As a Social Work student specialized in Medical and Psychiatry, I was assigned to study and present on Psychotropic Drugs in class. Hope it helps you!
This contains introduction to psychotropic drugs, definitions, a brief history of psychiatric treatment, classification, characteristics of an ideal psychotropic drug as well as the references to my sources.
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION IS A AREA THAT IS NOT EXPLORED MUCH, BUT IT REALLY NEEDS LOT OF ATTENTION AS IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON OBSTACLE IN ACHIEVING COMPLETE REMISSION IN DEPRESSION
This slide contains information regarding Lithium Toxicity. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
This short presentation demonstrates important adverse effects of common anti-psychotic medications in clinical practice and how to effectively manage the adverse events.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION IS A AREA THAT IS NOT EXPLORED MUCH, BUT IT REALLY NEEDS LOT OF ATTENTION AS IT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON OBSTACLE IN ACHIEVING COMPLETE REMISSION IN DEPRESSION
This slide contains information regarding Lithium Toxicity. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
Chapter 4 Pharmacology Diploma in Pharmacy Part -1 .pdfSumit Tiwari
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose,
indications, and contraindications of
General anaesthetics
Hypnotics and sedatives
Anti-Convulsant drugs
Anti-anxiety drugs
Anti-depressant drugs
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Psychotropic Drugs Daniel Ishaku
1. PSYCHOTROPIC
DRUGS
ISHAKU DANIEL – II MSW
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK
MADRAS CHISTIAN COLLEGE
MENTAL HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK
http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
2. CONTENTS
01
02
03
04
05
Introduction to Psychotropic Drugs
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
A brief history of treatment in Psychiatry
HISTORY
The different Classification of
Psychotropic Drugs
CLASSIFICATION
An Ideal Psychotropic Drug
CHARACTERISTICS
List of references cited in presentation
REFERENCES
4. DEFINITION PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
Psychotropic drugs are a loosely
defined grouping of agents that
have effects on psychological
function and include antidepressants,
hallucinogens, and tranquilizers.
They are compounds that affect the
functioning of the mind through
pharmacological action on the central
nervous system.
- International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
5. Psychotropic drugs are prescribed to treat a variety of
mental health issues when those issues cause
significant impairment to healthy
functioning.
Psychotropic drugs typically work by changing or
balancing the amount of important chemicals in
the brain called neurotransmitters.
7. HISTORY OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
4000 BC 1853 1882 1903
Sympathy and Kindness.
Dhatura and Roots of
Serpentina Plant mixed
with oil (ghee).
AYURVEDA
Used for sedation.
Phenobarbital introduced
in 1912.
BARBITURATES
Paraldehyde used as a
hypnotic.
HYPNOTIC
Bromide used as a
sedative-hypnotic
SEDATIVES
8. HISTORY OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
1917 1922 1927 1931
Malarial treatment for
General Paralysis of the
Insane (GPI) received a
Nobel prize (Julius von
Wagner Jauregg).
First report of successful
treatment of psychoses
(Ganesh Sen and Kartik
Bose from India);
RESERPINE
Insulin-shock treatment
introduced for
schizophrenia.
MANFRED SAKEL
Barbiturate-induced
coma introduced for the
treatment of psychoses.
JACOB KLAESI
9. HISTORY OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
1936 1937 1938 1949
Lithium used in mania
(John F Cade); did not
receive much attention
even in Australia.
LITHIUM
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY used for the
treatment of psychoses
(Ugo Cerletti and Lucio
Bini).
Amphetamines used in
the treatment of
behaviour disorders of
children (C Bradley).
AMPHETAMINES
Frontal lobotomy for
treatment of psychiatric
disorders (Egas Moniz and
Almenda Lima).
LOBOTOMY
10. ELECTRO-CONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
involves a brief electrical stimulation of the
brain while the patient is under anesthesia.
LOBOTOMY
A surgical operation involving incision into
the prefrontal lobe of the brain, formerly
used to treat mental illness.
11. HISTORY OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
1955 1958 1958 1960
Chlordiazepoxide used
as an anti-anxiety agent
in (Sternbach;
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
HALOPERIDOL
synthesised in
Belgium (Janssen).
