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An overview of the status of genetically modified organisms in Africa today. Agricultural biotechnology as an approach to solving numerous challenges of biotic and abiotic stressors.
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This presentation by Daju Pradnja Resosudarmo
focuses on all the benefits forests provide, what problems forests still face, what is causing these problems, how we can strengthen forests in the landscape and what role Sustainable Development Goals could play.
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Presentation for the conference on
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Prunus africana: a reality check
1. Prunus
africana:
a
reality
check
A B (Tony) Cunningham, Terry Sunderland & Robert Nkuinkeu
Meeting at CIFOR, Yaounde, 6 March 2014
2.
OVERVIEW
• Introduc+on
• Why
is
the
P.
africana
case
is
globally
significant
in
terms
of
policy
vs.
prac+ce?
• 6
“take
home
messages”;
• Recommenda+ons
for
the
future.
4. Prunus
bark
trade
in
global
perspec+ve
• More
Prunus
africana
bark
is
wild
harvested
than
any
other
tree
species,
followed
by
quillay
(Quillaja
saponaria,
also
Rosaceae)
(Cunningham,
in
press);
• Quillay
is
exported
from
Chile
&
wild
populaDons
have
been
devastated
(872
t/bark
exported
=
60000
trees/yr
(FAO,
2001;
San
MarDn
&
Briones,
1999);
• All
other
large
scale
bark
trade
has
shiSed
to
farmed
trees
(e.g;
cinnamon,
cork,
waUle,
cassia).
5. Prunus
africana:
valued
but
vulnerable
• Considered
the
only
African
species
in
a
genus
of
c.200
species
(although
Kalkman
(1965)
suggested
that
a
separate
species,
Prunus
crassifolia
might
occur
in
the
Kivu
region,
DRC);
• Gene+cally
&
chemically
dis+nct
popula+ons
across
Africa
&
Madagascar
(Kadu
et
al.,
2012;
Martelli
et
al,
1986;
Vicen+
et
al.,
2013);
• Wild
rela+ve
of
peaches,
plums,
almonds
&
apricots,
listed
as
Vulnerable
(IUCN),
even
in
countries
where
no
export
trade
occurs
&
CITES
Appendix
2
listed;
• Habitat
loss
due
to
clearing
from
farmland
&
future
impacts
predicted
due
to
climate
change
(Mbatudde
et
al,
2012;
Vicen+
et
al.,
2013).
6. Export
trade:
Prunus
africana
= established trade
= emerging trade
“frontier”
= traditional medicine
trade only
7. Why
is
the
P.
africana
case
globally
significant
in
terms
of
policy
vs.
prac+ce?
NaDonal
Management
plan
• The
(Ingram
et
al,
2009)
is
now
being
seen
as
a
model
that
should
be
applied
on
a
global
scale;
• With
CIFOR’s
reputaDon,
the
report
was
a
key
to
liSing
the
EU
ban.
• Disconnect
between
policy
&
what
is
really
happening
in
the
forest.
8. LESSON
1:
INCREDIBLE
SUPPORT
&
EFFORTS
HAVE
GONE
INTO
SUSTAINABLE
WILD
HARVEST
….but there are widespread concerns about the accuracy of
some inventory, yield & quotas recommendations…..
9. PROGRESS
SINCE
2011
• Mt.
Cameroon
as
a
model:
major
investment
in
management
&
monitoring
plans;
• SDmulated
by
the
2007
EU
trade
ban.
10. CASE
STUDY:
GOING
DOWN
MT
CAMEROON
(Ewusi, 2006 in Amougou et al., 2011)
• Annual
“sustainable”
bark
yields
have
varied
enormously,
even
for
the
best
studied
locaDon
(Mt
Cameroon);
• 4438
t/yr
-‐>
330
t/yr
-‐>178
t/yr
-‐>
130
t/yr
to
MOCAP’s
harvest
of
57
tonnes
from
Block
1
in
2012.
11. ROTATION
TIMES:
5
YRS?
7
YRS?
10YRS?
IT
ALL
DEPENDS…
• Current
management
on
Mt.
Cameroon
is
based
on
a
5
yr
rotaDon
(5
blocks)
(Eben
Ebai,
2011);
• 7
year
rotaDon
recommended
(Nkeng,
2009),
with
9-‐10
yr
rotaDon
used
for
cork
oak.
(from Eben-Ebai, 2011)
13. WHO
BENEFITTED
&
BY
HOW
MUCH?
