OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM ARGEMONE OIL WITH DIFFERENT REACTION PARAMETE...Er Sandeep Duran
This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal
efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL IAEME Publication
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM ARGEMONE OIL WITH DIFFERENT REACTION PARAMETE...Er Sandeep Duran
This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal
efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel.
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pyrolysis Oil an...IOSR Journals
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for pyrolysis oil blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Pyrolysis oil is obtained from tire waste by pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process is a
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Blending of pyrolysis oil with diesel in
maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel. In this study, the effects of
parameters i.e. injection timing, injection pressure, compression ratio, and load are taken as variable for
optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of four parameters with five levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
220 injection timing, injection pressure 200 bar, compression ratio 16 and engine load 20kg are optimum
parameter setting for lowest break specific fuel consumption. Engine performance is mostly influenced by
engine load and is least influenced by Compression ratio.
Keyword: Pyrolysis oil, SFC, Taguchi Analysis, CI engine, Diesel
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL IAEME Publication
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Transesterification of fish oil and performance study on 4 stroke ci engine w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA)IOSR Journals
In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10
% neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is
performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10
kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot
fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance
parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases,
whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and
carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are
decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend
percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of
blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
The use of blend methanol at High Compression Ratio in spark-ignition engineijsrd.com
it can be obviously seen the world's fossil fuel reserves are limited. It is well known those passenger vehicles are dependent on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas. The fossil fuel used in passenger vehicles induces the air pollution, acid rains, build-up of carbon dioxide and crude oil; petroleum product will become very scarce and costly. Hence, there is a progressively interest related with using non-fossil sources in vehicles. Especially, the alcohol fuels (methanol, ethanol etc.) have been showed good candidates as alternative fuels for the vehicles equipped with SI. In this experimental study, the effect of methanol (30% and 40%) with gasoline (70% and 60%) tested to measure the performance and emission of 4- cylinder spark ignition multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engine. The tests with/without methanol blends and increase compression ratio 8.8:1 to 11:1 were performed on a rope belt dynamometer while running the engine at speed 1500 rpm at different varying engine load. In these tests measure engine performance parameters like engine torque, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission. After experimental investigations to measure engine power increase 10.6%, brake specific fuel consumption decrease 4.2%, brake thermal efficiency increase and exhaust gas emission is decrease with use of methanol blend fuel with gasoline.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Transesterification of fish oil and performance study on 4 stroke ci engine w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA)IOSR Journals
In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10
% neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is
performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10
kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot
fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance
parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases,
whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and
carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are
decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend
percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of
blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Neural Network For The Estimation Of Ammonia Concentration In Breath Of Kidne...IOSR Journals
Neural networks are an extremely powerful tool for data mining. They are especially useful in cases
involving data classification where it is difficult to establish a pattern in the search space. In an era when
artificial intelligence is increasingly being utilised in industrial and medical applications throughout the world,
it is becoming evident that this is an emerging trend. This paper explores the idea of artificial intelligence by
employing the use of a feed-forward neural network with two process layers to determine the concentration of
ammonia in exhaled human breath. The human mouth contains many kinds of substances both in liquid and
gaseous form. The individual concentrations of each of these substances could provide useful insight to the
health condition of the entire body. Ammonia is one of such substances whose concentration in the mouth has
revealed the presence or absence of diseases in the body. Kidney failure is one diesease which is identified by
an extremely high ammonia content in human breath. This disease is as a result of the kidneys’ inability to
process the body’s liquid waste. The result of this is the release of urea throughout the body which is dissipated
in the form of ammonia through oral breath. The neural simulation is carried out using NeuroSolutions version
5 software. The neural network correctly identified the concentration of oral ammonia as an indication of
kidney failure with an accuracy of 85%.
Isolation and Purification of Secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside oligomers (Lign...IOSR Journals
The present study aimed to extract and purify the compound of Secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside
oligomers (lignan) from flax seed (Linumusitatissimum) and its antioxidant activity. The Lignan was extracted
by solvents which gave the best results were ethanol : 1,4 dioxane (1:1, v:v).SDG release after alkaline
hydrolysisby using a methanolicNaOH , 20 mM, pH=8 at 50 ºC.followed by using following chromatographic
techniques: Liquid-liquid, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, thin layer chromatographic (TLC), high
performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR) . The EC50 values of
Pure lignan extract (9 μg/ml) was shown possess DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to reference
substances BHT and vitamin C (EC50= 3 and 4.2 μg/ml) respectively, and this was higher than partial pure
lignan component (EC50= 25.5 μg/ml).The total phenolic content of the pure lignanwas higher than partial
pure lignan which gave 22.312 and 14.85 g/ml respectively.
