The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJARET)
Volume 6, Issue 8, Aug 2015, pp. 12-20, Article ID: IJARET_06_08_002
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JTypeIJARET&VType=6&IType=8
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
© IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER
SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL
Biju Cherian Abraham
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, pin-686666, India
Alvin K.S
M-Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, pin-686666, India
ABSTRACT
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and
thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study
showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum
diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present
study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here
DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to
analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of
blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been
conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable
Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The
performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and
Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC,
NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2)
20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber
seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with
standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the
performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
Keywords: Bio fuels, DEE, Jatropha Biodiesel, Rubber Seed Oil, VCR engine
Cite this Article: Biju Cherian Abraham and Alvin K.S. Effect of Additive
and Raw Rubber Seed Oil Mixture in A Biodiesel. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 6(8), 2015, pp. 12-20.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=8
1. INTRODUCTION
The availability of energy resource plays a critical role in the progress of a nation. An
almost all the human energy needs are currently met from the fast depleting fossil

2. Effect of Additive and Raw Rubber Seed Oil Mixture In A Biodiesel
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
fuels associated with serious environmental consequences. Due to the problems of
fuel crisis and environmental pollution, the survival of these engines has been
threatened. To protect the global environment, it’s become necessary to search an
alternative for conventional oil as energy source. Bio-Fuels and its blends appear to be
a potential alternative “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. It is renewable and
available throughout the world.
Many research programs are going on to replace diesel fuel with a suitable
alternative fuel like biodiesel. Bio diesel produced canola oil have been used in
internal combustion engines without major modifications, with slightly increased
performance and decreased emissions [1]. Amonrat Samniang et.al compared
biodiesel production from crude jatropha oil and krating oil by supercritical methanol
transesterification. It has been observed that Krating oil which has higher free fatty
acid gave fatty acid methyl ester yield compared to jatropha oil. [2]. Chandragowda
et.al investigated the emission characteristics of a double cylinder water cooled engine
using rubber seed oil as biodiesel. It has been found that the performance of the test
engine when operating with rubber seed oil was very satisfactory and close to that of
diesel [3]. M. M. Rahman et.al studied the Influence of alternative fuels on diesel
engine exhaust particle emission was investigated using an ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel
as a baseline fuel where two biodiesels (canola & tallow) Fischer–Tropsch and bio-
ethanol were used as alternative fuels. It has been observed that up to 30% ethanol
substitution reduced both particulate mass (PM) and particle number (PN) emission
consistently for all load settings at 2000 rpm [7]. ShuangLian et.al studied the process
integrating the extraction and transesterification of lipid from jatropha kernel powder
has been done for the production of biodiesel with methanol with the help of hexane.
The effects of catalyst amount, reaction time, reaction temperature, and siphon tube
height on the yield and characteristics of biodiesel were investigated. It was found that
hexane played the role of both co-solvent and co-extractant, which enhanced the
efficiency of lipid extraction [9].
In this study, the main objective is to investigate the effect of additives and rubber
seed oil in a biodiesel and their effect on performance and emissions when used in
VCR DI diesel engine at constant speed by varying the compression ratio and to
compare the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel with diesel at best
CR of 16. Based on the available literature review, investigation of performance and
emissions by using additives and rubber seed oil in a biodiesel when used in VCR
engine is very limited and is a new study.
2. EXPERIMENTAL TEST RIG AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Test Rig
An experimental test rig is developed to undertake the thermal performance
evaluation and emission characteristics evaluation of a variable compression ratio
compression ignition engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel, DEE, rubber seed oil and
its blends with standard diesel. The experimental test rig is suitably developed to
conduct various test run under different working condition to evaluate the thermal
performance and emission constituents of a bio-diesel run engine in comparison with
that of a conventional diesel operated engine

3. Biju Cherian Abraham and Alvin K.S
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 14 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Experimental Test Rig
The experimental test rig consists of a variable compression ratio compression
ignition engine, Eddy current dynamometer as loading system, Fuel supply system for
both diesel and bio-diesel, Water cooling system, Lubrication system and various
sensors and instruments integrated with computerized data acquisition system for
online measurement of load .air fuel flow rate, instantaneous cylinder pressure,
injection pressure, position crank angle, exhaust emissions and smoke capacity.
“Fig1” represents the schematic representation of the experimental test setup and
Table 1 represents the specification of engine details
The setup enables the evaluation of thermal performance and emission
constituents of the VCR engine like brake power, brake mean effective pressure,
brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption,
exhaust gas temperature and CO(% and ppm) ,CO2 (%), O2(%), HC(ppm) and
NOx(ppm) .
Table 1: Engine Specification and Dynamometer specification
Engine Specification Dynamometer specification
Make Legion Brothers Type Eddy Current
No. of cylinder Single Make Power Mag
Cubic Capacity 553cc Load Measurement
method
Strain Gauge
Cooling Water Max. speed 1500 Rev/min
Fuel Diesel HP 5 Hp
Speed 1400-1500 rpm Coupling Type Direct
HP 5 HP Cooling Air
Starting Crank
Lubrication Forced
2.2 Fuels Used
In this study different fuels used are (a) standard diesel, (b) Biodiesel blend
(20%Jatropha +80%diesel), (c) Biodiesel mixture (20%Jatropha+5%Diethyl
ether+3ml Raw Rubber seed oil+Diesel).the properties of different fuels as shown in
the Table 2.