WILD HARVEST
Warehousing 3%
Transport
4%
Regeneration 7%
Park mgmt. 20%
VDF*
7%
16%
Harvester
43%
MOCAP
*Village Development Fund
Exporter pays 350 CFA/kg
Harvester gets 150 CFA/kg
• 2012
harvest
(Block
1,
Mt
Cameroon
NP)
was
57
t
fresh
wt;
• 57000
kg
@150
CFA/kg
=
8550000
CFA
(approx
$17,100);
• 48
acDve
harvesters;
• Benefit
per
person
for
the
annual
harvest
=
$356
(or
ca.
$1
per
harvester
per
day).
14. COSTS
OF
MANAGED
SUSTAINABLE
HARVEST
vs.
BENEFITS
• Cost
of
inventory
about
15
million
CFA
($30
000),
more
than
two
Dmes
the
$17
100
earned
from
bark
harvest
(&
excludes
addiDonal
monitoring
costs);
• 100
000
people
live
around
Mt
Cameroon.
48
acDve
harvesters.
20%
of
whom
are
not
from
Mt.
Cameroon
area;
• Are
the
costs
worth
it
for
0.0004%
of
the
local
populaDon?
15. LESSON
3:
LOCAL
LIVELIHOODS
&
PRUNUS
INCOME
NEED
CONTEXT
….both place, time & other benefits from forests
16. HIGH
VALUE,
HIGH
VOLUME,
HIGH
IMPACT
Madagascar
&
Prunus
africana:
remote,
small
forests,
local
value-‐adding
&
high
porDon
of
cash
•
income…..
•
Bioko
&
Cameroon
in
a
very
different
situaDon
(diverse
income
sources,
changing
economic,
global
links
&
migrant
remiUances).
17. MADAGASCAR
Tsaratanàna
° Antsahabiraoka
= Prunus africana
° Lakato
Tampoketsan’Ankazobe
Marovoay
Import from Cameroon
= bark processing
factory
Bark
exploita+on
has
been
taking
place
in
Forest
Reserves
(e.g:
Zahamena
Special
FR)
un+l
overexploita+on
wiped
out
stocks…so
they
had
to
import
from
Cameroon.
18. OTHER
LINKS
TO
LIVELIHOODS
• Diverse
products
come
from
forests,
not
just
Prunus
bark;
• Mt
Cameroon:
there
are
48
acDve
harvesters
out
of
100,000
people
around
the
park;
• PES
opportuniDes
&
lessons
from
other
countries.
20. BARK REMOVAL IS A SHOCK…
from which some trees do not
recover
21. HIGH
VALUE,
WEAK
TENURE=OVERHARVEST
• Demographic structure of natural stands shows very low
representation of mature trees with dbh > 30cm, but very
high exploitation rate reaching 80% of total individuals in
some areas (ICRAF/IRAD/ Univ of Dschang, 2008);
• Overexploitation rate is more than 90% in all studied
villages: almost all individual with dbh >20 were totally
debarked from buttresses to branches (ICRAF/IRAD/ Univ
of Dschang, 2008);
• 60% of trees overexploited (Nkeng, 2009).
22. PRUNUS
AFRICANA
IS
AN
ECOLOGICAL
KEYSTONE
SPECIES
• P.
africana
bark
is
not
just
“under-‐exploited”
trees
for
commercial
trade;
• Keystone
species
for
colobus
monkeys
&
some
endemic
birds;
• Not
just
about
“saving
Prunus”.
Fashing, P J. 2004. Mortality trends in the African cherry (Prunus africana) and the implications for colobus monkeys (Colobus
guereza) in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Biological Conservation 120:449-459
23. LESSON
5:
PAU’s
FACE
MANY
CHALLENGES
.
”Prunus Allocation Units (PAUs) have been participatively
defined and developed with input from stakeholders” (Ingram
et al, 2009)……yet “elite capture” & an exporter monopoly
are still major factors, so “participatory” is questionable.
24. WHAT
ABOUT
ADAMOUA?
(from Ingram et al, 2009)
• Current
inventory,
management
&
monitoring
in
Mt.
Cameroon
PAU
are
an
inspiring
model….but
what
about
PAU’s
that
are
more
remote?
25. RESOURCE RICH
FRONTIER?
• Traders from Bamenda
employed local people to
strip Prunus africana trees on
Tchabal Mbabo since c.2001;
• In Nigeria (2003), Chapman
(2004) reported extensive
debarking & camps in the forest
for bark exploitation - total
stripping of trees, compromising
transboundary conservation
plans;
Ref: Chapman, 2004
• 5 PAU’s in Adamoua: what is
the impact of current harvest?
26. COMMERCIAL
HARVEST
&
COLLATERAL
DAMAGE?
