The document discusses drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). It classifies CNS diseases according to the WHO and describes various types of CNS drugs including anesthetic agents, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, analgesics, psychomotor stimulants, psychotomimetics, cognition enhancers, mood stabilizers, and drugs for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. It also discusses the mechanisms and classifications of antipsychotic drugs and provides examples of typical and atypical antipsychotics.

1. DRUGS ACTING ON CNS PRAVINKUMAR AWATE B.PHARM FINAL YEAR (COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SOLAPUR )

10. Different between Alzheimer disease and Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer disease Parkinson’s disease Loss of cholinergic neuron in the nucleus basalis of maynert (cerebral cortex) Loss of dopamenergic neuron in substantial nigra and corpus striatum, it visualize by using positron-emission tomography and fluorodopa.

12. 2) Drug affecting brain cholinergic system: a) Central anticholinergics: e.g. Trihexyphenidyl (Benhexol), Procyclidine, Biperidine. b ) Antihistamines: Orphenadrine, Promethazine

13. A. Levodopa (L-dopa) and carbidopa Levodopa is a metabolic precursor of dopamine. It restores dopamine levels in the extrapyramidal centers (substantia nigra) that atrophy in Parkinsonism. Relief provided by levodopa is only symptomatic and lasts only while the drug is present in the body. 95% of oral dose is decarboxylated in the pheripheral tissue (gut and liver) thus DA formed acts on heart, blood vessel, and CTZ center. The effect of Levodopa on endocrine system is it inhibit the prolactin release. ADR of Levodopa : vomiting and BUN effect (increase blood urea nitrogen). b. Carbidopa: The effects of levodopa on the CNS can be greatly enhanced by coadministering carbidopa a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood- brain barrier and act extracerebrally only. The addition of carbidopa lowers the dose of levodopa needed by 4- to 5-fold and, consequently, decreases the severity of the side effects of peripherally formed dopamine .

16. B. Bromocriptine Bromocriptine an ergotamine (an alkaloid with vasoconstrictor action) derivative, is a dopamine receptor agonist. The drug produces little response in patients who do not react to levodopa, but it is often used with levodopa in patients responding to drug therapy. Side effects severely limit the utility of the dopamine agonists (Figure) The actions of bromocriptine are similar to those of levodopa, except that hallucinations, confusion, delirium, nausea, and orthostatic hypotension are more common, whereas dyskinesia is less prominent.

17. C. Amantadine It was accidentally discovered that the antiviral drug, amantadine effective in the treatment of influenza, has antiparkinsonism action. It appears to enhance the synthesis, release, or re-uptake of dopamine from the surviving neurons. [Note: If dopamine release is already at a maximum, amantadine has no effect.] The drug may cause restlessness, agitation, confusion, and hallucinations, and at high doses it may induce acute toxic psychosis. Amantadine is less efficacious than levodopa and tolerance develops more readily, but it has fewer side effects. The drug has little effect on tremor but is more effective than the anticholinergics against rigidity and bradykinesia.

19. D. Deprenyl: Deprenyl, also called selegiline selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase B (which metabolizes dopamine), but does not inhibit monoamine oxidase A (which metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin). By thus decreasing the metabolism of dopamine, deprenyl has been found to increase dopamine levels in the brain (Figure). Therefore, it enhances the actions of 1evodopa, and when these drugs are administered together, deprenyl substantially reduces the required dose of Levodopa .

21. E. Antimuscannic agents: The antimuscarinic agents are much less efficacious than levodopa and play only an adjuvant role in antiparkinsonism therapy. All these drugs can induce mood changes and produce xerostomia (dryness of the mouth) and visual problems, as do all muscarinic blockers. They interfere with gastrointestinal peristalsis and cannot be used in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or pyloric stenosis. Adverse effects are similar to those caused by high doses of atropine, for example, pupillary dilation, confusion, hallucination, urinary retention, and dry mouth.

