This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of water content in water-microemulsified diesel on fuel properties and engine performance. Three water-microemulsified diesel systems were tested with water contents of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Testing showed that fuel viscosity, density, cloud point, and pour point increased with higher water content. Calorific value decreased with more water. In engine tests, torque and power increased with water content up to 10% but decreased at 15% water, especially at lower engine speeds. Brake specific fuel consumption increased as water content rose. Overall, the 5% and 10% water systems showed potential as alternative fuels with good fuel properties and engine performance.
1) The document studies the impact of emulsified water-diesel mixtures on engine performance and emissions. Diesel was emulsified with 3%, 5%, and 7% water by volume.
2) Test results showed that adding water to diesel emulsions improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake specific fuel consumption compared to pure diesel. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter also decreased with the addition of up to 5% water.
3) The presence of water in the emulsions lowers combustion temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. It also increases the expansion work and reduces compression work in the engine, improving efficiency.
This document reviews blending of biofuels to address issues with rising fuel prices and emissions. Blending involves mixing two fuels to reduce harmful effects while improving efficiency. Specifically discussed are:
1) Blending heavy fuel oil with jatropha and adding water emulsification to reduce viscosity and emissions. Testing showed blending can increase fuel consumption but reduce emissions.
2) Emulsifying jatropha biodiesel and diesel, which improved fuel properties and reduced emissions over diesel alone.
3) Using nano-emulsions of water and diesel to reduce NOx and soot emissions. Testing of emulsified fuels found increased engine torque, power and efficiency.
In conclusion, blending fuels is promising for economic and environmental
Analysing stability in water-in-diesel fuel emulsionAshish Gadhave
The diesel engine exhaust gas consists of many hazardous components which need to be reduced. Incorporation of water in fuel restricts the emission of such toxic gases and helps to reduce pollution. The aim of this research work is to develop water-in-diesel fuel emulsion having maximum stability. Initially, the most suitable surfactant/blend of surfactants has been investigated which gives maximum stability to W/D emulsion. It is found that blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80 gives effective result. The W/D emulsion was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and adding a small amount of water into diesel containing blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. The results show that 10% W/D emulsion having 5% surfactant concentration gives most desirable emulsion stability. Beyond 10% water concentration, the properties of W/D emulsion get lowered.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed emissions from a twin cylinder diesel engine operating in dual fuel mode using different blends of Karanja biodiesel and producer gas. The study tested blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% Karanja biodiesel mixed with diesel (B10, B20, B30) in both single and dual fuel modes under varying loads and gas flow rates. The results showed that in dual fuel mode, all blended fuels produced lower smoke and NOx emissions compared to single fuel mode, while other emissions like CO and HC were higher. Emissions generally decreased with increasing biodiesel blend percentage.
Investigation of Performance of Bituminous Mixes using the Binder Modified wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the investigation of using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to modify bituminous mixes. PPA is added to bitumen to improve its properties. When PPA is added to bitumen, it increases the asphaltene content and softening point while reducing penetration. This improves the stiffness, viscosity and thermal cracking resistance of the modified bitumen. PPA modification also improves the adhesion of bitumen to aggregate and can reduce rutting in pavements. PPA can be used alone or in conjunction with polymers to modify bitumen, providing synergistic benefits to properties like elasticity and deformation resistance. The document provides background on bitumen, PPA, and their interactions, as well as advantages of P
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document summarizes research on synthesizing a surfactant-polymer formulation using date pits for enhanced oil recovery applications. Date pits are a waste product from Saudi Arabia's large date industry. The researchers processed date pits to extract cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose polymers. They produced a date pit polymer by reacting the extracted polymers with sodium hydroxide solution. Testing showed the date pit polymer increased the viscosity of a surfactant solution. However, further work is needed to develop date pit polymers with higher viscosity suitable for recovering heavier crude oils. The researchers concluded date pit polymers have potential as viscosifying agents for chemical enhanced oil recovery processes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that compares combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and biodiesel (made from neem oil). Biodiesel was tested in a conventional diesel engine and in a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine, which was modified by coating the combustion chamber with a ceramic thermal barrier coating. The coating aimed to suppress heat loss from the engine, allowing improved efficiency. Test results found the LHR engine performance with biodiesel was similar to the conventional diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency of the LHR engine decreased slightly with biodiesel compared to diesel. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased with biodiesel in both engine types. The results suggest
1) The document studies the impact of emulsified water-diesel mixtures on engine performance and emissions. Diesel was emulsified with 3%, 5%, and 7% water by volume.
2) Test results showed that adding water to diesel emulsions improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced brake specific fuel consumption compared to pure diesel. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter also decreased with the addition of up to 5% water.
3) The presence of water in the emulsions lowers combustion temperatures, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. It also increases the expansion work and reduces compression work in the engine, improving efficiency.
This document reviews blending of biofuels to address issues with rising fuel prices and emissions. Blending involves mixing two fuels to reduce harmful effects while improving efficiency. Specifically discussed are:
1) Blending heavy fuel oil with jatropha and adding water emulsification to reduce viscosity and emissions. Testing showed blending can increase fuel consumption but reduce emissions.
2) Emulsifying jatropha biodiesel and diesel, which improved fuel properties and reduced emissions over diesel alone.
3) Using nano-emulsions of water and diesel to reduce NOx and soot emissions. Testing of emulsified fuels found increased engine torque, power and efficiency.
In conclusion, blending fuels is promising for economic and environmental
Analysing stability in water-in-diesel fuel emulsionAshish Gadhave
The diesel engine exhaust gas consists of many hazardous components which need to be reduced. Incorporation of water in fuel restricts the emission of such toxic gases and helps to reduce pollution. The aim of this research work is to develop water-in-diesel fuel emulsion having maximum stability. Initially, the most suitable surfactant/blend of surfactants has been investigated which gives maximum stability to W/D emulsion. It is found that blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80 gives effective result. The W/D emulsion was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and adding a small amount of water into diesel containing blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. The results show that 10% W/D emulsion having 5% surfactant concentration gives most desirable emulsion stability. Beyond 10% water concentration, the properties of W/D emulsion get lowered.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed emissions from a twin cylinder diesel engine operating in dual fuel mode using different blends of Karanja biodiesel and producer gas. The study tested blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% Karanja biodiesel mixed with diesel (B10, B20, B30) in both single and dual fuel modes under varying loads and gas flow rates. The results showed that in dual fuel mode, all blended fuels produced lower smoke and NOx emissions compared to single fuel mode, while other emissions like CO and HC were higher. Emissions generally decreased with increasing biodiesel blend percentage.
