Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system and affect brain function, resulting in changes to perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. They have therapeutic uses such as anesthetics and for treating psychiatric disorders. Historically, psychoactive drugs have been used for medicinal purposes dating back thousands of years. Commonly used psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and those used for anxiety, euphoria and pain management. While some have medical uses, psychoactive drugs can also be abused and lead to addiction. Their legal status varies depending on the substance and jurisdiction.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant.
It works by decreasing nerve impulses that cause seizures and nerve pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy.
Carbamazepine is also used to treat bipolar disorder.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant.
It works by decreasing nerve impulses that cause seizures and nerve pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy.
Carbamazepine is also used to treat bipolar disorder.
As a Social Work student specialized in Medical and Psychiatry, I was assigned to study and present on Psychotropic Drugs in class. Hope it helps you!
This contains introduction to psychotropic drugs, definitions, a brief history of psychiatric treatment, classification, characteristics of an ideal psychotropic drug as well as the references to my sources.
Substance abuse - Signs and Symptoms & Treatment over dependence CLINICAL TOX...Dr. Ebenezer Abraham
This topic is taken from the Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) 4th Year, Subject (Clinical Toxicology) which describes the signs and symptoms and treatment over dependence of SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 9719300533 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Addictive and psychotropic drugs
1.
2. A psychoactive
drug,psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is
a chemical substance that crosses the blood–brain
barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous
system where it affects brain function, resulting in
alterations in
perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and beh
avior
Psychoactive drugs have therapeutic utility, e.g., as
anesthetics, analgesics, or for the treatment
of psychiatric disorders
INTRODUCTION
3. HISTORY
Psychotropic drugs have been used from
prehistoric times
Medicinal use is one of the important facet of
psychoactive drug usage in ancient times
The chewing of coca leaves, dates back over
8000 years ago has been found by archeologist
while studying
4. Dr. Timothy Leary , Ralph
Metzner, and Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) in
the 1960s
Dosage – some compounds are beneficial when consumed in
small amounts, but harmful in higher doses
Set – it is internal attitudes and constitution of a person
including their wishes, fears and expectation
Setting – it pertains to the surroundings, the place, and the
time in which experiences transpire
5. Commonly Used Psychotropic Drugs And
Its Group
Anxiolytics (inhibits anxiety) - Benzodiazepine
Euphoriants (induces relaxation) - MDMA , MDA, Indopan
Stimulants - amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine,
nicotine
Depressants - alcoholic beverages (ethanol),
opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Hallucinogens - LSD and nitrous oxide
6. PSYCHIATRIC MEDICATION
Psychiatric medications are psychoactive drugs
prescribed for the management of mental and
emotional disorders
There are six major classes of psychiatric
medications :
Antidepressant – clinical depression, anxiety, eating disorders
Stimulants – attention deficit disorder, suppress the appetite
Antipsyhotics – schizophrenia, severe mania
Mood stabilizers – bipolar disorder
Anxiolytics – anexiety disorder
Depressent – hynotics, sedatives, anaesthetics
7. ANESTHESIA – It is a class of psychotropic drugs used on patients
to block pain and other sensations. Most anesthetics
induce unconsciousness, which allows patients to
undergo medical procedures
like surgery without physical pain or emotional trauma
induce unconsciousness, anesthetics affect the GABA and
NMDA systems. For example, halothane is a GABA
agonist, and ketamine an NMDA receptor antagonist
PAIN MANAGEMENT- Psychoactive drugs are often prescribed
to manage pain. The subjective experience of pain is
primarily regulated by endogenous opiod peptides.
Thus, pain can often be managed using psychoactives that
operate on this neurotransmitter system, also known
as opiod receptor agonist. This class of drugs can be
highly addictive, and includes opiate narcotics,
like morphine and codeine.
USES
8. MILITARY
Psychotropic drugs have been used in military as non-
lethal weapon
In World War II 60 million amphetamine pills were used
by soldiers
Brown-brown, a form of cocaine adulterated with gun
powder, has been used in Sierra Leone Civil War
Both military and civilian American intelligence officials
are know to use psychotropic drugs for there
interrogation with captives
9. Administration
For a substance to be psychotropic it must clear
the blood-brain barrier so it can affect
neurochemical function.
Certain drugs such as alcohol and caffeine are
ingested in beverages form.
Nicotine and cannabis are often smoked
Crystalline drugs like cocaine and
methamphetamines are often insufflated (inhaled
or ”snorted”)
Medicines such as lorazepam is ingested orally in
tablet form or capsule form
The efficiency of each method of administration
varies from drug to drug
10. EFFECTS
It affects a person’s neurochemistry, which in turn
causes a change in person’s mood, cognition, perception
and behaviour.
Agonist - Increase the synthesis of one or more
neurotransmitter, by reducing it’s reuptake from
synapses, or by mimicking the action by binding directly
to the postsynaptic receptor.
Antagonist – operate by interfering with synthesis or
blocking postsynaptic receptors so that neurotransmitters
cannot bind to them.
12. Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter
Derived from tryptophan
Found in gastrointestinal tract, platelets and in central nervous system
It contributes to feelings of well being and happiness
It also acts as a growth factor for some cells
13. ADDICTION
It is of two types :-
Psychological Addiction – by which a user feels compelled to use a
drug despite negative physical or societal consequences
Physical Dependence – by which a user must use a drug to avoid
physically uncomfortable or even medically harmful withdrawal
symptoms
Drugs that are most likely to cause addiction are drugs that directly
stimulate the dopaminergic system, like cocaine and amphetamines
Drugs that only indirectly stimulate the dopaminergic system, such
as psychedelics, are not as likely to be addictive
14. LEGALITY
The legality of psychoactive drugs has been controversial
The most influential document regarding the legality of psychoactive
drugs is the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, an
international treaty signed in 1961 as an Act of the United Nations
It is signed by 73 nations including United States, USSR, India and
United Kingdom
It established the legality of each drug and laid out an international
agreement to fight addiction to recreational drugs by combatting the
sale, trafficking, and use of scheduled drugs
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
authority over all drugs, including psychoactive drugs
Psychotropic drugs are only given with a prescription
However, certain psychoactive drugs, like alcohol, tobacco, and drugs
listed in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs are subject to
criminal laws