• “Collateral
damage”
(“ladder
trees”
&
lianas)….naDonally,
1000
tonne
quota=c.180
000
Prunus
trees/yr);
• Does
the
cumng
of
c.150000
small
trees
&
c.300000
lianas
per
yr
have
an
impact?
27. LESSON
6:
CULTIVATION
IS
A
MORE
VIABLE
OPTION
.
…connecting farmers Prunus Growers Associations
(PAG’s) to the export market will catalyze planting & bark
Production….
28. CULTIVATION
Traceability 16%
Harvester
84%
• Even
at
the
current
low
price,
culDvaDon
is
a
beUer
opDon
(money,
labour);
• Current
GiZ/PSMNR-‐SW
funded
inventory
of
P.africana
on
farms
is
very
Dmely;
*Village Development Fund
Exporter price = 350 CFA/kg
Farmer gets 294 CFA/kg
• So
is
the
forthcomingGiZ/
PSMNR-‐SW
project
on
economics
&
benefit
sharing.
29. DOES IT PAY TO PLANT?
• While not as profitable as Eucalyptus, an
alternative enterprise, farmers want to grow
P. africana;
• Reasons: it is compatible with many crops
and has multiple uses – bark sales, medicine,
tools, poles, seed sales & mulch;
• Cameroon: thousands of farmers have
planted Prunus. Market demand is high, as
herbal treatments of BPH are popular &
demand grows & emerging Asian market.
Cunningham, A.B., Ayuk, E., Franzel, S., Duguma, B. & Asanga, C. 2002. An economic evaluation of
medicinal tree cultivation: Prunus africana in Cameroon. People and Plants working paper 10. UNESCO.
30. TRANSPARENCY
ON
THE
VALUE
CHAIN
IS
CRUCIAL
• We
are
sDll
cross-‐checking
price
data,
but
preliminary
figures
are
that
the:
• 150
CFA/kg
represents
4%
of
the
price
paid
to
Cameroonian
exporters
(3550
CFA/kg
(or
6
Euro/
kg);
• If
the
above
figures
are
correct,
then
the
FOB
value
of
the
current
1000
tonne
quota
would
represent
a
profit
of
about
Euro
6
million/yr.
32. NEED
TO
PHASE
OUT
COMMERCIAL
BARK
HARVEST
IN
THE
LONG
TERM
• Economic
&
ecological
sustainability
reasons;
• Licensed
harvest
of
seed
&
wildings
from
wild
populaDons
is
an
incenDve
to
maintain
mother
trees;
• Also
contributes
seed
from
a
geneDcally
diverse,
local
P.
africana
populaDon
33. CITES,
CULTIVATION
&
TRADE
• Local farmers have been cultivating P. africana since the
1970’s but are discouraged by lack of markets;
• Need CITES to recognize that “conservation through
cultivation” can & should happen (as with orchids & crocodiles);
• Current on-farm inventories (GiZ/PSMNR-‐SW)
very
Dmely;
• Cultivation can bring higher income to more people, with less
effort, that trying to sustain wild harvest;
34. GREAT
OPPORTUNITY
FOR
BUILDING
ON
PAST
CULTIVATION
STUDIES
• Long
history
of
ICRAF
work
on
P.
africana
&
lessons
from
Allanblackia
&
links
to
industry;
• New
research
on
ICRAF’s
old
P.
africana
trials
(known
age,
chemical
content).
35. NEED
TO
UNDERSTAND
&
DEAL
WITH
BARRIERS
TO
TRADE
IN
CULTIVATED
BARK
• Diverse
vested
interests
in
maintaining
&
controlling
wild
harvest;
•
Encouraging
a
shiS
to
culDvaDon
may
need
policy
reform
(“first
generaDon
seedlings
on
farm
are
wild”);
• OpportuniDes
to
learn
from
policy
outcomes
in
other
countries
(e.g:
sandalwood).
36. NOT
ADVISABLE
TO
REPLICATE
THE
2009
MODEL
• Weaknesses
in
the
current
model
need
to
be
recognized,
whether
sampling
(AdapDve
Cluster
Sampling
(ACS)
(Morrison
et
al
(2008)
or
related
to
governance;
• ReplicaDon,
parDcularly
where
governance
is
weak
may
export
a
problem,
not
a
soluDon.
Ref: Morrison, L. W., Smith, D. R., Young, C. C., & Nichols, D. W. (2008).
Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: a case study with the
Missouri bladderpod. Population ecology, 50(4), 417-425.
37. THANK
YOU
“if it’s not sustainable,
it’s not development” (UNDP)