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and
thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
The Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Commercial Drivers in Uyo Local G...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption among commercial
drivers in Uyo metropolis. Five research questions and three null hypothesis design was adopted, and the
instrument for the study was mainly interview schedules.
Due to the transitory nature of drivers in Uyo motor parks, convenient sampling was used to draw 160 drivers
who use Uyo motor parks.
The descriptive statistics percentage was used to answer the research questions, while chi – square statistics
was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. All the drivers interviewed drink alcohol for several
reasons. The sale of alcohol in the park and its environs has significant (P< 0.05) influence on their use. There
is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the perceived influence of the use of alcohol on health with
respect to years of experience and age of drivers. The study was concluded with appropriate recommendation to
help the situation.
Key words: alcohol, drivers, prevalence and Uyo
Field Programmable Gate Array for Data Processing in Medical SystemsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Two- dimensional &Three–dimensional (3-D) image segmentation is on of the most demanding tasks in image processing. It has been proven that only the 14-neighborship of a rhombic dodecahedron can satisfy the aforementioned requirements. The 3-D-GSC process is executed in the following three phases ,coding phases,linking phases,splitting phases. An FPGA-based digital signal processing board optimized for applications needing large memory with high bandwidth has been developed and successfully used for the parallelization of a modern image segmentation algorithm for medical and industrial real-time applications.The Use of this 128-bit coprocessor board is not limited to image segmentation.We propose the perfectly parallelizable 3-D Gray-Value Structure Code (3-D-GSC) for image segmentation on a new FPGA custom machine. This 128-Bit FPGA coprocessing board features an up-to-date Virtex-II Pro architecture, two large independent DDR-SDRAM channels, two fast independent ZBT-SRAM channels, and PCI-X bus and CameraLink interfaces. Key words: Field Programmable Gate Array, Segme-ntation, Vogel bruch, Gray-valve structure code ,Homogeneous, Linking phase, Coding phase, Splitting phase, SDRAM.
Effect of Fly Ash Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Zn-22%Al Alloy vi...IOSR Journals
In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
Canola biodiesel an experimental investigation for production of biodiesel a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental investigation was made to estimate the performance of methyl esters of Canola waste cooking oil and their blends in a direct injection diesel engine. The Canola waste cooking oil methyl ester (CWCOME) was prepared through transesterification process by using methanol and KOH as a catalyst. The Canola biodiesel blends were ready in proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of biodiesel with diesel. The effects of pure biodiesel and their blends on engine performance, and exhaust emission were studied under various loading conditions. The experimental results concluded that up to 20% of methyl esters did not affect the performance parameter like fuel consumption rate and brake thermal efficiency. On the other hand above CB20 (20% Canola biodiesel with 80% diesel) a decrease in performance and combustion parameter were clearly observed form the study. Keywords: Canola waste cooking oil, Canola methyl ester, Transesterification, Internal combustion engine, Engine performance.
Experimental Investigations on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at very low load condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization have been done. The experiment is conducted at low load condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Jatropha biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Optimization of biodiesel from argemone oil with different reaction parameter...eSAT Journals
Abstract This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel. The most favorable conditions for transesterification of argemone oil with methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst was found with molar ratio 1:6 (oil to methanol), reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 75°C and catalyst 1.5% (w/w of oil). The fuel properties were calculated and compared with Diesel. The result shows that argemone biodiesel blend (AB10 and AB20) have improved fuel property and brake thermal efficiency, brake power and specific fuel consumption value closer to diesel value. Keywords: Argemone mexicana oil, Transesterification, Sodium metal Catalyst, Methyl ester, Biodiesel Properties, Engine Performance.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
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FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
L012266672
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. VI (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 66-72
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
Parametric Optimization of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for
Jatropha Biodiesel and Diesel Blend for Brake Specific Fuel
Consumption Using Taguchi Method
Dhruv V. Patel1
, Tushar M. Patel2
, Gaurav P Rathod3
1
ME Scholar, Mechanical Department, L.D.R.P.-I.T.R., Gandhinagar, India
2
Associate Professor, Mechanical Department, L.D.R.P.-I.T.R., Gandhinagar, India
3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, L.D.R.P.-I.T.R., Gandhinagar, India
Abstract: An experimental study has been carried out for Jatropha biodiesel blended with diesel used in single
cylinder diesel engine. Jatropha biodiesel is obtained from Jatropha oil by tranesterification process. Blending
of Jatropha biodiesel with diesel in maximum possible proportion helps to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel.