4. Effect of Additive and Raw Rubber Seed Oil Mixture In A Biodiesel
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 15 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2: Properties of fuel
Properties Jatropha oil Jatropha
Biodiesel
Rubber seed
oil
Diesel
Density,g/ml 0.920 0.865 0.91 0.841
Viscosity at
400
c,cSt
3.5 5.2 7.64 4.5
Calorific Value
MJ/kg
39.7 39.2 37.5 42.0
Flash point 0
C 240 175 65 50
Cloud Point 0
C 16 13 5.2 9
2.3 Methods
The study is conducted in three stages such as (a) Performance and emission
characteristics are investigated using standard diesel as fuel at compression ratio of 16
, (b) Performance and emission characteristics are measured using 20% jatropha
blended with diesel as fuel at compression ratio of 16, (c) Performance and emission
characteristics are measured using biodiesel mixture of Jatropha 20%+Diethyl ether
5%+Raw rubber seed oil (3 ml)+diesel as fuel at compression ratio of 16.At each
compression ratio the test is conducted by varying the load(0 kg,3kg,6kg,9kg) and
maintaining the speed constant(1500 rpm).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance characteristics of 3 proportions of the fuel such as diesel, BD20%
and BDM have been completed. The experiment was conducted by varying the
compression ratios and load. The speed of the engine is maintained constant at 1500
Rpm. Better results have been obtained at the compression ratio 16. The results are
discussed below.
3.1 Performance Characteristics
3.1.1 Average Cylinder Pressure
Figure 2: Average Cylinder Pressure VS Crank Angle at 0kg and 9kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-400 -200 0 200 400
cylinderpressure
crank angle
Average Cylinder Pressure VS
Crank Angle(0kg)
diesel
BD20
BDM20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-400 -200 0 200 400
cy;inderpressure
crank angle
average cylinder pressure VS crank
angle(9kg)
diesel
BD20
BDM20

5. Biju Cherian Abraham and Alvin K.S
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 16 editor@iaeme.com
“Fig 2” show that variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle for all fuel
blends. In a diesel engine peak cylinder pressure depends on the initial stage of
combustion. From the “Fig 2” it is clear that peak pressure is higher for diesel at
lower engine load (No load- 0 kg) and higher engine load (Max load- 9 kg). The main
reason for higher peak pressure is due to higher ignition delay for the diesel compare
to biodiesel blend and biodiesel mixture. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than
diesel and thus has a shorter ignition delay than diesel. In spite of the slightly higher
viscosity and lower volatility of the biodiesel, the ignition delay seems to be lower
than for diesel. The presence of DEE as an additive improved the cetane number of
biodiesel and biodiesel mixtures also it is an excellent ignition enhancer and has low
ignition temperature thereby reducing the ignition delay.
3.1.2 Specific Fuel Consumption
The variation of BSFC with BP for different fuel blends is shown in “Fig 3”.
Generally the SFC decreases with increase in load due to fact that the ratio of increase
in brake power is more as compared to increase in fuel consumption. . From the Fig 4
it is seen that biodiesel blend and biodiesel mixture have higher SFC value compared
to diesel due to lower calorific value of biodiesel.
3.1.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency
From “Fig 4” it can be seen that for all the fuel samples the brake thermal efficiency
increases with brake power. At lower brake powers the BTE of biodiesel blend and
biodiesel mixtures are same as that of diesel fuel. It is seen that at higher loads the
BTE is higher for biodiesel blends and biodiesel mixtures. The reasons for this
improvement of Brake thermal efficiency is better combustion and better lubricity of
biodiesel. Also the use of the additive DEE in biodiesel mixture has improved the
oxygen content of the fuel which in turn increases the brake thermal efficiency.
Figure 3: BP VS SFC Figure 4 BP VS BTE
3.1.4 Volumetric Efficiency
The “Fig 5” depicts the variation of volumetric efficiency with power output. The
volumetric efficiency of the diesel engine mainly depends upon the combustion
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 1 2 3 4
SFC
BP
Bp VS Sfc
diesel
BD20
BDM20 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4
brakethermalefficency
BP
Brake Thermal Efficiency VS Bp
diesel
BD20
BDM20

