This document discusses process safety management in pharmaceutical industries. It begins by describing several process safety incidents that occurred in pharmaceutical plants, including explosions caused by volatile dust mixtures and fires during chemical transfers. The document then discusses hazards like flammability, reactivity, and dust explosions. It outlines elements of a process safety management program including hazard identification, risk analysis, operating procedures, training, and emergency response. The document provides examples of risk controls and emphasizes the importance of process safety to protect people, the environment, and limit business interruptions.
Exposure Risk Assessment Challenges : Occupational Hygiene in the Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries, AIHA 2013, Asia Pacific OH Conference, Singapore
Exposure Risk Assessment Challenges : Occupational Hygiene in the Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries, AIHA 2013, Asia Pacific OH Conference, Singapore
Training Slides of Safety Precautions & Emergency Response Plan discussing the importance of Safety.
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
www.asia-masters.com
We are all aware of Dust hazards such as causing slippery surface and health dust inhalation hazard, however, dust explosion hazard awareness is not adequate. Even if we know about dust explosion but there are many risk factors for dust explosion hazard which are unknown.
Safe Chemical Handling & Initial Spill ResponseDavid Horowitz
This presentation was prepared for the Sixteenth Annual Southeastern Massachusetts Drinking Water Fair held on June 16, 2011 at the Massachusetts Maritime Academy. The event was hosted by the Barnstable County Water Utilities Association and the Plymouth County Water Works Association. Attendees received Training Contact Hours (TCHs).
I am looking for stable job with long term relation ship. I am ready to relocate within Gujarat. At present, I ERP manager in one of the EOU Gujarat based company. I am able to coordinate the ERP related activities. I can evaluate the ERP product and implementation partner considering various factors like multi company, multi location, multi currency, company's processes, turnover, strength etc.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
PSM in pharma industries- Hangzhou China 2008
1. www.issehs.com
Process Safety Management in
Pharmaceutical Industries
Ms. Lili Deng, EHS Specialist
(lili.deng@issehs.com), Maharshi Mehta, CSP,
CIH (maharshi.mehta@issehs.com)
International Safety Systems, Inc.
www.issehs.com
The 9th RDPAC EHS Working Group
Meeting
Hangzhou, China
October 30, 2008
2. www.issehs.com
Learning Objectives
In this session, participants will learn:
– Process Safety Incidents in Pharmaceutical Industries
– Control of Process Safety Risk Lessons Learned
– Hazards: Flammability, Reactivity and Dust
Explosion Hazards
– Hazard Assessment Technique Review
– Risk Prevention and Controls
– Elements of Process Safety Management Program
3. www.issehs.com
Process Safety Incidents
“Powerful explosion in
pharma firm” News
– Surrounding area up to 3
km affected
– Reactor in which
distillation was done
exploded
4. www.issehs.com
Another explosion incident..
KINSTON, North Carolina
(CNN) -- A massive explosion
and fire gutted pharmaceutical
supply plant, killing at least
three people and injuring more
than two dozen others
Volatile mix of air and suspended dust caused explosion The
explosion was so powerful it blew doors open on houses more
than a mile away
5. www.issehs.com
More Incidents..
Suspended acetone bucket
caught fire during filling
Explosion during vinyl
acetate transfer (same
operation conducted
number of times without
problems): External
paints prevented
grounding of the drum
Centrifuge caught fire as
nitrogen purging was not
enough
6. www.issehs.com
Laboratory Accidents
Mixing of incompatible waste (nitric
acid in ethanol rinsed bottle)
Methylene chloride mixed with
oxidizer without knowing
incompatibility
– Hood and about 2000 sq feet of
laboratory area caught fire
– Broken glasses of bottles traveled 10
meters away and caused injuries
7. www.issehs.com
Common causes of PSIs
Awareness and training
Systems not in place
Systems not implemented
Preventive maintenance was reactive
maintenance
9. www.issehs.com
Why PSM?
Plant’s existence
Harm to people, process and environment
Process Interruptions
Regulatory and Corporate Requirements
Liability
Return on Investment
– Recovery of resources
Pre-requisite to participate in Global Economy
Public Image
11. www.issehs.com
Fire Principle
A fire in pharmaceutical industry
occur occur if ALL of the
following are present
– Fuel (e.g., methnaol) in sufficient
concentration in air
– Source of ignition
– Oxygen
A chain reaction between oxygen
and fuel with sufficient
concentration of each is required for
a fire to occur and continue
Removing one of the three
elements will prevent fire
12. www.issehs.com
Flammability Terms
Flash Point
– Minimum temperature at which flammable chemical gives
off sufficient vapor to initiate fire with ignition source
– Lower the flash point, more flammable a chemical
Lower Explosive Limits (LEL)
– Concentration of flammable vapor in %, below which fire
does not occur
Upper Explosive Limits (UEL)
– Concentration of flammable vapor in % , above which fire
does not occur
13. www.issehs.com
Flammability of Solvents Used in
Pharmaceutical Industry
Chemical FP
0
C
LEL
%
UEL
%
Toluene 4 1.2 7.1
Methanol 11 6 36
Triethylamine -17 1.2 8
n-PA -37 2 10.4
Which chemical is more flammable?