In this study, the effects of parameters’ i.e. load, blend proportion and compression ratio are taken as variable
for optimization. As the experiment required simultaneously optimization of three parameters with three levels,
taguchi method of optimization is used in this experiment. The results of the taguchi experiment identifies that
0% blend ratio, compression ratio 18 and engine load 10kg are optimum parameter setting for lowest bsfc.
Engine performance is mostly influenced by engine load and is least influenced by blend ratio. Confirmation
experiment was done using optimum combination showed that bsfc was found by experiment is closer to the
predicated value.
Keywords: Blend ratio, Compression ratio, Brake specific fuel consumption, Taguchi, Jatropha
I. Introduction
According to statistical review of world energy published by British Petroleum the increase of oil
reserves in world from 2012 to 2013 is 0.60% whereas oil consumption increases from 2012 to 2013 is 1.40%.
[1] Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel
became more attractive in the recent years. Biodiesel production is a promising and important field of research
because the relevance it gains from the rising petroleum price and its environmental advantages. [2]
In present situation, there is much possibility of multifold increase in the research in biodiesel,
vegetable oils like soybean oil, rapeseeds oil, sunflower oil, methanol, ethanol and other alternate fuels.
Considering alternate fuels as a substitute of diesel, Researchers are continuously finding best
alternative solution, which gives the best performance and fuel characteristics. [3]
In such multivariate problem, use of non linear techniques like Design of Experiments (DoE), fuzzy
logic and neural network are suitable to explore the combined effects of input parameters. The optimum
operating parameters for a given system can be determined by using experimental techniques but it will be time
consuming and expensive when the number of parameters are in the order of 20, 30 etc., like in the case of IC
engines. In such situations mathematical modeling will be a very useful tool for optimizing the parameters. Such
a mathematical tool is Design of Experiment. Although few studies were reported using DoE in IC Engine
applications, the study on combined effects between input system parameters such as injection pressure, load,
blend proportion on the performance characteristics of CI engine was scarce and offered a scope for this study.
[4]
II. Jatropha Biodiesel
Jatropha biodiesel is obtained from Jatropha oil. It is reported that a dry seed of Jatropha curcas
contains about 55% of oil. Following are the steps to be followed to extract oil from seeds:
1. Shelling: This is to remove the seed coat.
2. Milling: The unshelled seeds were milled into dough using the corn mill machine.
3. Moisture content: If moisture is less than 12% w.b. add water or else remove water to achieve 12%
moisture content.
4. Rolling: Dough rolled into balls of about 1kg by weight.
5. Heating: Raise the temperature of the rolled dough to 75-8000
C by placing them in an oven.
6. Pressing: Rolled heated dough was pressed using the ram-press.
7. Filtration: The oil was collected and filtered. [5]
2. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
However, the maximum amount of oil that can be extracted from a given sample of the seed depends
on the method of extraction and thus the quality of the feedstock. Two main methods of extracting the oil have
been identified. They are the chemical extraction method using solvent extraction with n-hexane and the
mechanical extraction method using either a manual ram-press or an engine driven-expeller. [5] The process of
converting vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel is called Transesterification.
2.1 Transesterification Process
Table 1 Transesterification Process
Vegetable Oil Alcohol Catalyst Glycerin Biodiesel
100 gm 12 gm 1 gm 11 gm 95 gm
It is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a similar process to hydrolysis.
Vegetable oil i.e. the triglyceride can be easily trans-esterified in the presence of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric
pressure and at temperature of approximately 60 to 7000
C with an excess of methanol. If 100 gm of vegetable
oil is taken, 1 gm of the alkaline catalyst (Potassium Hydroxide), and 12 gm of methanol would be required. As
a first step, the alkaline catalyst is mixed with methanol and the mixture is stirred for half an hour for its
homogenization. This mixture is mixed with vegetable oil and the resultant mixture is made to pass through
reflux condensation at 6500
C. The mixture at the end is allowed to settle. The lower layer will be of glycerin
and it is drained off. The upper layer of bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is washed to remove entrained glycerin. The
excess methanol recycled by distillation. This reaction works well with high quality oil. If the oil contains 1%
Free Fatty Acid (FFA), then difficulty arises because of soap formation. If FFA content is more than2% the
reaction becomes unworkable. Methanol is inflammable and potassium hydroxide is caustic, hence proper and
safe handling of these chemicals is must. [5]
Figure 1 chemical process of Transesterification [6]
Table 2 Comparison of properties
3. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
III. Experimental Setup
The setup consists of single cylinder, four stroke, multi-fuel, research engine connected to eddy type
dynamometer for loading. The operation mode of the engine can be changed from diesel to Petrol and from
Petrol to Diesel with some necessary changes. In both modes the compression ration can be varied without
stopping the engine and without altering the combustion chamber geometry by specially designed tilting
cylinder block arrangement.