Investigation of Performance of Bituminous Mixes using the Binder Modified wi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the investigation of using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to modify bituminous mixes. PPA is added to bitumen to improve its properties. When PPA is added to bitumen, it increases the asphaltene content and softening point while reducing penetration. This improves the stiffness, viscosity and thermal cracking resistance of the modified bitumen. PPA modification also improves the adhesion of bitumen to aggregate and can reduce rutting in pavements. PPA can be used alone or in conjunction with polymers to modify bitumen, providing synergistic benefits to properties like elasticity and deformation resistance. The document provides background on bitumen, PPA, and their interactions, as well as advantages of P
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
This document summarizes research on synthesizing a surfactant-polymer formulation using date pits for enhanced oil recovery applications. Date pits are a waste product from Saudi Arabia's large date industry. The researchers processed date pits to extract cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose polymers. They produced a date pit polymer by reacting the extracted polymers with sodium hydroxide solution. Testing showed the date pit polymer increased the viscosity of a surfactant solution. However, further work is needed to develop date pit polymers with higher viscosity suitable for recovering heavier crude oils. The researchers concluded date pit polymers have potential as viscosifying agents for chemical enhanced oil recovery processes.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that compares combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and biodiesel (made from neem oil). Biodiesel was tested in a conventional diesel engine and in a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine, which was modified by coating the combustion chamber with a ceramic thermal barrier coating. The coating aimed to suppress heat loss from the engine, allowing improved efficiency. Test results found the LHR engine performance with biodiesel was similar to the conventional diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency of the LHR engine decreased slightly with biodiesel compared to diesel. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased with biodiesel in both engine types. The results suggest
Effects of biodiesel composition on its long term storage stabilityYoosaf PeePees
This document discusses the effects of biodiesel composition on its long term storage stability. It analyzes how the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester compositions of coconut and karanja biodiesel fuels influence properties like density, viscosity, acid value and peroxide value when stored for 10 months under different conditions. Storage under direct contact with both air and sunlight resulted in the greatest variations in properties due to oxidation reactions. Biodiesel with higher unsaturated content like karanja biodiesel showed greater degradation during storage.
Fuel water emulsion technology can be used in IC engines to reduce emissions. An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, like oil and water, mixed using a surfactant. Surfactants lower the interfacial tension between liquids to allow an emulsion. Diesel-water emulsions use surfactants with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 7-11. Tests show diesel-water emulsions with 7.5% water reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by 30-50% without compromising performance. The water improves atomization and lowers flame temperature during combustion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Self-Microemulsifying Dosage Form: Special Emphasis on Ze...BRNSS Publication Hub
The emulsion is a disperse system which is thermodynamically unstable. To improve the stability of the disperse system microemulsion or nanoemulsion was prepared to improve thermodynamic stability. Zeta potential is a physical property which is exhibited by any particle in suspension/emulsion, i.e., in colloidal dispersion. It can be used to optimize the formulations of suspensions and emulsions. Zeta potential is the measure of overall charges acquired by particles in a particular medium and is considered as one of the benchmarks of stability of the colloidal system. As a rule of thumb, suspensions/dispersed system with zeta potential above 30 mV (absolute value) are physically stable. Suspensions with a potential above 60 mV show excellent stability. Suspensions below 20 mV are of limited stability; below 5 mV they undergo pronounced aggregation if the system is stabilized by the electrostatic mechanism. If the values are low for visually stable emulsions, it could be attributed to steric repulsion between approaching molecules, i.e., system is sterically stabilized. Such sterically stabilized colloidal systems though they have low zeta potential values are found to be stable during storage. Tween is well accepted steric stabilizer for colloidal systems. Stability of such a visually stable emulsion or microemulsions should be carried out under accelerated or long-term stability conditions to confirm the globule size and zeta potential on aging.
- The document examines the use of castor oil and glycerol as renewable substitutes for petroleum-based polyols in producing flexible polyurethane foam.
- Adding castor oil alone results in unstable foam collapse, but adding glycerol as a cross-linking agent helps overcome this instability.
- The addition of glycerol up to 15% by weight improves foaming and structural stability, while higher glycerol amounts above 20% slow foam growth due to faster cross-linking during expansion.
IRJET- A Study on a Diesel Hydrotreater using Combined Refinery StreamsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using a diesel hydrotreater to process combined refinery streams. It begins with an introduction to diesel hydrotreating and removing compounds from diesel like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. It then reviews literature on modeling hydrotreaters, the impact of different feedstocks on catalyst performance, and revamps of hydrotreaters to increase throughput and meet low sulfur standards. The document concludes with discussing various studies on optimizing hydrotreating operating parameters and the benefits of sequential hydrotreating and hydrocracking of diesel and other refinery streams.
This document discusses dental composites, which are used for dental restorations. It describes the components of composites, including the matrix, fillers, and coupling agents. It explains the types of fillers and their purposes. It also discusses the different types of composites based on particle size, including microfilled, small-particle filled, hybrid, packable, and flowable composites. The document outlines the polymerization process and classifications of composites according to curing system and particle size. Advantages and applications of composites are provided. Considerations for bonding composites to enamel and dentin are also summarized.
This document outlines a research plan for developing and evaluating a Glipizide loaded transdermal film. The objectives are to conduct preformulation studies, compatibility studies using FTIR, reduce drug particle size using precipitation, characterize drug particle size using SEM, formulate films using solvent evaporation, and evaluate films for properties like drug content and in-vitro drug release. The need is to improve Glipizide's solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability through the transdermal route to reduce side effects. The plan involves literature review, material selection, preformulation tests, film formulation, evaluation, kinetic modeling, and reporting.