6. Effect of Additive and Raw Rubber Seed Oil Mixture In A Biodiesel
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 17 editor@iaeme.com
chamber temperature. The increase in the chamber temperature reduces the mass of
air drawn in each cycle thereby decreasing the efficiency. From this it is clear that
biodiesel mixture has higher volumetric efficiency when compared to biodiesel blend.
This is due to the presence of DEE in biodiesel mixture decreases the combustion
temperature.
Figure 5 BP VS Volumetric Efficiency
Figure6 BP VS Mechanical Efficiency
3.1.5 Mechanical Efficiency
It has been observed that from “Fig 6” as BP increases, mechanical efficiency for all
the blends are also increases in a steady rate. From results, biodiesel blend and
biodiesel mixtures at higher load are having maximum mechanical efficiency. The
mechanical efficiency of the fuel blends is in general very close to that of diesel
which may be due to high reaction activity in the fuel rich zone.
3.2 Emission Characteristics
3.2.1 Carbon monoxide emission
From the “Fig 7” it is clear that CO emission is higher for diesel compared to
biodiesel blend and biodiesel mixture. It is due to the presence of oxygen content in
the molecular structure of biodiesel, which leads to complete combustion. It is seen
that the biodiesel mixture has more CO emission when compared to BD20.The reason
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
volumetricefficiency
bp
Volmetric Efficiency VS Bp
diesel
BD20
BDM20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
mechanicalefficiency
bp
Mechanical Efficiency VS Bp
diesel
BD20
BDM20

7. Biju Cherian Abraham and Alvin K.S
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 18 editor@iaeme.com
is that Biodiesel mixture contains rubber seed oil which produces more CO than BD
20% because of the higher smoke property of rubber seed oil
Figure 7 BP VS CO Figure 8 BP VS HC
3.2.2 Hydro carbon emission
From “Fig 8” it is clear that the HC emission in general increased with increase in bp
as a result of increased heat energy liberation from the fuel. The HC emission of the
jatropha biodiesel (BD20) and biodiesel mixture is less than that of diesel fuel due to
inherent presence of oxygen in the molecular structure of the jatropha biodiesel. The
biodiesel mixture has more HC emission when compared to BD20 due to the presence
of rubber seed oil biodiesel in the mixture due to their higher smoke property.
3.2.3 Carbon dioxide emission
Figure9: BP VS CO2 Figure10: Brake Power VS NOx
It can be seen from this “Fig 9” that the CO2 emission is generally increasing with
increase in brake power. This is due to better combustion and intermixing of fuel and
air at higher compression ratio. CO2 emission of jatropha biodiesel and biodiesel
mixture is higher than that of diesel fuel due to complete combustion of fuel taking
place because of the extra availability of oxygen.
3.2.4. Nitrogen oxides emission
From the “Fig 10” it is clear that NOx emission increases with increase in bp. The
jatropha biodiesel produces slightly more NOx than diesel due to increase in oxygen
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0 2 4
CO
BP
CO VS Bp
BDM20
BD20
DIESEL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4
HC
BP
HC VS Bp
BDM20
BD20
DIESEL
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4
CO2
BP
CO2 VS Bp
BDM20
BD20
DIESEL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4
NOX
BP
NOX VS Bp
BDM20
BD20
DIESEL