Tricyclic anti- depressant
(TCA) for treatment of
depression (Thomas
Kuhn).
IMIPRAMINE
Meprobamate was
introduced as an anti-
anxiety agent.
MEPROBAMATE
12. 1952
The revolution in
psychopharmacology came with
introduction of
CHLORPROMAZINE
(Jean Delay & Pierre Deniker).
(schizophrenia & manic-depression )
The number of admissions in mental
hospitals had a sudden decrease
after introduction of chlorpromazine.
13. RECENTLY
1967
|
Clomipramine used in OCD
(Fernandez and Lopez-Ibor).
|
1990s
|
RISPERIDONE
Second Generation Antipsychotics
introduced in market.
14. SOCIAL IMPACT
Reduced the
stigma surrounding
mental Illness &
increased the
psychiatric drugs
market
Also, Useful in the interrogation of suspects (CIA). E.g. Sodium Pentothal,
more commonly known as Truth Serum
16. CHARACTERISTICS
of an ideal psychotropic drug (modified after Hollister, 1983)
It should cure the underlying
pathology causing the
disorder or symptom(s) under
focus, so that the drug can be
stopped after sometime.
It should have no
side-effects or toxicity in the
therapeutic range.
It should benefit all the
patients suffering from that
disorder.
It should have rapid onset
of action
17. CHARACTERISTICS
of an ideal psychotropic drug (modified after Hollister, 1983)
There should be no tolerance
to the drug so that same dose
is effective for long duration of
time.
It should not be lethal in
overdoses.
There should be no
tolerance to the drug so
that same dose is effective
for long duration of time.
There should be no
dependence on the drug and
no withdrawal symptoms on
stopping the drug.
It can be given in both inpatient
and out patient settings.
22. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
These are also known as Major Tranquilizers, Neuroleptics,
Ataractics, Anti-schizophrenic Drugs and D2-RECEPTOR
( dopamine receptor) Blockers.
There are two types of Antipsychotic Drugs.
1. TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
2. ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
23. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Also known as First Generation Anti-psychotic Drugs,
typical, or conventional, antipsychotics were first developed
in the 1950s. Useful in the treatment of severe psychosis
and behavioral problems when newer medications are
ineffective.
However, these medications do have a high risk of side
effects, some of which are quite severe.
24. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs approved
for use in the 1990s.
Less likely to produce extrapyramidal effects (physical
symptoms such as tremors, paranoia, anxiety, dystonia,
etc. as a result of improper doses or adverse reactions
to this class of drug)
25. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Used to treat the following conditions:
ORGANIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
1. Delirium (in small doses; e.g.
haloperidol, risperidone)
2. Dementia (careful and
considered use for psychotic
features, and severe agitation)
3. Delirium Tremens (&
psychoses occurring in drug
and alcohol withdrawal states;
e.g. haloperidol, risperidone)
4. Drug induced psychosis (e.g.
haloperidol in amphetamine-induced
psychosis)
5. Other Organic Mental Disorders
(e.g. organic hallucinosis; o rganic
delusional disorder; secondary
mania)
26. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Used to treat the following conditions:
NON-ORGANIC PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
1. Schizophrenia
2. Schizo-affective disorder
3. Acute psychoses
4. Mania (with or without
mood stabilisers)
5. Maintenance treatment of
Bipolar Disorders (e.g.
olanzapine, quetiapine)
6. Major depression (for psychotic
features, a gitat ion, and m
elancholic features; along with
antidepressants)
7. Delusional disorders
27. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Used to treat the following conditions:
NEUROTIC AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
1. Severe, intractable, and
disabling anxiety (rarely
used and not
recommended)
2. Treatment refractory
obsessive compulsive
disorder (as an adjunct)
3. Anorexia nervosa (rarely used
and not widely recommended)
28. ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Used to treat the following conditions:
MEDICAL DISORDERS
1. 1. Huntington’s chorea
(e.g. haloperidol)
2. Intractable hiccups (e.g.
chlorpromazine in low
doses) (rarely used)
3. Nausea and vomiting (rarely, in
low doses); ondansetron, an
anti-emetic drug, is a weak
antipsychotic
4. Tic disorders, e.g. Gilles de la
Tourette syndrome (e.g.
haloperidol, risperidone)
29. SIDE EFFECTS
The antipsychotics are safe drugs with a high therapeutic index and
wide margin of safety in routine clinical dosages
31. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Used for treatment of Depressive Disorders
These are also called as Mood-Elevators and Thymoleptics
The first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) imipramine was used in 1958
by Thomas Kuhn.