IRJET- Viscoelastic Properties and Rheological Characterization of Topical He...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the viscoelastic properties and rheological characterization of topical herbal formulations. Three oil-in-water cosmetic emulsions were prepared with different ratios of emulsifiers Glyceryl monostearate SE and Montanova-68. Rheological tests using a viscometer and rheometer found relationships between emulsion composition and properties like viscosity and shear stress. The emulsifiers were found to affect these properties and the rheological behavior is important for product qualities like ease of use and appearance.
This document summarizes test results from evaluating various demulsifier formulations on two different crude oil samples. For the first plant, the best performing formulations included combinations of DB9947, DB9392, DB9393, DB5951, DB9958, DG270, and W033. The selected final formulation was DB9947/DB9392/DB9393, which dropped water to 42 mls/minutes, had a salt content of 2.04 PTB, and gave a top oil water cut of 0% with very good water and interface quality. For the second plant, effective bases included W033, DB9947, DB9393, DB9392, DP188, and DG270
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
The document proposes research into synthesizing an interpenetrating polymer network of PDMS-PU-PEGMA to increase the permeability of glucose and oxygen through silicone-based coatings. The goal is to apply this coating to microbial fuel cells to improve their power output and open circuit voltage. The research will involve synthesizing PDMS-PU-PEGMA hydrogels with varying PEGMA content, characterizing their material properties, and measuring permeability. The coating is expected to allow glucose and oxygen transport through the layer to microbial fuel cells for improved performance.
A Systematic Study on Composition of Low Viscosity Automotive Lube Oils with ...IJERA Editor
1) The study evaluated the performance of 3 commercial lubricating oils and 2 base oils of different viscosities and compositions using a four ball tribometer.
2) The tribological performance results, including friction, wear, and weld load, were correlated with the physico-chemical properties and molecular composition of the oils as determined by NMR spectroscopy and trace metal analysis.
3) The lubricant with the highest viscosity, aromatic content, and additive levels had the lowest friction and wear, while increasing napthenic molecules negatively impacted performance.
This document describes interfacial polymerization, which is a polymerization reaction that occurs at the interface between two immiscible solutions. A simple example given is the production of nylon 6/10 at the interface of a solution of sebacyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride and a solution of hexamethylenediamine in water. Interfacial polymerization differs from step polymerization in that the monomers react only with polymer chain ends at the interface, leading to higher molecular weight polymers. Important parameters for a successful process include the presence of an inorganic base in the aqueous phase to neutralize hydrogen chloride byproduct. While it has some advantages over other polymerization methods, interfacial polymerization also has disadvantages including
Hydration mechanism and strength of opc and blended opc with fly ash in the p...eSAT Journals
Abstract The infrastructural development is an important aspect for the overall development of country. In all construction works concrete is an important and costly issue, this governs the total cost of project. To reduce cement consumption for environmental and economical concern, use of supplementary materials is required. In this work fly ash and metakaolin were used to decrease the cement contents and increase the strength as well as durability of cement. The main objective of this research work is to know the cement hydration mechanism, its strength with different ratio of fly ash and metakaolin. All mixes were made with water-to-binder ratio of 0.40. The results are evidences by chemical analysis, XRD, SEM, DSC, etc. Keywords: OPC (Ordinary Portland cement); Mk (Metakaolin); FA (Fly ash), Blended cement; C-S-H(Calcium silicate hydrates) ; SEM, XRD; DSC.
Switchable polarity solvents (SPS) are solvents that can reversibly switch between a polar form, where it is miscible with water, and a non-polar form where it forms a biphasic mixture with water. This is achieved through the addition of CO2 to switch to the polar form and the removal of CO2 using nitrogen or heat to switch back. SPS have advantages over conventional solvents for multi-step chemical processes as they reduce waste and costs. However, their synthesis can be difficult and ensuring proper switching requires adequate gas supplies and process control. SPS have applications in extraction, separation, and synthesis.
This document discusses the optimization of polysulfone-based ultrafiltration membranes prepared through phase inversion. It examines how various preparation parameters, such as the concentration of the polysulfone dope solution, the solvent used, temperature, and pressure, affect the properties of the resulting membranes, including water flux and pore size. The key findings are that increasing the concentration of the dope solution or the temperature used decreases water flux by reducing pore size and porosity, while increasing pressure leads to higher water flux linearly according to Fick's law. Bubble point tests also indicate that higher dope solution concentrations produce membranes with smaller pore sizes. Overall, the study shows how preparation parameters can be optimized to control membrane properties for various separation applications.
This document summarizes test results for demulsifier formulations on two crude oil samples. For the first sample, the best performing individual demulsifier bases were DG270, DB5951, DB9392, DB9947 and W033 based on water dropping and salt content. The top performing formulations were DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 and W033/DB9392/DB9393. For the second sample, the best individual bases were DG270, D3575X, D311, DB9429, and DB9947. The top formulations were W033/DP188/DB9393 and DB9947/DG270/DB9393, which achieved lower salt contents
Computation as a Co-Conspirator in Resisting its own Hegemonyzacharykaiser
This document discusses computation and its role in cultural criticism. It notes that computation can be used as a partner in cultural criticism by critiquing its own privileged position in culture. However, it also cautions that privileging only what is computable is problematic and obscures aspects of meaning and experience that are not easily quantified. It advocates approaches like symbolic subversion to resist algorithmic inferences that shape identities and recommendations.
Manusia dapat dipandang sebagai sistem pemroses informasi yang menerima informasi melalui saluran input seperti penglihatan, pendengaran, sentuhan, gerakan, dan menyimpan serta memproses informasi tersebut dalam ingatan jangka pendek dan panjang. Kemampuan ini berbeda antara individu dan memungkinkan manusia berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya.
Effects of biodiesel composition on its long term storage stabilityYoosaf PeePees
This document discusses the effects of biodiesel composition on its long term storage stability. It analyzes how the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester compositions of coconut and karanja biodiesel fuels influence properties like density, viscosity, acid value and peroxide value when stored for 10 months under different conditions. Storage under direct contact with both air and sunlight resulted in the greatest variations in properties due to oxidation reactions. Biodiesel with higher unsaturated content like karanja biodiesel showed greater degradation during storage.
