This document discusses psychotropic drug categories and antipsychotic drugs. It summarizes that antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors and are used to treat symptoms of psychosis. It lists common antipsychotic drugs and their dosages and side effects, which include extrapyramidal symptoms like acute dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. It provides information on treating side effects and educating clients on antipsychotic medication management.
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
This is a presentation on Schizophrenia depicting its various biopsychosocial aspects, with the help of a hypothetical case scenario. This presentation would be useful to educate students of psychiatry and psychology as well as general practitioners about schizophrenia
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
This is a presentation on Schizophrenia depicting its various biopsychosocial aspects, with the help of a hypothetical case scenario. This presentation would be useful to educate students of psychiatry and psychology as well as general practitioners about schizophrenia
THIS IS ABOUT SCHEDULES AND RULES IMPLEMENTED FOR MANUFACTURING, IMPORT, EXPORT, PRESCRIPTION, STORAGE OF ALLOPATHY, AYURVEDIC AND UNANI DRUGS.THERE IS DIFFERENT SCHEDULE FOR DIFFERENT KIND OF DRUGS LIKE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, NARCOTIC DRUGS ETC.
A brief description of history,drugs and cosmetics acts and rules, various drug schedules included in the act and rules, brief description of drug schedules, Recent amendments, etc.
Here is an overview of Antipsychotics,starting from basic pathophysiology of Psychosis and Schizophrenia,breifing the Neuropharmacology and lastly introduction of drugs with special reference to side effects and clincal uses.
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of medications primarily used to manage symptoms of psychosis, a mental state characterized by impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors, often seen in conditions like schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain mood disorders. These medications work by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine, to alleviate or reduce the severity of symptoms associated with psychosis. this ppt contains information regarding antipsychotics
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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4. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• These are also known as NEUROLEPTICS
• These are used to treat symptoms of psychosis, such
as delusions and hallucinations.
• They work by blocking the receptors of the
neurotransmitter Dopamine.
4
5. ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Antipsychotic drugs are the primary medical treatment for
Schizophrenia and are also used in psychotic episodes of
acute mania, psychotic depression, and drug-induced
psychosis.
• Persons with dementia who have psychotic symptoms
sometimes respond to low doses of antipsychotics.
• Short-term therapy with antipsychotics may be useful for
transient psychotic symptoms, such as those seen in some
persons with borderline personality disorder.
5
8. ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
GENERIC
(TRADE) NAME
FORMS DAILY DOSAGE
(mg)
EXTREME
DOSAGE
RANGE
(mg/day)
Clozapine
(Clozaril)
T 150 – 500 75 - 700
Risperdone
(Risperdol)
T 2 – 8 1 – 16
Olanzapine
(Zyprexa)
T 5 – 15 5 - 20
Quetiapine
(Seroquel)
T 300 – 600 200 - 750
8
9. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC
DRUGS
• The major action of all antipsychotics in the nervous
system is to block receptors for the neurotransmitter
dopamine.
• The typical antipsychotic drugs are potent
antagonists (blockers) of dopamine receptors D2, D3,
and D4.
• This makes them effective in treating target
symptoms but also produces many extrapyramidal
side effects.
9
10. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC
DRUGS
• Newer, atypical antipsychotic drugs, such as
clozapine (Clozaril), are relatively weak blockers of
D2, which may account for the lower incidence of
extrapyramidal side effects.