14. www.issehs.com
Fuels in Pharmaceutical Industries
Solvents used in reactors and centrifuge (e.g.,
toluene and methanol )
Uncontrolled Inventory Flammable liquids in plastic containers
16. www.issehs.com
Ignition Sources
Electrical (23%), Smoking (18%)
Friction (10%), Hot Surfaces (7%),
Overheated Material (8%)
Cutting, Welding, Open Flames (4%)
Static Electricity (1%)
17. www.issehs.com
Static Electricity
Flammable chemicals accumulate static charges
readily as they have high insulating values
Flow of liquid through pipe, strainers, filters
Splashing of liquid jets
Ejection of droplets from nozzles
Stirring and Mixing
Solid handling-Sieving, pouring and grinding
18. www.issehs.com
Activities with Static Electricity
Potential
▪ Flammable liquid loading,
unloading, transfer
▪ Flow of liquid through pipe,
strainers, filters, stirring and
mixing
▪ Solid handling-Sieving,
pouring, grinding,
micronizing, pneumatic
conveying
19. www.issehs.com
Potential Risk of Fire in Pharmaceutical
Process
Tanker unloading and tank storage
Reactors
– Charging of solids in reactor containing
flammable liquid
Solid liquid separation – Centrifuge
– Methanol or any other solvent
– High static electricity during charging and
spinning
Distillation
– Cooling stops
Drying
20. www.issehs.com
Reactive Chemicals
High reaction rate
Reaction rate increases with temperature.
If the reaction rate and resulting heat are not controlled , an explosion
could occur
Heat initiated decomposition could result in explosion e.g., certain
peroxides
Light could be initiator of an explosive reaction e.g., hydrogen and
chlorine reacts explosively in the presence of light
Shock could initiate an explosion, e.g., acetylides, azides, organic
nitrates, nitro compounds and peroxides
Picric acid becomes highly shock-sensitive when its normal water
content is allowed to evaporate
21. www.issehs.com
Incompatible Chemicals
React dangerously when mixed with certain
other materials
Spontaneous ignition or fire could occur
Decomposition product may ignite or could be
harmful to health
Examples
– Organics and Oxidizers
– Acids and Bases
More on Incompatible chemicals:
http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/incompatibles.html
23. www.issehs.com
Dust Explosion Potential
▪ Presence of Comustible Dust
▪ Oxygen concentrations 3% and above
▪ Small particle size (< 100 microns more potential)
▪ Minimum Explosible Concentrations (MEC)
▪ MEC for most materials is 10 to 500 g/m3
▪ 10 g/m3 dust concentration looks like dense fog
with visibility of 1Meter.
▪ More moisture less dust explosion potential
25. www.issehs.com
Why Hazard Identification
“ For every dollar it costs to fix a problem in the
early stage of design, it will cost $10 at flow
sheet stage, $100 at the detail design stage,
$1000 afte r the plant is build and $10,000 to
cleanup the mess after an accident”
KLETZ
26. www.issehs.com
Hazard Identification
Can the process/activity pose a threat to
health, safety, environment or property?
INPUT: Properties of materials, historical
experience, knowledge of process
parameters, management system,
available safeguards, application of
analytical methods
Output: List of potential problem
materials, process conditions, and
situations and understanding of what can
go wrong.