DEPRESSION
1. Depressive episode (also called major depression, endogenous
depression)
2. Depressive episode with melancholia (with or without ECTs)
3. Depressive episode with psychotic features (with antipsychotics
or ECTs)
32. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Used to treat the following conditions:
DEPRESSION
4. Dysthymia (with psycho
therapy)
5. Reactive depression (with
psychotherapy)
6. Depressive equivalents
and masked depression
(sometimes)
7. Atypical depression (e.g.
MAO inhibitors)
8. Secondary depression (e.g. in
hypothyroidism, Cushing’s
syndrome)
9. Abnormal grief reaction
33. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Used to treat the following conditions:
CHILD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
1. Enuresis (with or without
behaviour therapy)
2. ATTENTION DEfiCIT
DISORDER with Hyper
Activity (in low doses,
after 6 years of age, when
stimulant medication is not
available)
3. School phobia (sometimes, in
low doses)
4. Separation anxiety disorder (in
children)
5. Somnambulism
6. Night terrors
34. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Used to treat the following conditions:
OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
1. Panic attacks (e.g. SSRIs)
2. Agoraphobia and social
phobia
3. Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder with or without
depression (e.g.
clomipramine, SSRIs)
4. Cataplexy (associated with
narcolepsy)
5. Aggression in elderly (e.g.
trazodone)
6. Eating disorders (e.g. fluoxetine
in Bulimia Nervosa)
7. Borderline Personality Disorder
(for treatment of depressive
symptoms)
35. ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Used to treat the following conditions:
OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
8. Trichotillomania (e.g.
clomipramine; fluoxetine)
9. Depersonalization
syndrome
10. Post-traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
11. Generalized anxiety
disorder (e.g. SSRIs)
12. Nicotine dependence (e.g.
bupropion is used for treatment of
craving)
13. Alcohol dependence (e.g.
fluoxetine sometimes used for
treatment of craving)
37. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
Also known as Minor Tranquilizers and Anxiolytics, can be classified
as follows:
BARBITURATES
Barbiturates can be divided into four main types:
1. Long Acting
The duration of action is more than 8 hours.
Examples include phenobarbital.
38. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
2. Intermediate Acting
The duration of action is 5-8 hours. Examples include amobarbital and
pentobarbital.
3. Short Acting
The duration of action is 1-5 hours. Examples include secobarbital.
4. Ultra-Short Acting
The duration of action is less than 1 hour. Examples include
thiopentone and methohexital.
39. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
SIDE EFFECTS OF BARBITURATES
Barbiturates are no longer used or recommended as anti-anxiety
agents. They produce multiple side effects such as:
- excessive sedation
- respiratory and circulatory depression,
- Hepatic Enzyme induction,
- dependence,
- withdrawal symptoms and potential for use in suicide.
40. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
NON-BARBITURATE, NON-BENZODIAZEPINE ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS
These can be further divided into the following categories:
CARBAMATES
The common examples are meprobamate, tybamate and
carisoprodol. These are not used commonly due to the potential for
abuse and dependence.
PIPERIDINEDIONES
An example is glutethimide. This drug too is not used now-a-days due
to its dependence potential.
41. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
CATEGORIES OF NON-BARBITURATE, NON-BENZODIAZEPINE
ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS
ALCOHOLS
The examples include ethanol, chloral hydrate and ethchlorvynol.
These drugs are highly dependence producing and clearly not
recommended.
QUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVES
An example is Methaqualone. Methaqual one had become a street
drug (i.e. a drug of abuse) and its use was discontinued as an anti-
anxiety agent and a hypnotic.
42. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
CATEGORIES OF NON-BARBITURATE, NON-BENZODIAZEPINE
ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS
ANTI-HISTAMINICS
The common examples include diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and
promethazine. In past, diphenhydramine was usually combined with
methaqualone or diazepam. They may be used as hypnotic-sedatives,
but their use as anti-anxiety agents is minimal and probably not safe.