• Atypical antipsychotics also inhibit the reuptake of
serotonin, which makes them more effective in
treating the depressive aspects of Schizophrenia
10
11. SIDE EFFECTS OF
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) are serious
neurologic symptoms that are the major side
effects of antipsychotic drugs, which include:
– Acute Dystonia
– Pseudoparkinsonism
– Akathisia
– Tardive Dyskinesia
11
12. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS)
• Blockade of D2 receptors in the midbrain region of the brain
stem is responsible for the development of EPS
• Therapies for the neurologic side effects of acute dystonia,
pseudoparkinsonism, and akathisia are similar and include:
– 1) Lowering the dosage of the antipsychotic
– 2) Changing to a different antipsychotic
– 3) Administering anticholinergic medication
12
13. DRUGS USED TO TREAT EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE
EFFECTS
GENERIC
(TRADE) NAME
ORAL
DOSAGES
(mg)
IM / IV DOSES
(mg)
DRUG CLASS
Amantadine
(Symmetrel)
100 bid or tid - Dopaminergic
Agonist
Benztropine
(Cogentin)
1- 3 bid 1 – 2 Anticholinergic
Beperiden
(Akineton)
2 tid – qid 2 Anticholinergic
Diazepam
(Valium)
5 tid 5 – 10 Benzodiazepin
e
Diphenhydramin
e (Benadryl)
25 – 50 qid 25 – 50 Antihistamine
13
14. DRUGS USED TO TREAT EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE
EFFECTS
GENERIC
(TRADE) NAME
ORAL
DOSAGES
(mg)
IM / IV DOSES
(mg)
DRUG CLASS
Lorazepam
(Ativan)
1 – 2 tid - Benzodiazepine
Procyclidine
(Kemadrin)
2.5 – 5 tid - Anticholinergic
Propranolol
(Inderal)
10 – 20 tid; up
to 40 qid
- Beta-blocker
Trihexaphenidyl
(Artane)
2 – 5 tid - Anticholinergic
14
15. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – (EPS) –
ACUTE DYSTONIA
• This includes any of the following:
– Acute muscular rigidity and cramping
– A stiff or thick tongue with difficulty of swallowing
– In severe cases, laryngospasm and respiratory
difficulties.
15
16. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
(EPS) – ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Spasms or stiffness in
muscle groups can produce
torticollis (twisted head and
neck)
16
17. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
(EPS) – ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Spasms or stiffness in
muscle groups can produce
opisthotonus (tightness in
the entire body with the
head back and an arched
neck)
17
18. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
(EPS) – ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Spasms or stiffness in
muscle groups can produce
an oculogyric crisis (eyes
rolled back in a locked
position)
18
19. TREATMENT FOR (EPS)
ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Rapid relief is brought about by immediate
treatment with anticholinergic drugs such as:
– Intramuscular benztropine mesylate (Cogentin)
– Intramuscular or intravenous diphenhydramine
(Benadryl)
19
20. TREATMENT FOR (EPS)
ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Recurrent dystonic reactions would necessitate a
lower dosage or a change in the antipsychotic drug.
20
21. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – (EPS) –
PSEUDOPARKINSONISM
• Drug-induced Parkinsonism or pseudoparkinsonism have
the following symptoms:
– A stiff, stooped posture
– Masklike facies
– Decreased arm swing
– A shuffling, festinating gait (with small steps)
– Cogwheel rigidity (ratchet-like movements of joints)
– Drooling
– Tremor
– Bradycardia
– Coarse pill-rolling movements of the thumb and fingers
while at rest
21
22. TREATMENT FOR (EPS)
PSEUDOPARKINSONISM
• Pseudoparkinsonism is treated by changing to an
antipsychotic medication that has a lower incidence
of EPS or by adding an oral anticholinergic agent or
amantadine .
22
23. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – (EPS) –
AKATHISIA
• Akathisia is reported by the client as an intense need
to move about
• The client appears restless or anxious and agitated,
often with a rigid posture or gait and a lack of
spontaneous gestures.
• This feeling of internal restlessness and the inability
to sit still or rest often leads clients to discontinue
their antipsychotic medication.
23
24. TREATMENT FOR (EPS)
AKATHISIA
• Akathisia can be treated by a change in antipsychotic
medication or the addition of an oral agent such as a
beta-blocker, anticholinergic, or benzodiazepine.
24
25. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – (EPS) –
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA (TD)
• TD is a syndrome of permanent, involuntary
movements, is most commonly caused by the long-term
use of typical antipsychotics.
• Once it has developed, TD is irreversible.
• Symptoms of TD include:
– Involuntary movements of the tongue, facial and
neck muscles, upper and lower extremities, and
truncal musculature
– Tongue-thrusting and protrusion, lip-smacking,
blinking, grimacing and other excessive,
unnecessary facial movements
25
26. TREATMENT FOR (EPS)
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA
• Although TD is irreversible, its progression can be arrested by
decreasing or discontinuing the antipsychotic medication.