Fuel water emulsion technology can be used in IC engines to reduce emissions. An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, like oil and water, mixed using a surfactant. Surfactants lower the interfacial tension between liquids to allow an emulsion. Diesel-water emulsions use surfactants with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 7-11. Tests show diesel-water emulsions with 7.5% water reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by 30-50% without compromising performance. The water improves atomization and lowers flame temperature during combustion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Self-Microemulsifying Dosage Form: Special Emphasis on Ze...BRNSS Publication Hub
The emulsion is a disperse system which is thermodynamically unstable. To improve the stability of the disperse system microemulsion or nanoemulsion was prepared to improve thermodynamic stability. Zeta potential is a physical property which is exhibited by any particle in suspension/emulsion, i.e., in colloidal dispersion. It can be used to optimize the formulations of suspensions and emulsions. Zeta potential is the measure of overall charges acquired by particles in a particular medium and is considered as one of the benchmarks of stability of the colloidal system. As a rule of thumb, suspensions/dispersed system with zeta potential above 30 mV (absolute value) are physically stable. Suspensions with a potential above 60 mV show excellent stability. Suspensions below 20 mV are of limited stability; below 5 mV they undergo pronounced aggregation if the system is stabilized by the electrostatic mechanism. If the values are low for visually stable emulsions, it could be attributed to steric repulsion between approaching molecules, i.e., system is sterically stabilized. Such sterically stabilized colloidal systems though they have low zeta potential values are found to be stable during storage. Tween is well accepted steric stabilizer for colloidal systems. Stability of such a visually stable emulsion or microemulsions should be carried out under accelerated or long-term stability conditions to confirm the globule size and zeta potential on aging.
- The document examines the use of castor oil and glycerol as renewable substitutes for petroleum-based polyols in producing flexible polyurethane foam.
- Adding castor oil alone results in unstable foam collapse, but adding glycerol as a cross-linking agent helps overcome this instability.
- The addition of glycerol up to 15% by weight improves foaming and structural stability, while higher glycerol amounts above 20% slow foam growth due to faster cross-linking during expansion.
IRJET- A Study on a Diesel Hydrotreater using Combined Refinery StreamsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using a diesel hydrotreater to process combined refinery streams. It begins with an introduction to diesel hydrotreating and removing compounds from diesel like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. It then reviews literature on modeling hydrotreaters, the impact of different feedstocks on catalyst performance, and revamps of hydrotreaters to increase throughput and meet low sulfur standards. The document concludes with discussing various studies on optimizing hydrotreating operating parameters and the benefits of sequential hydrotreating and hydrocracking of diesel and other refinery streams.
This document discusses dental composites, which are used for dental restorations. It describes the components of composites, including the matrix, fillers, and coupling agents. It explains the types of fillers and their purposes. It also discusses the different types of composites based on particle size, including microfilled, small-particle filled, hybrid, packable, and flowable composites. The document outlines the polymerization process and classifications of composites according to curing system and particle size. Advantages and applications of composites are provided. Considerations for bonding composites to enamel and dentin are also summarized.
This document outlines a research plan for developing and evaluating a Glipizide loaded transdermal film. The objectives are to conduct preformulation studies, compatibility studies using FTIR, reduce drug particle size using precipitation, characterize drug particle size using SEM, formulate films using solvent evaporation, and evaluate films for properties like drug content and in-vitro drug release. The need is to improve Glipizide's solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability through the transdermal route to reduce side effects. The plan involves literature review, material selection, preformulation tests, film formulation, evaluation, kinetic modeling, and reporting.
IRJET- Viscoelastic Properties and Rheological Characterization of Topical He...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the viscoelastic properties and rheological characterization of topical herbal formulations. Three oil-in-water cosmetic emulsions were prepared with different ratios of emulsifiers Glyceryl monostearate SE and Montanova-68. Rheological tests using a viscometer and rheometer found relationships between emulsion composition and properties like viscosity and shear stress. The emulsifiers were found to affect these properties and the rheological behavior is important for product qualities like ease of use and appearance.
This document summarizes test results from evaluating various demulsifier formulations on two different crude oil samples. For the first plant, the best performing formulations included combinations of DB9947, DB9392, DB9393, DB5951, DB9958, DG270, and W033. The selected final formulation was DB9947/DB9392/DB9393, which dropped water to 42 mls/minutes, had a salt content of 2.04 PTB, and gave a top oil water cut of 0% with very good water and interface quality. For the second plant, effective bases included W033, DB9947, DB9393, DB9392, DP188, and DG270
The document summarizes an industry-standard fuel economy test between two nearly identical diesel trucks using conventional versus AMSOIL synthetic lubricants. The test found that the truck using synthetic lubricants saw a 6.54% increase in fuel economy compared to the truck using conventional lubricants. Specifically, the truck using synthetic lubricants consumed 18,779 gallons of fuel annually at 6.39 mpg versus 20,000 gallons at 6 mpg for the conventional lubricants truck. This represents an annual fuel cost savings of $4,579 per truck when switching to AMSOIL synthetic lubricants.
The document proposes research into synthesizing an interpenetrating polymer network of PDMS-PU-PEGMA to increase the permeability of glucose and oxygen through silicone-based coatings. The goal is to apply this coating to microbial fuel cells to improve their power output and open circuit voltage. The research will involve synthesizing PDMS-PU-PEGMA hydrogels with varying PEGMA content, characterizing their material properties, and measuring permeability. The coating is expected to allow glucose and oxygen transport through the layer to microbial fuel cells for improved performance.
A Systematic Study on Composition of Low Viscosity Automotive Lube Oils with ...IJERA Editor
1) The study evaluated the performance of 3 commercial lubricating oils and 2 base oils of different viscosities and compositions using a four ball tribometer.
2) The tribological performance results, including friction, wear, and weld load, were correlated with the physico-chemical properties and molecular composition of the oils as determined by NMR spectroscopy and trace metal analysis.
3) The lubricant with the highest viscosity, aromatic content, and additive levels had the lowest friction and wear, while increasing napthenic molecules negatively impacted performance.