The setup enables study of VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power, frictional
power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, volumetric
efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio, heat balance and combustion analysis. Lab view based Engine
Performance Analysis software package “Engine soft” is provided for on line performance evaluation.
3.1 Technical Specifications
Model TV1
Make Kirlosker Oil Engines
Type Four stroke, Water cooled, Diesel
No. of cylinder One
Bore 87.5 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Combustion principle Compression ignition
Cubic capacity 0.661 litres
Compression ratio 3 port 18:1
Peak pressure 77.5 kg/cm2
Fuel timing for std. engine 0 to 25BTDC
Power 3.5 kW @ 1500 rpm
Valve timing
Inlet opens BTDC 4.5
Inlet closes ABDC 35.5
Exhaust opens BBDC 35.5
Exhaust closes ATDC 4.5
Lub. Oil pump delivery 6.50 lit/min.
Sump capacity 2.70 litre
Lub. Oil consumption 1.5% normally exceed of fuel
Connecting rod length 234 mm
Figure 2 Diesel engine setup
3.2 Compression Ratio adjustments:
Slightly loosen 6 Allen bolts provide for clamping the tilting block.
Loosen the lock nut on the adjuster and rotate the adjuster so that the compression ratio is set to
“maximum”. Refer the marking on the CR indicator.
Lock the adjuster by the lock nut.
Tighten all the 6 Allen bolts gently.
You may measure and note the centre distance between two pivot pins of the CR indicator. After changing
the compression ratio the difference can be used to know new CR.
4. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
IV. Methodology
Blending is the simplest technique for admitting mixture of alternate fuel and diesel engines. In this
method, the fuel selected for investigation is mixed with diesel on volume basis. We used 50% blend and pure
biodiesel. A method called „Taguchi‟ was used in the experiment for simultaneous optimization of engine such
as compression ratio, blend composition and load condition.
4.1Taguchi Method of Optimisation
Taguchi method is one of the simplest methods of optimising experimental parameters in less number
of trials. The number of parameters involved in the experiment determines the number of trials required in the
experiment. This method uses an orthogonal array to study the entire parameter space with only less number of
experiments. To select an appropriate orthogonal array for the experiments, the total degrees of freedom have to
be computed. The present study uses three factors at three levels and hence, L9 orthogonal array was used for
the construction of experimental layout. The L9 has the parameters such as load, compression ratio and blend
proportions.
According to this layout, nine (9) experiments were designed and trials were selected at random, to
avoid systematic error creeping into the experimental procedure. For each trial, the bsfc was calculated and uses
as a response parameter.
Taguchi method uses a parameter called signal to noise ratio (S/N) to measure the quality
characteristics. There are three kinds of S/N are in practice. Of which, smaller-the-better S/N ratio was used in
this experiment because this optimisation is based on lower bsfc. The taguchi method used in the investigation
was designed by statistical software called „Minitab 16‟ to simplify the taguchi procedure and its results.
A confirmation experiment for the optimum set of parameters was also conducted for validation of the
predicted value obtained by Minitab software. This is mainly used to compare the bsfc of predicted value and
experimental value of optimum set of parameters.
Figure 3 Flow chart of the Taguchi method.
Experiment was conducted as per above steps in Fig. 3 in flow chart of Taguchi method.
4.2 Selection of factor levels and orthogonal array
In this experiment, three parameters for three levels were considered. Control parameter and their levels are
given in the table L9 single orthogonal array as shown in the table. Smaller-the-better is being taken as quality
characteristics, since the objective function is to minimise performance.
Table 3 Process parameters and their levels
Parameters Blend Ratio Compression Ratio Engine Load(kg)
Level 1 0 18 1
Level 2 50 17 5
Level 3 100 16 10
5. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
V. Result And Discussion
Experiment was done for selected sets of parameters by Minitab software and find bsfc for those sets of
parameters.
Table 4 Result table for mechanical efficiency
Sr. No. BR V/V CR load(kg) Bsfc(kg/kWh)
1 100D0B 18 1 1.34
2 100D0B 17 5 0.39
3 100D0B 16 10 0.3
4 50D50B 18 5 0.42
5 50D50B 17 10 0.32
6 50D50B 16 1 1.5
7 0D100B 18 10 0.33
8 0D100B 17 1 1.74
9 0D100B 16 5 0.47
5.1 Response Curve analysis
Response curve analysis is aimed at determining influential parameters and their optimum levels. It is
the graphical representations of change in performance characteristics with the variation in process parameter.