8. Effect of Additive and Raw Rubber Seed Oil Mixture In A Biodiesel
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 19 editor@iaeme.com
content because higher oxygen content in the molecular structure of the biodiesel. It
can be seen that Biodiesel mixture has lower NOx emission when compared to BD
20% and diesel. This is due to the effect of the additive DEE.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a multi fuel variable
compression ratio engine fuelled with biodiesel blend (20% Jatropha+80%diesel),
biodiesel mixture (20%Jatropha+5%DEE+3ml rubber seed oil+ Diesel) have been
investigated and compared with that of standard diesel. The following conclusions are
drawn from this investigation:
Peak cylinder pressure is lower for biodiesel mixtures and biodiesel blend at
higher and lower loads due to decrease in ignition delay. This is may be due to the
higher cetane number of biodiesel.
The Specific Fuel Consumption decreases with increase in load due to fact that the
ratio of increase in brake power is more as compared to increase in fuel consumption.
The biodiesel blend and mixture have higher SFC value compared to diesel due to
lower calorific value.
The Brake Thermal Efficiency is higher for biodiesel blends and biodiesel
mixtures. The reasons for this improvement of Brake thermal efficiency is better
combustion and better lubricity of biodiesel. Also the use of the additive DEE and
biodiesel mixture have improved the oxygen content of the fuel which in turn
increases the brake thermal efficiency.
The Volumetric efficiency is very low for Biodiesel blend and Biodiesel mixture
when compared to diesel. This may be due to higher combustion temperature which
reduces the air intake. Biodiesel mixture has higher volumetric efficiency when
compared to biodiesel blend. The reason is that DEE in biodiesel mixture decreases
the combustion temperature.
The mechanical efficiency of the fuel blends is very close to that of diesel.
Mechanical efficiency increases with increasing BP for biodiesel blends and mixtures
The CO emission is lower for both BD20 and biodiesel mixtures when compared
to diesel which may be due to the availability of extra amount of oxygen. It is seen
that the biodiesel mixture has more CO emission when compared to BD20. This is
due to the presence of rubber seed oil in mixture.
The HC emission in general increased with increase in bp as a result of increased
heat energy liberation from the fuel. The HC emission of the jatropha biodiesel
(BD20) and biodiesel mixture is less than that of diesel fuel due to inherent presence
of oxygen in the molecular structure of the jatropha biodiesel. The biodiesel mixture
has more HC emission when compared to BD20 due to the presence of rubber seed
oil.
The CO2 emissions in generally increasing with increase in brake power. This is
due to better combustion and intermixing of fuel and air at higher compression ratio.
CO2 emission of jatropha biodiesel and biodiesel mixture is higher than that of diesel
fuel due to complete combustion of fuel taking place because of the extra availability
of oxygen.
The NOx emission is more for BD20 than diesel due to increase in oxygen content
because presence of higher oxygen content in molecular structure of biodiesel. The
biodiesel mixture has lower NOx emission when compared to BD 20% and diesel.
This is due to the presence of DEE which provides certain cooling effect.

9. Biju Cherian Abraham and Alvin K.S
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 20 editor@iaeme.com
REFERENCES
[1] Anbarasu.A Performance and Emission Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel
Engine Running On Canola Oil / Diesel Fuel Blend American Journal of
Engineering Research (AJER), e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 03(08)
2014, pp-202-207
[2] Amonrat Samniang, Chuenkhuan Tipachan, Somjai Kajorncheappun-ngam
Comparison of biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil and Krating oil by
supercritical methanol transesterification Renewable Energy 68, 2014, pp 351-
355.
[3] Chandragowda, Dr. Hiregoudar Yerrennagoudaru1, , Manjunatha K3, Nagaraj
Basavantappa Hugar, Performance and Emission Evaluation of Direct Injection
Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Oil, 3(5),2014 ISSN:, pp 2319-5967
[4] D.H. Qi et al. L.M. Geng, H. Chen, Y.ZH. Bian, J. Liu, X.CH. Ren Combustion
and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel produced
from soybean crude oil, Renewable Energy 34 2009, pp 2706–2713
[5] Jiafeng Sun et.al Jerald A. Caton, Timothy J. Jacobs Oxides of nitrogen emissions
from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science 36 2010 pp 677-695
[6] Jolius Gimbun Shahid Ali1, Chitra Charan Suri Charan Kanwal1, Liyana Amer
Shah Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil Using A Limestone Based
Catalyst Elseiver2, 2012 pp 138-141
[7] M. M. Rahman, S. Stevanovicb, R.J. Brownc, Z. Ristovski, Influence of different
alternative fuels on particle emission from a turbocharged common-rail Diesel
engine, 5th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Procedia
Engineering 56 2013, pp 381 – 386
[8] Mohammed EL_Kassaby, Medhat A. Nemit_allah Studying the effect of
compression ratio on an engine fueled with waste oil produced biodiesel/diesel
fuel, Alexandria Engineering Journal 2013 52, pp 1–11
[9] ShuangLian et.al , Huijuan Li, Jinqiang Tang, Dongmei Tong, Changwei Hu,
Integration of extraction and transesterification of lipid from jatropha seeds for
the production of biodiesel Applied Energy 98 2012 pp 540–547.
[10] Biju Cherian Abraham, Georgekutty S M, Dr. Shajan Kuriakose, Biodiesel
Production From Rubber Seed Oil And Testing In ATwin Cylinder Direct
Injection Diesel Engine, International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology 2(6), June 2013
[11] Salih Abbas Al- Juothry. The Influence Surface Area and Sturcture of Particles
Carbon Black on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology,
5(5), 2014, pp. 149-159.