that The cream which is produced from PKO is smooth,Glossy and Shine,which has more shelf life than dairy whip topping.This study also shows that, the foam which is produced is more stable in whipping cream.this study also point out advantags of palm kernel oil based whipping cream,particularly when stability of cream is more important.
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL IAEME Publication
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
This document discusses the production and properties of biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil using a solid metal oxide catalyst. The key points are:
1) Rubber seed oil was characterized and found to have suitable properties for biodiesel production, including a low acid value making it possible to convert to biodiesel in a single stage process.
2) Biodiesel was produced from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide as the solid metal oxide catalyst. The yield was around 98%.
3) The properties of the biodiesel produced, such as viscosity, flash point, cloud point and cetane number were found to meet international standards and be comparable to petrodiesel, suggesting it can be safely
This document discusses the production and properties of biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil using a solid metal oxide catalyst. The key points are:
1) Rubber seed oil was characterized and found to have suitable properties for biodiesel production, including a low acid value. This means biodiesel can be produced from the oil in a single-stage process.
2) Biodiesel was produced from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide as the catalyst. The yield was around 98%.
3) The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, and cetane number were found to meet international standards and be comparable to petrodiesel, suggesting it can be blended with
coir fibers tech has improved so much it can produce micro fibers from petroleum that can be upgraded into artificialleather that can mimic naturalleather
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.