The curves gives a pictorial view of variation of each factor and describe what the effect on the system
performance would be when a parameter shifts from one level to another. Fig.4 shows significant effects for
each factor for three levels.
The S/N ratio for performance curve were calculated at each factor level and average effects were
determined by taking the total of each factor level and dividing by number of data points in the total. The greater
difference between levels, the parametric level having the highest S/N ratio corresponds to the parameters
setting indicates highest performance.
Figure 4 main effects plot for means of bsfc.
From above figure 4, mean is average value for reading taken for particular parameter. For blend
parameter, mean value is maximum (0.846667) for 100% blend and minimum (0.676667) for 0% blend. For
C.R., mean value is maximum (0.816667) for 17 C.R. and minimum (0.696667) for C.R 18. For load parameter,
mean value is maximum (1.52667) for 1 kg engine load and minimum (0.316667) for 10 kg engine load.
Table 4 Response table of means
Level Blend Ratio Compression Ratio Engine Load(kg)
1 0.6767 0.7567 1.5267
2 0.7467 0.8167 0.4267
3 0.8467 0.6967 0.3167
Delta 0.1700 0.1200 1.2100
Rank 2 3 1
Delta is difference of maximum value and minimum value. Delta value is maximum for load parameter
(1.2100) and minimum (0.1200) for compression ratio parameter. Delta value for blend ratio is between other
two parameter and it is (0.1700).So that effect of load is maximum and effect of compression ratio is minimum
on bsfc.
6. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Figure 5 Main effects plot for SN ratio for bsfc
Referring (Fig.-5) the response curve for S/N ratio, the highest S/N ratio was observed at 0% blend
ratio, engine load (10kg) and C.R. (18), which are optimum parameters setting for lowest bsfc. From delta
values, maximum (13.620) is for engine load and minimum (0.453) is for compression ratio. Parameter engine
load is most significant parameter and compression ratio is least significant for bsfc.
Table 5 Response table for signal to noise ratio
Level Blend Ratio Compression Ratio Engine Load(kg)
1 5.365 4.498 -3.625
2 4.637 4.422 7.424
3 3.792 4.874 9.995
Delta 1.572 0.453 13.620
Rank 2 3 1
5.2 Choosing optimum combination of parameter level
The term optimum set of parameters is reflects only optimal combination of the parameters defined by
this experiment for lowest bsfc. The optimum setting is determined by choosing the level with the lowest S/N
ratio. Referring figure and table, the response curve for S/N ratio, the highest performance at set 0% blend ratio,
engine load 10kg, and compression ratio 18, which is optimum parameter setting for lowest bsfc.
5.3 Predict performance at optimum setting
Using optimum set of parameters, which was achieved by response curve analysis was used for
prediction by Minitab software. Minitab software for taguchi method of optimization was suggested lowest bsfc
0.176667 and S/N ratio was 11.0379 for optimum set of parameter as shown in table.
Table 6 Predicted Value for bsfc
Bsfc S/N Ratio
0.176667 11.0379
5.4 Confirmation Experiment
In this step of the process was to run confirmation experiments to verify the engine parameter setting
really produce optimum performance and to evaluate the predictive capability of the taguchi method for diesel
engine performance. The optimum parameters were settled in the diesel engine and performance was measured
for that set of parameter. As shown in table, this performance was compared with predicated performance and
was found that the experimental value was nearer to the predicated value.
Table 7 Validation of experiment
bsfc
Predicted value Experimental value
0.176667 0.1850
7. Parametric optimization of single cylinder diesel engine for Jatropha biodiesel and diesel…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12266672 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
VI. Conclusion
The feasibility of using taguchi method to optimize selected diesel engine parameter for highest
performance was investigated using single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine. The conclusions from this work are
summarized as follow:
1) The taguchi method was found to be an efficient technique for quantifying the effect of control parameter.
2) The highest performance at set 0% blend ratio, engine load 10kg, and compression ratio 18, which are
optimum parameter setting for lowest bsfc.
3) Engine performance is mostly influenced by engine load and is least influenced by compression ratio.
4) Performance results obtained from the confirmation experiment using optimum combination showed
excellent agreement with the predicated result.
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Appendix
Nomenclatures
bsfc Brake specific fuel consumption
BR V/V Blend ratio by volume
100D0B 100% diesel 0% biodiesel
50D50B 50% diesel 50% biodiesel
0D100B 0% diesel 100% biodiesel