27. www.issehs.com
Process Hazard Analysis
Hazards of Process
Previous Incidents
Engineering and Administrative Controls
Consequence of Failure
Human Factors
28. www.issehs.com
Process Hazard Information
Hazards Technology Equipment
Toxicity Block Flow
Diagram
Construction
Materials
PELs Chemistry Piping &
Instrumention
Physical Inventory Electrical
Reactivity Operating
Ranges
Relief Vents
Corrosivity Hazards of
Deviations
Design Codes
Stability Material Balances
Compatibility Safety Systems
29. www.issehs.com
Elements of Process Safety
Management and Hazard Analysis 1
Process Safety Information
(Hazards, Technology, and Equipment)
Prioritize the Process Hazard Analyses
(PHA)
Conduct PHA
Develop Operating Procedures
(for each operating phase and for safety
systems)
Certify Current Employees Sufficiently
Trained
30. www.issehs.com
Elements of Process Safety
Management and Hazard Analysis 2
Procedures for Maintaining Mechanical Integrity
Document Process Equipment Inspections and
Tests
Hot-work Permits
Management of Change Procedures
Incident Investigation
Emergency Action Plan
Process Safety Management Compliance Audits
31. www.issehs.com
Hazard Analysis - System Safety
Depending on complexity of process, Hazard
Analysis is conducted using one or more of the
following methods:
– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
– Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
– What-if and What if -Check List
– Hazard And Operability Analysis (HAZOP)
– Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
– Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)
– Management Oversight Risk Tree (MORT)
– Human Reliability Analysis (HRA)
32. www.issehs.com
Principles-Risk Prevention and Controls
Elimination
Substitution
Process Changes
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protective Equipment
34. www.issehs.com
Flammable Liquids-Controls
Keep flammable liquids in covered containers when not in use
Keep flammable concentrations below 25% of LEL when an ignition
source is present
Use a calibrated detector to determine flammable vapor
concentration
Provide grounding and bonding for static electricity controls
Use of non sparking tools/ intrinsically safe electrical apparatus and
lighting
Provide a non-return valve in flammable gas supply line
Avoid using flexible hoses for transfer
Provide and maintain explosion proof lighting
35. www.issehs.com
Solvent Storage Cabinets
Flammable liquid limited to 60
gallons in approved cabinet
Flammable chemical storage
cabinet to have 1hour fire
rating
Cabinets to be labeled
"Flammable - Keep Fire
(ignition sources) Away".
Vent through two ports on side
with flame arrestor
36. www.issehs.com
Flammable Chemical Storage
Room
Allowable quantity 5 gal/sq feet of floor area when fire
protection is not provided and room fire resistance is 2
hrs
Explosion proof electrical wiring
Liquid tight room
Ventilation to provide six air exchange rate per hour
Provide clear aisle of 3' wide
Stacking of containers one upon the other over 30 gallon
prohibited
37. www.issehs.com
Static Electricity Controls
Bonding and grounding
Metal to metal contact
essential (painted surface)
Testing conductivity of
wire and connections
Avoid free fall of liquid by
bottom entry or extend fill
pipe. Fill pipe to terminate
within 6” from the bottom
of vessel
39. www.issehs.com
Dust Explosion - Prevention and
Controls
Inerting, Purging, to keep oxygen
concentration below 3%
Suppression
Explosion Venting
Process Isolation
Pressure Vessel Design
Control of Ignition Sources
40. www.issehs.com
Inerting
▪ An inert gas such as nitrogen is passed
through to remove oxygen
▪ Keep oxygen concentration to below
<3% to prevent a dust explosion or fire
▪ Ensure nitrogen is used and by mistake
other gases such as oxygen is not used
▪ Determine volume and flow rate of
nitrogen needed
▪ Ensure flow of nitrogen
▪ Provide low pressure alarm to warn
about loss of inerting
41. www.issehs.com
Tank Storage: Flammable Chemicals
▪ Do not overfill, level indicator
▪ Measure metal thickness
▪ Provide flame arrestor, breather valve with flame
arrestor preferred
▪ Level indicator
▪ Provide dyke of 1.5 times tank volume
▪ Unloading/Loading rack to be located at least 25 feet
away
▪ Steel support to be protected by 2 hour fire
resistance covering on batch tanks with supports
42. www.issehs.com
Unloading of Tank Cars/Trucks of
flammable liquids
Metallic gauging rod prohibited when
electrical power line is within 20’ of tank
opening
Setting of brakes, “STOP....” signs 25’ in
front
Bottom unloading is preferred
Continuous present of the operator
throughout unloading
No smoking, grounding/bonding connection
Applying chocks on wheels
43. www.issehs.com
Hot Work Permit
▪ Needed when welding, has cutting or
any spark producing work is carried out
▪ Define responsibility
▪ Remove all flammables, purge, cover
areas
▪ Close valve, block flow
▪ Provide fire extinguisher
▪ Test for presence of flammable vapors
▪ Randomly inspect
▪ Issue permit
44. www.issehs.com
Hazard Information
Material Safety Data Sheets
– Manufacturer has legal duty to provide in most countries
– Available on Internet
International Chemical Safety Cards
– International Labor Organization (ILO) publishes and contain
hazard information with terms used globally
Labels
– Hazard Material Information System (HMIS) label
– National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) label
– Symbols and Risk Phrases used in European Community
References
– Useful publications and Internet Sites
45. www.issehs.com
National Fire Protection
Association Label
Used globally to indicate
flammability, reactivity
and health hazard
Applied on chemical
containers, except those
container used in analysis
Container without a label or with
defaced label must be safely
discarded
46. www.issehs.com
Hazard Information-Websites
Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) www.nlm.nih.gov
European Agency for Safety and Health
– http://europe.osha.eu.int
Asia Pacific Health and Safety Network from ILO
– http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/
Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety
– http://www.ccohs.ca/products/shop.html
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission,
Australia
– http://www.nohsc.gov.au/