CYCLIC ETHERS
An example is Paraldehyde. It is not used commonly as it is not very
effective and is also dependence producing.
43. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
CATEGORIES OF NON-BARBITURATE, NON-BENZODIAZEPINE
ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS
OTHERS
Antipsychotics (such As Thioridazine, flupentixol, Olanzapine,
Quetiapine) and Anti Depressants (such as Doxepine) have
sometimes been used for the treatment of severe, intractable anxiety.
44. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
Chronic and Acute Anxiety. Generalized Anxiety to Panic Attacks
BENZODIAZEPINES
Since the discovery of CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE in 1957 by Sternbach,
Benzodiazepines have replaced other antianxiety drugs and hypnotics
are now gradually becoming drugs of first choice in management of
anxiety disorders.
45. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
INDICATIONS
1. Generalized anxiety
disorder; adjustment
disorder with anxious
mood (Short-term use)
2. Panic disorder,
Agoraphobia, and School
phobia (particularly
Alprazolam and
Clonazepam; along with
Antidepressants) .
3. Agitated Depression
(short-term use, along
with antidepressants, for
first 1-2 weeks)
4. Short-term treatment of
insomnia
46. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
5. Stage 4 NREM-sleep
Disorders such as enuresis,
somnambulism ( diazepam
reduces duration of Stage 4
NREM-sleep)
6. Nightmares (diazepam also
reduces the REM-sleep
duration).
7. Pre-medication in
Anaesthesia (intravenous
lorazepam, midazolam, or
diazepam)
8. Anticonvulsant use (drugs
of choice for status
epilepticus, myoclonic
seizures and certain infantile
spasms)
47. ANTIANXIETY/ANTIPANIC
treatment of psychotic disorders and psychotic symptoms
9. To produce skeletal muscle
relaxation (e.g. in tetanus,
cerebral palsy)
10. Treatment of alcohol and
other drug withdrawal
syndromes
11. For minor surgical,
endoscopic or obstetric
procedures
12. Acute mania (lorazepam,
usually with lithium or atypical
antipsychotics).
13. Antipsychotic-induced
Akathisia
14. Narcoanalysis or
abreaction (IV diazepam)
49. MOOD STABILISERS
Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder
These drugs are usually effective in treatment of mania and therefore
the word antimanic is often used to describe them. They are also
called mood-stabilising agent or a prophylactic agents.
The most commonly used mood-stabilising agents include
1. Lithium
2. Valproate
3. Carbamazepine,
4. Lamotrigine,
Though there are several other experimental mood stabilisers such as
Oxcarbaze Pine.
50. MOOD STABILISERS
Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder
LITHIUM
1. Treatment of acute mania
2. Prophylaxis of bipolar
mood disorder.
3. Treatment of schizo-
affective disorder
4. Prophylaxis of unipolar
mood disorder
5. Treatment of Cyclothymia
6. Treatment of acute depression
(as an adjuvant for refractory
depression)
7. Treatment of chronic alcoholism
and psychoactive use disorders
(e.g. cocaine dependence)
8. Treatment of Kleine-Levin
syndrome.
51. MOOD STABILISERS
Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder
VALPROATE
Bipolar Disorders
Acute Mania (as a first-line
agent for the treatment of
acute mania in oral and IV
forms)
a. Co-morbid substance abuse or
other psychiatric disorders
b. Later age at onset and/or shorter
duration of illness
c. History of poor response to
lithium
52. MOOD STABILISERS
Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder
CARBAMAZEPINE
1. Seizures
i. Complex Partial Seizures
(CPS)
ii. Generalised Tonic Clonic
seizures
iii. Alcohol withdrawal seizures
( rum fits), if persistent (also
used sometimes for
treatment of simple alcohol
withdrawal syndrome)
2. Psychiatric disorders
i. Bipolar mood disorder
(especially for rapid cyclers;
lithium-refractory patients;
ii. Impulse Control Disorder and
aggression (in some cases)
iii. Psychosis (especially mania)
with epilepsy
53. MOOD STABILISERS
Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder
CARBAMAZEPINE
1. Seizures
i. Complex Partial Seizures
(CPS)
ii. Generalised Tonic Clonic
seizures
iii. Alcohol withdrawal seizures
( rum fits), if persistent (also
used sometimes for
treatment of simple alcohol
withdrawal syndrome)
2. Psychiatric disorders
i. Bipolar mood disorder
(especially for rapid cyclers;
lithium-refractory patients;
ii. Impulse Control Disorder and
aggression (in some cases)
iii. Psychosis (especially mania)
with epilepsy
56. REFERENCES
Note: The presenter does not own any of the content used.