This document describes interfacial polymerization, which is a polymerization reaction that occurs at the interface between two immiscible solutions. A simple example given is the production of nylon 6/10 at the interface of a solution of sebacyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride and a solution of hexamethylenediamine in water. Interfacial polymerization differs from step polymerization in that the monomers react only with polymer chain ends at the interface, leading to higher molecular weight polymers. Important parameters for a successful process include the presence of an inorganic base in the aqueous phase to neutralize hydrogen chloride byproduct. While it has some advantages over other polymerization methods, interfacial polymerization also has disadvantages including
Hydration mechanism and strength of opc and blended opc with fly ash in the p...eSAT Journals
Abstract The infrastructural development is an important aspect for the overall development of country. In all construction works concrete is an important and costly issue, this governs the total cost of project. To reduce cement consumption for environmental and economical concern, use of supplementary materials is required. In this work fly ash and metakaolin were used to decrease the cement contents and increase the strength as well as durability of cement. The main objective of this research work is to know the cement hydration mechanism, its strength with different ratio of fly ash and metakaolin. All mixes were made with water-to-binder ratio of 0.40. The results are evidences by chemical analysis, XRD, SEM, DSC, etc. Keywords: OPC (Ordinary Portland cement); Mk (Metakaolin); FA (Fly ash), Blended cement; C-S-H(Calcium silicate hydrates) ; SEM, XRD; DSC.
Switchable polarity solvents (SPS) are solvents that can reversibly switch between a polar form, where it is miscible with water, and a non-polar form where it forms a biphasic mixture with water. This is achieved through the addition of CO2 to switch to the polar form and the removal of CO2 using nitrogen or heat to switch back. SPS have advantages over conventional solvents for multi-step chemical processes as they reduce waste and costs. However, their synthesis can be difficult and ensuring proper switching requires adequate gas supplies and process control. SPS have applications in extraction, separation, and synthesis.
This document discusses the optimization of polysulfone-based ultrafiltration membranes prepared through phase inversion. It examines how various preparation parameters, such as the concentration of the polysulfone dope solution, the solvent used, temperature, and pressure, affect the properties of the resulting membranes, including water flux and pore size. The key findings are that increasing the concentration of the dope solution or the temperature used decreases water flux by reducing pore size and porosity, while increasing pressure leads to higher water flux linearly according to Fick's law. Bubble point tests also indicate that higher dope solution concentrations produce membranes with smaller pore sizes. Overall, the study shows how preparation parameters can be optimized to control membrane properties for various separation applications.
This document summarizes test results for demulsifier formulations on two crude oil samples. For the first sample, the best performing individual demulsifier bases were DG270, DB5951, DB9392, DB9947 and W033 based on water dropping and salt content. The top performing formulations were DB9947/DB9392/DB9393 and W033/DB9392/DB9393. For the second sample, the best individual bases were DG270, D3575X, D311, DB9429, and DB9947. The top formulations were W033/DP188/DB9393 and DB9947/DG270/DB9393, which achieved lower salt contents
Computation as a Co-Conspirator in Resisting its own Hegemonyzacharykaiser
This document discusses computation and its role in cultural criticism. It notes that computation can be used as a partner in cultural criticism by critiquing its own privileged position in culture. However, it also cautions that privileging only what is computable is problematic and obscures aspects of meaning and experience that are not easily quantified. It advocates approaches like symbolic subversion to resist algorithmic inferences that shape identities and recommendations.
Manusia dapat dipandang sebagai sistem pemroses informasi yang menerima informasi melalui saluran input seperti penglihatan, pendengaran, sentuhan, gerakan, dan menyimpan serta memproses informasi tersebut dalam ingatan jangka pendek dan panjang. Kemampuan ini berbeda antara individu dan memungkinkan manusia berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya.
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To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition
engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were
studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with
increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production
and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration
and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with
different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the
result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any
mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of
particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.
Effects of Papaya Methyl Ester on DI Diesel Engine Combustion, Emission and P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of using papaya methyl ester (PME) and its blends with diesel fuel in a diesel engine. The key findings from the study are:
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2) Using PME blends resulted in a shorter ignition delay, higher maximum in-cylinder pressure, and improved brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel alone. However, BSFC increased slightly for PME due to its lower heating value.
3) Emissions of hydrocarbons,
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EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO ENGINE’S PERFORMANCE USI...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to test the performance of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl ester extracted from Prunus Domestica seeds as a biodiesel fuel. Prunus Domestica oil is extracted from the seeds and converted to methyl ester via a transesterification process. Four fuel samples with varying ratios of diesel to Prunus Domestica methyl ester are prepared and tested in a single cylinder variable compression ratio engine. The engine's brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions are measured and compared for each fuel sample and different compression ratios. The goal is to evaluate if using Prunus Domestica methyl ester can enhance the engine's performance by increasing efficiency and reducing emissions
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This document describes an experimental study that analyzed the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste automotive oil and diesel. The pyrolysis fuel was produced through microwave pyrolysis, which thermally cracks waste oil into smaller hydrocarbon chains. Various blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% pyrolysis fuel with diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency decreased with increasing blend ratios due to higher brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of NOx and CO increased with pyrolysis fuel blends compared to diesel alone.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
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Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Experimental investigation of using kerosene-biodiesel blend as an alternativ...Mustansiriyah University
1) Researchers tested blends of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil and kerosene as alternative fuels in a diesel engine. They tested blends with biodiesel content from 15-60% by volume and kerosene content from 85-40%.
2) Test results showed that biodiesel-kerosene blends produced higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons decreased with increasing kerosene content in the blends.
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The document presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends made from Java plum seed oil and custard apple seed oil. The key findings are:
- Biodiesel blends produced lower brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel due to their lower energy content.