• Preventing the occurrence of TD is done by keeping
maintenance dosages as low as possible, changing
medications, and monitoring the client periodically for the
initial signs of TD.
• Persons who have already developed signs of TD but who still
need to take antipshychotic medication are often given
clozapine, which has not yet been found to cause, or
therefore worsen, TD.
26
27. OTHER SIDE EFFECTS OF
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
• Anticholinergic Side Effects
27
28. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)
• NMS is a potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to an
antipsychotic drug with the following symptoms:
– Rigidity
– High fever
– Autonomic instability such as unstable blood
pressure, diaphoresis, pallor, delirium and
elevated levels of enzymes (particularly CPK).
– Confusion
– Being mute
– Fluctuation from agitation to stupor
28
29. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)
• Dehydration, poor nutrition, and concurrent medical
illness all increase the risk for NMS.
29
30. TREATMENT FOR
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)
• This includes the following:
– Immediate discontinuance of all antipsychotic
medications
– Institution of supportive medical care such as
rehydration and hypothermia, until the client’s
physical condition is stabilized.
30
31. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS –
ANTICHOLINERGIC SIDE EFFECTS
• Symptoms usually decrease after 3 – 4 weeks but do not
entirely remit and include the following:
– Orthostatic hypotension
– Dry mouth
– Constipation
– Urinary hesitance or retention
– Blurred near vision
– Dry eyes
– Photophobia
– Nasal congestion
– Decreased memory
31
32. TREATMENT FOR
ANTICHOLINERGIC SIDE EFFECTS
• The client who is taking anticholinergic agents for
EPS may have increased problems with
anticholinergic side effects, but some nutritional or
over-the-counter remedies can ease these symptoms
32
33. CLIENT TEACHING AND MEDICATION MANAGEMENT:
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Drink sugar-free fluids and eat sugar-free hard candy
to ease the anticholinergic effects of dry mouth.
• Avoid calorie-laden beverages and candy because
they promote dental caries, contribute to weight
gain, and do little to relieve dry mouth
• Constipation can be prevented or relieved by
increasing intake of water and bulk-forming foods in
the diet and by exercising.
33
34. CLIENT TEACHING AND MEDICATION MANAGEMENT:
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Stool softeners are permissible, but laxatives should be
avoided.
• Use sunscreen to prevent burning and avoid long periods
of time in the sun. Wear protective clothing as
photosensitivity can cause a patient to burn easily.
• Rising slowly from a sitting or lying position will prevent
falls from orthostatic hypotension or dizziness due to a
drop in blood pressure. Wait to walk until any dizziness
has subsided.
34
35. CLIENT TEACHING AND MEDICATION MANAGEMENT:
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• Monitor the amount of sleepiness or drowsiness you
experience. Avoid driving a car or performing other
potentially dangerous activities until your response
time and reflexes seem normal.
• If you forget a dose of antipsychotic medication, take
it if the dose is only 3 to 4 hours late. If the missed
dose is more than 4 hours late or the next dose is
due, omit the forgotten dose.
35
36. CLIENT TEACHING AND MEDICATION MANAGEMENT:
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
• If you have difficulty remembering your medication,
use a chart to record doses when taken, or use a pill
box labeled with dosage times and/or days of the
week to help you remember when to take
medication.
36
37. SIDE EFFECTS OF ATYPICAL
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS – CLOZAPINE (Clozaril)
• This drug produces fewer traditional side effects than
most typical antipsychotic drugs, but it has the
potentially fatal side effect of agranulocytosis.
• This develops suddenly and is characterized by fever,
malaise, ulcerative sore throat, and leukopenia.
• This side effect can occur up to 24 weeks after the
initiation of therapy
37
38. TREATMENT OF AGRANULOCYTOSIS DUE TO
CLOZAPINE (Clozaril)
• Blood samples should be taken weekly to monitor
the WBC count of patients with agranulocytosis.
• The drug must be discontinued immediately if the
white blood cell count drops by 50% or to less than
3,000.
38