This document discusses various cultural operations carried out in plantations, including weeding to prevent trees from being suppressed by competing vegetation. It also discusses cover crops which protect exposed soil and improve fertility, and nurse crops which provide shade for tender species in younger ages. The document defines plantations as stands of same-aged trees planted for wood/fiber production. It notes plantations globally increased by 4.5 million hectares annually, with Asia and South America accounting for most new plantations. Data on plantations is collected through country reports and guidelines to estimate areas, species, ownership, and other parameters.

1. PUSHKARAM COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
SCIENCES
FOR 111 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND
AGROFORESTRY (1+1)
NAME : K.DURAIYARASAN
HTTPS://OKE.IO/LYPCQP5Y

2. CULTURAL OPERATIONS CARRIED OUT
IN PLANTATIONS

3. •In most forest plantations cultural
Operations are concerned with preventing
the trees and shrubs from being
suppressed by competing vegetation quite
often this treatment is called weeding the
methods of weeding involve either
suppression or elimination of the
competing vegetation

4. CULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Cultural Operations are carried out assist the crop to
complete regeneration If some operation before
planting or sowing is done it will also be cultural
Operation No income in trun of money received in
cultural Operations
• Cultural Operations even involved some tending
Operations Removal of saplings weeding soil working
or Operations excluded in tending Operations is also
involved in cultural Operations

5. COVER CROPS
• A cover crop is meant for covering soil interspacus are
not covered especially in case of light demanders
Since crowns hardly touch each other the soil is
eigther occupied by weed or exposed to light wind
and rain So it needs protection against erosion hazard
and improvement in fertility as well
• For this purpose some leguminous shrubs small trees
or herbs are grown but until now these is no good
cover crop available in Pakistan and almost all crops
complete with actual spp

6. NURSE CROP
• These are meant for tender spp and tenderness is usually
in younger age. So for this an additional crop is raised
under which the actual crop is group first after which the
actual crop is raised
• Some spp are shaple bearing such spp are so tender that
they are killed by direct sunlight Some are less shade
bearing and other are more.For instance some first have
open wide forest in the hill this is due to the reasons that
seedlings are hypertensive but in later ages they become
hardly and light demanders

7. PLANTATION IN FORESTRY
Plapopular forest are a type of managed forest in which the trees
ar planted (as opposed to naturally regenerated) of the same age
and are intended to maximize the production of wood, fibre.A
Hydrid popular Plantation in Columbia River Valley
New forest Plantations area were reported as being established
globally at the rate of 4.5 million hectares per year with Asia and
South America accounting for more new plantation that the other
regions of Plantations established about 3 million hectares per
year were estimated as being successful of the estimated 187
million hectares of Plantations world wide in 2000

8. CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
Between the extremes afforestation and natural generation of natural
forests there is a range of forest condition in human intervations
occurs Europen forests have long tradition of human intervention in
site preparation tree establishment silviculture and protection yet these
are not always defined as forest Plantations the traditional forest
Plantation concept tends to be applied to single species uniform
planting densities and even age classes terms such as “natural forest
under management” or “assisted natural regeneration” are applied to
stands of indigenous species in more heterogeneous management
mechanism in Europe and other industrialized temperate and borealis
countries

9. •In FRA 2000 forest Plantation are defined as
those forest stands established by planting or
and Seeding in the process of afforestation or
reforestation they are either of introduction or
indigenous species which meet a minimum are
requirements of 0.5 ha tree crown cover of at
least 10 percent of the land cover and total
height of adult trees about 5 m

10. DATA COLLECTION
• To retrieve the source documents for the Plantation study FAO
made formal request to all developing countries some of which
contributed the necessary materials most of the reports were
collected directly by FAO staff during FRA 2000 work shops and
visits to national ministries for consistency FRA 2000 prepared
guidelines and questionnaire for the collection of forest
Plantation statistics in which the objectives scope definition
source of data collections were supplied to each country
parameters requested include
• Total estimated forest Plantation area 2000
• Annual area of new Plantation

11. •Species group, broadleaf (including hevea
spp),conifer ,non forest like,Africa oil palm
(Elavis guineensis)
•Purpose and end use objectives of forest
Plantation, industry,Non industry
•Owner ship , public, private,other
•Example: traditional, customary, unspecified

12. REFERENCE
•BOOK
• Tree cultivation book
• Ecosystem good and services from Plantation forestry
• Nursery and Plantation practices in Forestr

13. WEBSITES
•www.fao.org
•Forest.uk.gov.in
•Agroforestry.org
•https://www.forest.tn.gov.in