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Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable and environmental friendly alternative fuel which can be used as a substitute for diesel in compression engine. Biodiesel can be prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats. But the application of biodiesel in diesel engine will decrease the engine’s efficiency and increase the specific fuel consumption. Application of ceramic coatings in engine will help to solve these problems. This paper presents the experimental results of mahua oil biodiesel blend in an Al2O3 ceramic coated compression ignition engine. The brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions of both diesel and mahua oil biodiesel blend were measured before and after coating and the results are described in this paper. Keywords: Mahua oil, biodiesel, ceramic coating, low heat rejection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document is a technical seminar report on biofuel and its importance. It was authored by two students, A. Jannath Nissa and A. Krupa Vara Prasad, for their B.Tech degree under the guidance of professors Ch. Ravi Kumar and B. Surya Tej Singh from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Adam's Engineering College. The report discusses vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and analyzes the performance and emissions of pre-heated mahua oil and its blends. It finds that pre-heating can reduce viscosity and offers improved performance and reduced emissions compared to neat vegetable oil. The report also examines parameters like fuel inlet temperature, blending ratio,
This document is an official transcript from the National University of Malaysia for a student who completed a Master of Science in Chemistry. The student's name, registration number, and ID number are listed. The transcript shows that the student was enrolled full-time from 2012-2013 to 2015-2016. They received an A grade in two courses: Research Methodology and Laboratory Research Skills. The title of the student's thesis is listed. The student passed and was awarded a Master of Science in Chemistry, as approved by the university senate in September 2016.
Ringkasan dokumen ini memberikan informasi tentang hasil peperiksaan menengah rendah siswi bernama Hastinatun bte Mukayat dari SMK PenghuIu Saad. Ia mendapat keputusan cemerlang dalam bahasa Melayu, bahasa Inggeris, matematik dan sai ns, serta lulus dalam mata pelajaran lainnya.
This transcript summarizes the courses and grades for Hastinatun Bte Mukayat who studied Oleochemistry at the National University of Malaysia from 2008 to 2011. Over 6 semesters, they achieved an overall GPA of 3.23 and passed courses in topics like chemistry, Islamic studies, mathematics, and oleochemical industries. They completed an industrial training in their final semester and were awarded a Bachelor of Science with Honors in Oleochemistry in September 2011.
1. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 251 - 260
251
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN WATER-MICROEMULSIFIED-DIESEL
AND ITS IMPACT ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
(Pengaruh Air dalam Air-Termikroemulsi-Diesel dan Kesannya ke atas Sifat-sifat Bahan Api
dan Prestasi Enjin)
Hastinatun Mukayat1
, Ismail Ab. Raman3
, Khairiah Badri1,2
, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood4
, Suria Ramli1,2
*
1
School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology,
2
Polymer Research Center,
Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD),
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB),
6, Persiaran Institusi,Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: su_ramli@ukm.edu.my
Abstract
This investigation has been performed to study the effect of water on water microemulsified diesel on the fuel properties and
engine performance. Selective tests of engine performance were performed in order to compare the efficiency in the engine
between formulated water microemulsified diesel and conventional diesel fuel. The formulated water microemulsified diesel
used were diesel/T80/1-penthanol/water 60:20:15:5 wt% (System 1), 55:20:15:10 wt% (System 2) and 50:20:15:15 wt% (System
3). These fuels withstand stability over a month in storage. The result showed that the engine brake specific fuel consumption
(BSFC) increased as the water concentration in the system increased. Instead of showing higher fuel consumption than diesel
fuel, System 1 and System 2 fuels show good fuel properties that meet the ASTM requirements for cloud point, calorific value
and pour point for biodiesel. Further investigation in the gas emission test must be carried out in order to finding its potential as
alternative fuels.
Keywords: brake specific fuel consumption, engine performance, fuel consumption, water microemulsified diesel
Abstrak
Kertas kerja ini melaporkan hasil kajian kesan kandungan air ke atas bahan api termikroemulsi air-diesel pada sifat-sifat bahan
api dan prestasi enjin. Ujian prestasi enjin yang terpilih telah dilakukan bagi membandingkan kecekapan antara bahan api
termikroemulsi dan diesel konvensional di dalam enjin. Formulasi bahan api termikroemulsi yang digunakan ialah diesel/T80/1-
pentanol/air 60:20:15:5 wt% (Sistem 1), 55:20:15:10 wt% (Sistem 2) dan 50:20:15:15 wt% (Sistem 3). Formulasi bahan api ini
adalah stabil melebihi sebulan. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan bahan api tentu brek (BSFC) enjin meningkat
dengan peningkatan kepekatan air di dalam sistem mikroemulsi. Walaupun keputusan menunjukkan bahawa bahan api
termikroemulsi air-diesel memerlukan penggunaan bahan api yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan bahan api diesel, tetapi bahan
api Sistem 1 dan Sistem 2 menunjukkan sifat-sifat bahan api yang baik dan memenuhi piawai seperti takat keruh, nilai kalori dan
takat tuang. Ujian pembebasan gas mesti dilakukan pada kajian akan datang bagi mengetahui potensinya sebagai bahan api
alternatif.
Kata kunci: penggunaan bahan api tentu brek, prestasi enjin, penggunaan bahan api, air-diesel termikroemulsi
Introduction
Implementation of more stringent regulation on exhaust emission drives the researcher to search for alternative
fuels. The introduction of water into the fuels gave significant effect in the reduction of greenhouse gases such as
2. Hastinatun et al: THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN WATER-MICROEMULSIFIED-DIESEL AND ITS
IMPACT ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
252
nitrogen oxide (NOx). The presence of water in the fuel may assist in fuel atomization due to microexplosion.
Microexplosion phenomenon occurs during the evaporation of the water inside droplets of fuel, thus improve the
combustion efficiency due to the complete combustion [1-3].
Water can be introduced into the fuels through three methods which are injection of water into cylinder using a
separate injector, spraying water into inlet air and water-diesel emulsion. Among these three techniques, water-
diesel emulsion has been chosen as the most effective way to introduce water into the fuel and hence for the
reduction of diesel emission, for four-stroke direct injection (DI) engines [3]. The interest in water-diesel emulsion
derives from the fact that water in the form of micrometer-sized droplets exerts some positive effects on the
combustion of the fuel in the chamber [4]. Emulsified fuels can reduce the emission of soot and NOx from diesel
engine without any deterioration of specific fuel consumption [5]. Water-in-oil emulsion have been formulated and
evaluated for most types of fuels, ranging from light hydrocarbons to triglycerides [4].
Many works had been reported on emulsified fuels. These include works dealing with the development of the
emulsion systems, emulsified fuel properties, engine performance and at present the new post-treatment devices [6].