27. Psychotomimetics (Psychedelic, Psychodisleptic, and hallucinogen): -Drugs produce psychosis like states. Note: -Antidepressants and Antimanic drugs are collectively known as drugs for affective disorders. Tranquillizers :-Drugs which reduce mental tension and produce calmness without inducing sleep but this term not used now a days.

28. Antipsychotic drugs:- It is also known as antischizophrenic drugs. Schizophrenia (Bleuler) is a defect in selective attention. Crow classified schizophrenias into two types based on symptoms: 1) Positive symptoms:- a) Delusion (mistaken belief) b) Hallucination (see same think which not actually present) c) Thought disorder. d) Abnormal behaviors (aggressive and serotypes) 2) Negative symptoms:- a) Withdrawal from social contact b) Flattening of emotional responses

29. Schizophrenia - symptoms Positive Symptoms Hallucinations Delusions (bizarre, persecutory) Disorganized Thought Perception disturbances Inappropriate emotions Abnormal behaviors (aggressive and serotypes ) Negative Symptoms Blunted emotions Anhedonia Lack of feeling Cognition New Learning Memory Mood Symptoms Loss of motivation Social withdrawal Insight Demoralization Suicide FUNCTION €

31. Classifications of Antipsychotic drugs:- 1) Phenothiazines a) Aliphatic side chain Chlorpromazines, Promazines, Triflupromazine. b) Piperidine side chain Thioridazine, Mezoridazine, Piperacetazine c) Piperazine Side chain Trifluoperazine, Fluphenazine, Perphenazine. 2) Butyrophenones Haloperidol, Droperidol, Penfluridol, Trifluoperidol. 3) Thioxanthenes Thiothixene, Flupenthixol. 4) Other heterocyclics (RPL) Pimozide, Loxapine, Reserpine. 5) Atypical Neuroleptics (CROSSQ) Clozapine, Risperidone, Olanzapine, Sulpiride, Sertindole, Quetiapine.

33. Mechanism of action: Dopamine receptor-blocking activity : All of the neuroleptic drugs block dopamine receptors in the brain and in the periphery. Five types of dopamine receptors: D1 and D5 receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, and D2, D3 and D4 receptors inhibit adenylylcyclase. Typical neuroleptic drugs correlates closely with their relative ability to block D2 receptors in the mesolimbic system of the brain.on other hand, the atypical drug clozapine has a high affinity for D4 receptor result in minimal ability to cause extrapyramidal side effects. The actions of the neuroleptic drugs are antagonized by agents that raise dopamine concentration, for example, L-dopa and amphetamines.

34. Serotonin receptor-blocking activity in brain: The newer "atypical" agents appear to exert part of their unique action through inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Thus, clozapine has high affinity for D1 and D4, 5-HT2, muscarinic and alfa-adrenergic receptors, but it is also a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. Another new agent, risperidone blocks 5-HT2 receptors to a greater extent than it does D2 receptors. Both of these drugs exhibit a low incidence of extra pyramidal side effects.

36. Actions :- The antipsychotic actions of neuroleptic drugs reflect blockade at dopamine and/or serotonin receptors. However, many of these agents also block cholinergic, adrenergic, and histamine receptors, causing a variety of side effects. Antipsychotic actions: The neuroleptic drugs reduce the hallucinations and agitation associated with schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic system of the brain. In contrast to the central nervous system (CNS) depressants, such as barbiturates, the neuroleptics do not depress intellectual function of the patient, and motor incoordination is minimal.

37. Extrapyramidal effects: Parkinsonian symptoms, akathisia (motor restlessness), and tardive dyskinesia (inappropriate postures of the neck, trunk, and limbs) occur with chronic treatment. Blocking of dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway probably causes these unwanted parkinsonian symptoms. Clozapine and risperidone exhibit a low incidence of these symptoms .

49. Parkinsonian effects: The inhibitory effects of dopaminergic neurons are normally balanced by the excitatory actions of cholinergic neurons. Blocking dopamine receptors alters this balance, causing a relative excess of cholinergic influence and resulting in extrapyramidal motor effects.