1. The document discusses best practices for planting and engaging communities around tree planting, including choosing suitable tree species for the climate and purposes. 2. It also discusses the social challenges around addressing climate change and engaging communities, noting that solving climate change requires both technical and social solutions. 3. The document provides several examples of tree species that could be suitable for agroforestry projects and diversifying agricultural lands.

1. Best Practices Support on: Where to plant – trees suitable for your area Which to plant – sources of tree seeds How to plant – good tree nursery practices What to plant – trees suitable for your purposes How to engage communities and scale up

2. The climate agenda Solving the climate change problem is as much a social problem as it is a technical and economic problem “ Why should I care about future generations – what have they ever done for me?” Groucho Marx

3. The right tree for the right place 1. Trees for Products 2. Trees for Services fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder soil fertility carbon sequestration soil erosion watershed protection shade biodiversity

5. fruit firewood medicine construction soil fertility fodder Firewood Medicine Construction Fruit Soil fert. Fodder Cameroon Uganda Western Kenya Meru, Kenya 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Number of farms 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75 100 125 Number of species

6. Imagine there are 155 trees of 16 species in a farmer’s field of 1.6 hectares. A farmer can do one of 4 things … ..

9. Interpolated surface layers Afro-alpine Montane scrubland and moorland Bamboo Crosses indicate 10%-25%-75%-90% quantiles and are centred on mean Altitude Dry montane forest Evergreen bushland Upland Acacia Lowland Acacia-Commiphora Precipitation

10. Forests dry montane moist montane dry intermediate moist intermediate Convex hulls delineate all observations; line types show concentric hulls after outer hull was left out Altitude Precipitation

11. Woodlands Upland Acacia lowland Acacia- Commiphora Altitude Precipitation

12. Savannas Moist Combretum-Terminalia Impeded Acacia Dry Combretum Upland Acacia Mixtures of evergreen bushland and broad- leaved savanna Altitude Precipitation

14. Correspondence to other vegetation classification schemes What happened with evergreen and semi-evergreen bushland, semi-evergreen thickets and in the western part of the map? Boundary between lowland Acacia types? Olson et al. 2001. 1:5,000,000 From White

15. Current patterns of indigenous tree diversity around Mount Kenya Survey by Ogi et al. 250 quadrats of 50 × 100 m 2 within map 279 indigenous tree species (174 species also in literature description)

16. Total and shared species richness between literature and current species assemblages Potential Natural Vegetation Type n Species total (literature) (Based on total shared) Species confirmed by survey % Species total (survey) Kulczynski ecological distance Moist intermediate forest 57 105 51 31 61% 82 0.41 Dry Combretum 40 23 21 18 86% 108 0.45 Dry montane forest 37 91 58 31 53% 83 0.42 Moist montane forest 37 99 46 30 65% 85 MIF (dif 0.005) Lowland Acacia-Commiphora 25 92 48 35 73% 102 0.36 Evergreen bushland 16 44 38 18 47% 52 0.47 Dry intermediate forest 15 74 49 27 55% 63 0.43 Upland Acacia 7 22 20 6 30% 35 ST (dif 0.108) Acacia (impeded) 6 28 18 5 28% 18 UA (dif 0.042) Semi-evergreen thicket 6 29 19 6 32% 52 DC (dif 0.233)

18. Small-scale saw mill Large-scale saw mill Small-holder production Large-holder production Industrial plantations Out-grower schemes Independent growers

19. Tree management for timber

22. Nursery operators = extension officers of future

24. Timber management: pruning

25. Timber management: thinning

27. seed Felled tree at farm gate Nursery seedling Sapling in field Log at timber yard Standing pole in field sowing, watering, tending Timber Value Chain (per standing tree) Standing tree in field Pole at farm gate Pole in merchant yard Sawn wood at timber yard Planting, weeding, protecting thinning, pruning, protecting thinning, pruning, protecting Felling, limbing, stacking Transport, sizing, stacking Felling, limbing, cutting, stacking Transport, sizing, stacking Sawing, grading, stacking (year 1) (year 2) (year 9) (year 16) Assumptions : For Vitex grown in Meru Seed germination 60% Nursery survival 85% Field survival 70% 15 year rotation Three lengths 2.8m a 40cm dbh Sawnwood recovery 40% Carbonprice $14 per tonne Wood density 0.65 tree, 0.55 pole Product value $0.86 $2.52 $6.30 $6.30 $9.45 $0.01 $0.86 $1.15 Carbon value (total) (If use half life cycle of 30 years and Roy and Phelps decay curve then 15% of carbon still stored at 100 years) Farmer Project Manager Broker Buyer Carbon Value Chain $8.08 $12.01 $14.00 Gross – with no: Community risk DNA verification $0.01 $0.30 $7.14 $8.57 $17.14 $42.85 $50.00 $64.28 $128.57 If 15% is permanent then it equals US$0.37

30. Wide variation even in one species

31. Example 1: African Plum Creation of a cultivar

32. Noel cultivar (out of season variety, yield US$20 per tree per year) … developing elite varieties

33. WCA-Sahel GRP1, GRP3 Baobab nutritional values

34. Cocoa Tree of Change Symposium 28-30 October 2008 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Cocoa Biology and Ecology: the tree in the system

35. Frequency of shaded cocoa in West Africa Gockowski et al., (unpublished) (shade as % canopy cover) Number h/holds surveyed No shade Shade < 30% Shade 30-60% Shade > 60% Cameroon 1,852 8% 33% 44% 15% Cote D’Ivoire 1,785 28% 44% 16% 12% Ghana 1,873 28% 42% 25% 5% Nigeria 3,101 3% 47% 48% 2%

36. Land suitable for CDM Afforestation according to tree canopy cover as forest definition % increase from 10-30% Difference (hectares) Cote d’Ivoire 1583% 7.7 million Ghana 1063% 6.8 million Nigeria 446% 19.5 million

39. Influence of Distance to Market Centre and Tenure on Net Returns to Land

40. Rural Resource Centre satellite nursery farmer’s fields satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery satellite nursery 1 Rural Resource Centre serves 10-30 satellite nurseries 1 Satellite nursery serves 20-50 farmers 1 farmer growing 10-100 trees 1 Rural Resource Centre for each 200-1500 farmers (av. 800) 1 RRC leads to 2000 – 150,000 (av. 40,000)

41. A suite of rapid assessment tools (IPGs)…