THIS REFER BY THE ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY BOOK (SIX EDITION)
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Various neurotransmitters, mechanism of action and their physiological functions are explained and is useful for ug and pg students of medicine, neurology, psychiatry branches.
Various neurotransmitters, mechanism of action and their physiological functions are explained and is useful for ug and pg students of medicine, neurology, psychiatry branches.
neurosteroid and neuropeptide biosynthetic pathway mechanism of action marketed formulation applications classifications recent findings refrences prepred by jonaid ali a student of m pharm 2nd sem jamia hamdard new delhi.
neurosteroid and neuropeptide biosynthetic pathway mechanism of action marketed formulation applications classifications recent findings refrences prepred by jonaid ali a student of m pharm 2nd sem jamia hamdard new delhi.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can't function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland.
Neurohumoral transmission involve release from a nerve terminal of a neurotransmitter that react with specialized receptors area on the enervated cell.
Neurohumoral transmission involve release from a nerve terminal of a neurotransmitter that react with specialized receptors area on the enervated cell.
what are neurotransmitter
adrenegic neurotransmittier, epinephrine and nor epinephrine , receptors of epinephrine and non epinepheine, cholinergic meurotransmitter, acetylecholine
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. INTRODUCTION OF THE NERVES
SYSTEM:
• Nervous System Of The Body.
• There are a parts of nervous system.
A. Central Nervous System
B. Peripheral Nervous System
3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Brain
2. spinal cord
1. Autonomic Nervous system
A. Sympathetic
B. parasympathetic
2. Somatic Nervous System
4. LOREM IPSUM DOLOR LOREM
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consectetur adipisicing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut
enim ad minim veniam, quis
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laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea
commodo consequat.
6. • NEURON Also called a nerve cells
• Is as the and unit
of Nervous System.
There are a main parts of the nerve cells
I. Cell Body
ii. Dendrite
iii. Axon
01
NEURO
N
9. Synapse
• Synapse Is The Between Two Neurons.
• Is The “ ” Between The Axon Of One Nerve And The
Dendrite Of The Next One
10.
11.
12.
13. INTRODUCTION:
• Neurotransmitter are the that communicate
information by our brain and body.
• The brain uses neurotransmitter to tell ,
and .
• They can also affect and
can cause when they are out of
15. branching fiber that from other
neuron
ddsfsff
Are the
point
where
the axon
Is a thin fiber where is
from the neuron to other neurons
This is a NEURON
16. TRANSPORT AND RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER:-
a neurotransmitter.
• and to the .
• AT. the ,the neurotransmitter is in small it
called a .
• then,vesicle and the nurotransmitter into .
• it to on the surface of the .
17.
18. Transmision
• It travels by the Axon
• come from soma
• from the pre - synapti terminal
• to the next neuron
• it re-uptake sometime occure
19. 1. it must be found in neuron.
2. produce by a neuron
3. released by a neuron
4. after,it must be act on a target area and produce some biological
effect
5. after the action it must be Inactivated
CRITERI FOR NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Many substances are categorise.to consider a
neurotransmitter
21. . Amino acid
• This group are involved in and are
inhibitory and excitatory in action.
• EXAMPLE :
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), Glycine , glutamic acid , aspartate
acid
22. . Amines
• Amines are the .
• that involv in .these
neurotransmitter are also inhibitory and excitatory in action.
• EXAMPLE:
Noradrenaline , adrenaline , dopamine , histamine
23. 3. others
• some neurotansmitter do not fit into any of these categories.
• one such substance is .
• othe substance include in this category is the soluble gass
( )
24. DEOENDING UPON THE FUNCTION:
There are two type ..
1. Excitatory nurotransmitters
2. Inhibitory neurotransmitter
25. EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER:
Action potential down of another .
Release of .
of on cell membrane .
of ligand gate .
flow of in the cell.
cell become .
Leads to a .
Known as a .
Examples:-
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Norepinephrinr
26. INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER:-
Actionof Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
action potential of another nerve
cells.
releases of neurotransmitter.
Activation of on cells .
opening of .
flow of of cells.
Lead to .
Known as .
Example:
• GABA
• Dopamine
29. 1.ACETYLCHOLINE:-
Is a .
it possesses .
source:
- Preganglionic parasympatheic nerve
- Post-ganglionic parasympatheic nerve
- Preganglionic Sympathetic nerve
- many region of brain
- Postganglionic Sympathetic cholinergic nerves
there are a types of
receptors...
1.
2.
30. 2. NORADRENALINE:-
Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter in
.
it released....
1. Postganglionic Sympathetic nerves ending
2. cerebral cortex
3. Hypothelamus
4. basal ganglia
5. brainsten
6 .spinal cord
32. 4. SEROTONIN:-
Large amount of serotonin( %) is found in
of .
small amount found in and .
its secreted...
1.hypothalamus
2.Limbic system
3.cerebellum
4.Midbrain
5.GI tract
33. 5. HISTAMINE:-
Is secreted in nerve e ending of , ,
and other part of the .
it also secrete by the and .
34. 6.GAMMA- AMNOBUTYRIC ACID(GABA):-
Its a inhibitory neurotransmitter in synapses particular in .
secreted .....
1.cerebral cortex
2.cerebellum
3.basal ganglia
4.spinal cord