The fact that emulsion is used as fuel in diesel engine requires significant observation on the stability of the
emulsified fuel. Fuel instability is an obvious problem when the technique of emulsion system was used in the
introduction of water in the fuel [7]. This is due to the fact that emulsion system is thermodynamically unstable and
easily separates [1-3]. The instability of the emulsified fuel can deteriorate the diesel engine [8]. It is compulsory to
select the suitable emulsification technique, optimized speed and agitation time in order to achieve stable emulsified
fuel [7].
Microemulsions technique which is thermodynamically stable has been proposed as the solution for the instability
of the emulsified fuel [3]. Microemulsions are defined as transparent, thermodynamically stable colloidal
dispersions of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant and/or co-surfactant. The diameter of the dispersed-phase
droplet is less than one-fourth the wavelength of the visible light which is the reason for their transparency and
microemulsions is low in viscosity which make it more profitable than emulsion [9-11]. In contrast, emulsion is
milky white in colour, high in viscosity, its viscosity dependent on temperature, relatively in large droplets and
static system, and slightly unstable system, which is will eventually separate [4].
Very few studies of water-in-diesel microemulsions fuels have been reported in the literature. This study is the
extended investigation from the previous work, which focused on the effect of water content on partial ternary phase
diagram and physicochemical part. The main objective of this present work is to investigate the effect of water
content on fuel properties and engine performance of microemulsified diesel. The percentage of water content in
the system was varied from 5% to 15%. The optimal formulation for microemulsified diesel that was used in this
study was taken from the previous work.
Materials and Methods
Commercial diesel was purchased from local petrol station (kinematic viscosity, η =3.6095 mm2
/s. The non-ionic
surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (T80) with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of ~15.0 was
supplied by Merck (M) Sdn Bhd. Selangor, Malaysia. The co-surfactant used was 1-penthanol and was
manufactured by Fluka Sdn. Bhd. Distilled water was used to obtain the microemulsion systems.
The preparation of microemulsions was adopted from a published procedure applying constant composition method
[12]. The components used were T80, 1-penthanol and water + oil phase (W + O) with total mass of 10 g in a
screwed cap test tube. Composition of T80 and 1-penthanol were varied from 5 to 50% with 5% interval. The
portion of water in the system was varied at 5, 10 and 15%. These mixtures were mixed by vortex and left for 1 to 2
days at ambient condition. The same mixture undergone microemulsion stability study at 45°C and was observed
for a month. These formulated microemulsions were qualitatively analyzed using polarized light sheets to
distinguish isotropic from anisotropic phases. The selected microemulsions were characterized for fuel properties
i.e. viscosity, calorific value, cloud point, pour point and flash point and selected engine performance.
3. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 251 - 260
253
Fuel Properties
The kinematic viscosity of the formulated microemulsions fuel was determined using viscosity analyzer model
HVM 472 Herzog and was conducted at 40°C. The density was measured following EN ISO 12185. The calorific
value of the formulated microemulsions fuel was determined using Parr bomb calorimeter model 6100EF at 25°C.
The pour point of the formulated microemulsions fuel was measured using a Pour Point Analyzer model ISL-
CPP97-2, according to the ASTM D-97 standard method. The cloud point was determined following ASTM D2500,
in which these fuels were observed for the first sign of turbidity and cloudiness in a cooling water bath as the
temperature was decreased in increments of 5°C.
Diesel Engine Setup
A single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine coupled with dynamometer was used to evaluate fuel performance.
The diesel engine was manufactured by YANMAR with specifications listed in Table 1 (source: single cylinder
engine manual test, K.L Sdn Bhd).
Table 1. Single cylinder diesel engine specification
Model TF90
Type Horizontal, water cooled
Combustion system Direct injection
Bore × stroke 102 mm × 105 mm
Compression ratio 17.8
Cooling system Water-radiator
Oil injection pump Bosch
Engine Test Procedure
Engine test was performed for conventional diesel fuel as the baseline and for three microemulsion fuels. For all test
runs, the engine was warmed up for approximately 10 min so that the operating conditions were stabilized prior to
testing. Engine performance was evaluated under two operating conditions: low load and high load. Engine speed
varied from 1000 to 1800 RPM. The time taken for the engine to burn 10 mL of fuel was recorded, yielding average
fuel consumption. Before each test, the line was drained and new fuel to be tested was flushed. The engine
performance analysis has included: torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.
Results and Discussion
Fuel Properties
The kinematic viscosity, density, cloud point, pour point and calorific value of commercial diesel and
microemulsion fuels with various percentage of water were measured and presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Fuel properties of diesel and microemulsified diesel fuels.
Properties Diesel System 1
(5% H2O)
System 2
(10% H2O)
System 3
(15% H2O)
Kinematic viscosity, mm2
/s 3.61 10.37 12.88 16.31
Density at 20°C, g/cm3
0.8545 0.8953 0.9036 0.9120
Cloud point, °C 5.9 7.4 7.7 8.3
Pour point, °C 0 3 5 9
Calorific value, kJ/g 43.7 37.4 34.8 32.5
4. Hastinatun et al: THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN WATER-MICROEMULSIFIED-DIESEL AND ITS
IMPACT ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
254
The kinematic viscosity of all microemulsion fuels is higher than diesel fuel. As water content in the microemulsion
system increased, the droplet size and number of disperse phase increased, led to more complex micelle structure
formed in the system resulting in increment in viscosity [13-16]. The density of microemulsion fuels also increased
as the amount of water in the system increased [13, 16]. This is attributed to the higher density of water than diesel
that has been added into the system of microemulsion diesel [13]. As the water composition increased, the cloud
point and pour point of the microemulsified fuels also increased. This is in relation to the increase in viscosity [17].
The calorific value of microemulsion fuels was much lower than diesel fuel. As the percentage of water content in
the system increased, the calorific value decreased [13, 16]. The systems encountered heat sink phenomenon. When
heat sink occurs, the heat releases from the combustion reaction is partially absorbed by water molecules and hence
reduces the calorific value [13].