1. Niraj Ahuja, A short Textbook of Psychiatry (2011), Retrieved on 19th September, 2019
2. Gabbard, G. (August, 2000). A neurobiologically informed perspective on psychotherapy. Retrieved
from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/177/2/117.abstract.
3. Grohol, J. M. (2013). Top 25 psychiatric prescriptions for 2013. Retrieved from
http://psychcentral.com/lib/top-25-psychiatric-medication-prescriptions-for-2013.
4. Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Depression (major depression). Retrieved from
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/antidepressants/MH00071.
5. Mental disorders affect one in four people. (2001, October 4). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/w
hr/2001/media_centre/press_release/en.
6. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). InfoFacts: Stimulant ADHD medications - methylphenidate
and amphetamines.Retrieved from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/infofacts/stimulant-adhd-medications-methylphenidate-amp
hetamines.
7. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Mental health medications. Retrieved from
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/compelte-index.shtml#pub8
8. Seligman, M. (1995, December). The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The consumer reports study
Retrieved from http://horan.asu.edu/cpy702readings/seligman/seligman.html.
Datura Stramonium, also known as 'Jimson Weed, devil's trumpets' is a wild plant that grows across the U.S. It also can make a person hallucinate for several days - and even die.
BROMIDE a compound of bromine with another element
(GPI) or PARALYTIC DEMENTIA, is a severe Neuropsychiatric Disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy (atrophy describes a loss of neurons and the connections between them) in late-stage syphilis.
INSULIN-SHOCK: Hypoglycemia – often caused by too much insulin.
RESERPINE - Rauwolfia serpentina extract
* Report ignored till Nathan Kline (1958) confirmed the finding.
Lobotomy: a surgical operation involving incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain
RESERPINE - Rauwolfia serpentina extract
Report ignored till Nathan Kline (1958) confirmed the finding.
TRICYCLIC ANTI- DEPRESSANT (TCA) synthesised by Haflinger and Schindler in the late 1940’s,
was introduced for treatment of depression in 1958 (Thomas Kuhn).
CYCLOPEGIA - paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, CAN’T FOCUS ON NEARBY OBJECTS.
MYDRIASIS - dilation of the pupil
Dysthymia - A mild but long-term form of depression.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both
monoamine oxidase enzymes.
Enuresis – bed wetting, less control of bladder in overdue age
Somnambulism - sleepwalking
AGORAPHOBIA - fear and avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.
CATAPLEXY - sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, crying, or terror
Bulimia Nervosa - A serious eating disorder marked by bingeing, followed by methods to avoid weight gain.
BARBITURATES - 1960s and 1970s as a treatment for anxiety, insomnia, and seizure disorders.
Hepatic Enzyme -
Antipsychotics are not the drugs of first choice and should be used with extreme discretion
(with balancing of risks and benefits) when all other drugs have failed to benefit.
non-rapid eye-movement (NREM)
Narcoanalysis - a method of psychological investigation in which the conscious or unconscious unwillingness of a subject to express memories or feelings is diminished by the use of a barbiturate drug.
PROPHYLAXIS - treatment given or action taken to prevent disease.
CYCLOTHYMIA – mild mood disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood.
KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME - recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (hypersomnia) along with cognitive and behavioral changes.
CYCLOTHYMIA – mild mood disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood.
KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME - recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (hypersomnia) along with cognitive and behavioral changes.
CYCLOTHYMIA – mild mood disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood.
KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME - recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (hypersomnia) along with cognitive and behavioral changes.
CYCLOTHYMIA – mild mood disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood.
KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME - recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (hypersomnia) along with cognitive and behavioral changes.
PROPHYLAXIS - treatment given or action taken to prevent disease.