Engine Performance
Engine Torque
Water concentration effect in water microemulsified diesel on engine torque for two load conditions are shown in
Figure 1 and Figure 2. The torque produced increased gradually as the engine speed increased, under both low and
high loading conditions. Also, the microemulsified diesel with 10% water produced the highest torque at all engine
speeds. As the water concentration in the system of microemulsified diesel was increased to 15%, engine torque is
observed to deteriorate particularly at lower engine speeds. This is contributed by the additional force on top of the
piston provided by the vapour from microemulsified diesel. When the cylinder is fired by the charge, the water in
the microemulsified diesel would produce high pressure vapour thus provided additional force on the piston [13, 18,
19]. Besides, the presence of water droplet in the fuels promote a finer cloud which leads to the atomization of the
microemulsified mixture during injection [18]. In addition, higher density of microemulsion fuels resulted in higher
mass flow rate for the same fuel volume pumping into the combustion chamber [20].
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Torque(N.m)
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Figure 1. Engine torque at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at low load
5. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 251 - 260
255
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Torque(N.m)
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 2. Engine torque at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at high load
Engine power
The engine power produced by the engine using microemulsified diesel and diesel fuel under low and high loading
conditions at various speeds is presented in Figure 3 and 4, respectively. The figures illustrated that the engine
power produced increased as the engine speed increased, under both loading conditions. Also, there was a slight
increase in engine power when using microemulsified fuel compared to commercial diesel fuel. The presence of
water in the system, prolonged the ignition delay. The ignition delay is the period between the injection of fuel into
the cylinder and the fuel start to combust. Due to longer ignition delay, microemulsion fuels require less
compression work than the diesel fuel during the compression stroke. This helps to reach a higher peak pressure
after top dead centre (TDC) to produce more power output during the expansion stroke [13, 18, 19]. As indicated,
the engine power produced was higher at high loading condition than low loading condition.
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Power(kW)
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 3. Engine power at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at low load
6. Hastinatun et al: THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN WATER-MICROEMULSIFIED-DIESEL AND ITS
IMPACT ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
256
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Power(kW)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Figure 4. Engine power at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at high load
Brake Specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
Figure 5 and 6 shows BSFC values of the microemulsified diesel system by considering diesel + water as total fuel;
under low and high loading conditions at various engine speeds. All fuels indicated that the BSFC value decreased
as engine speed increased. These figures also illustrated that BSFC values for microemulsified diesel fuels was
much higher compared to commercial diesel fuel due to the lower energy content of microemulsified diesel fuels.
As the water content in the system increased, the energy content decreased, resulted in high BSFC values [16, 18,
19].
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Brakespecificfuelconsumption
(Kg/kW.hr)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Figure 5. Brake specific fuel consumption at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel considering
diesel + water as total fuel; at low load
7. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 251 - 260
257
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Brakespecificfuelconsumption
(Kg/kW.hr)
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 6. Brake specific fuel consumption at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel considering
diesel + water as total fuel; at high load
While, Figure 7 and 8 show BSFC values of the microemulsified diesel system by considering diesel as total fuel;
under low and high loading conditions at various engine speeds. Both figures show that as the percentage of water
in the system increased, the BSFC decreased. As the percentage of water in the system increased, a larger amount of
diesel was displaced by an equal amount of water thus reduced the consumption of diesel fuel in the
microemulsified diesel fuel. As a result, more diesel fuel can be preserved when microemulsified diesel fuels were
used.
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Brakespecificfuelconsumption
(Kg/kW.hr)
Figure 7. Brake specific fuel consumption at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel considering
diesel as total fuel; at low load
8. Hastinatun et al: THE INFLUENCE OF WATER IN WATER-MICROEMULSIFIED-DIESEL AND ITS
IMPACT ON FUEL PROPERTIES AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
258
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Brakespecificfuelconsumption
(Kg/kW.hr)
Figure 8. Brake specific fuel consumption at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel considering
diesel as total fuel; at high load
Engine speed (rpm)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Brakethermalefficiency(%)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Figure 9. Brake thermal efficiency at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at low load
Brake thermal efficiency
The brake thermal efficiency versus engine speed for all fuels under low and high loading conditions are shown in
Figure 9 and 10. The figures show that the thermal efficiency increases as the engine speed increases. But in Figure
8, the thermal efficiency decreases after reaching a maximum value. At low speed, a long time is available for heat
to be transferred to the cylinder walls, and hence significant amount for a greater proportion of heat loss occur. As
speed increases the brake power increases, which implies a higher thermal efficiency is obtained. At higher speeds,
9. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 19 No 1 (2015): 251 - 260
259
the thermal efficiency is decreasing due to rapidly increasing friction power and greater inertia in the moving parts.
As anticipated, the brake thermal efficiency of microemulsified diesel fuels is lower than commercial diesel fuel,
under both loading conditions. This is because of low energy content of microemulsified fuels due to the
introduction of water in the system [13, 19, 20].
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
Diesel
System 1
System 2
System 3
Engine speed (rpm)
Brakethermalefficiency(%)
Figure 10. Brake thermal efficiency at varying engine speed of the water microemulsified diesel at high load
Conclusion
Water effect in microemulsified diesel fuel onto the fuel properties and engine performance was successfully
evaluated. Microemulsified diesel fuels of 5, 10 and 15 % (w/w) were used in a single cylinder, direct injection
diesel engine, operated between 1000 to 1800 rpm under low and high loads. The kinematic viscosity, density and
cloud point of the microemulsified diesel fuel increased as the water concentration in the system increased, but the
calorific value of the microemulsified diesel fuel decreased as the water concentration in the system increased. The
density, cloud point and calorific value of System 1 and System 2 adhere to ASTM requirements. The engine torque
and power produced were comparable for the commercial and microemulsified diesel fuels. The specific fuel
consumption (BSFC) of all microemulsified diesels was higher than the commercial diesel fuel by considering
diesel + water as the total fuel. However, by considering diesel only as the total fuel, the specific fuel consumption
(BSFC) decreased when the percentage of water in the system increased. Further investigation in the gas emission
test must be carried out in order to find its potential as alternative fuels.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) for the laboratory facilities provided and
the financial support from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)
under the grant no GGPM-2012-109 and FRGS/1/2013/SG01/UKM/03/1.
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