The document discusses proteinuria, or excess protein in the urine. It defines normal protein excretion and levels of proteinuria like microalbuminuria and nephrotic range proteinuria. There are three main mechanisms of proteinuria - glomerular, tubular, or overflow. Glomerular issues allow albumin and immunoglobulins into the urine while tubular diseases prevent reabsorption of low molecular weight proteins. The document also covers evaluating proteinuria using urine dipsticks, microscopic analysis of urine sediments, and considering causes of proteinuria.

1. Proteinuria in Adults: A Diagnostic
Approach
Dr.G.Venkata ramana
HOD Family medicine
RDT hospital Bathalapalli

3. Normal protein excretion
• <150mg/day of total protein and <30mg/day of
albumin
• About 20 %of normally excreted protein is a low-
molecular-weight type such as immunoglobulins
(molecular weight about 20,000 Daltons)
• 40 % is high-molecular-weight albumin (about
65,000 Daltons)
• 40 % is Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins secreted by
the distal tubule

4. What is proteinuria?
• Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion of
greater than 150 mg per day
• Moderately increased albuminuria (formerly called
"microalbuminuria"). -albumin excretion between 30
and 300 mg/day (20 to 200 mcg/min)
• Overt proteinuria or severely increased albuminuria
(formerly called "macroalbuminuria")-Albumin
excretion above 300 mg/day (200 mcg/min)
• Nephrotic range proteinuria-albumin excretion
>3.5gm/day
• Higher amounts of albuminuria are associated with an
increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

6. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of proteinuria
• can be classified as glomerular, tubular or
overflow
• Glomerular:Several glomerular abnormalities
alter the permeability of the glomerular
basement membrane, resulting in urinary loss of
albumin and immunoglobulins.
• Glomerular malfunction can cause large protein
losses; urinary excretion of more than 2 g per 24
hours is usually a result of glomerular disease

7. • Tubular proteinuria occurs when
tubulointerstitial disease prevents the proximal
tubule from reabsorbing low-molecular-weight
proteins (part of the normal glomerular
ultrafiltrate).
• When a patient has tubular disease, usually less
than 2 g of protein is excreted in 24 hours.
• Tubular diseases include hypertensive
nephrosclerosis and tubulointerstitial
nephropathy caused by nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs.

8. • overflow proteinuria: low-molecular-weight
proteins overwhelm the ability of the proximal
tubules to reabsorb filtered proteins.
• Most often, this is a result of the
immunoglobulin overproduction that occurs in
multiple myeloma.
• The resultant light-chain immunoglobulin
fragments (Bence Jones proteins) produce a
monoclonal spike in the urine electrophoretic
pattern

9. URINE DIPSTICK TEST

10. Detecting and quantifying proteinuria
Dipstick protein reading Protein excretion gm/24hrs Protein excretion mg/dl
Negative <0.1 <10mg/dl
Trace 0.1-0.2 15-30mg/dl
1+ 0.2-0.5 30-100mg/dl
2+ 0.5-1.5 100-300mg/dl
3+ 2.0-5.0 300-1000mg/dl
4+ >5.0 >1000mg/dl

17. Classification of
proteinuria
Clinical setting Typical level of
proteinuria in adults
Transient proteinuria Fever, heavy exercise, vasopressor
infusion, albumin infusion
<1 g/day
albumin
orthostatic proteinuria Uncommon over age 30 years, may
occur in 2 to 5% of adolescents
<1 to 2 g/day
albumin
Persistent proteinuria –
overflow proteinuria
Myeloma (monoclonal light chains),
hemolysis
(hemoglobinuria), rhabdomyolysis
(myoglobinuria)
Variable, could be
nephrotic range
Non albumin
Persistent proteinuria –
glomerular proteinuria
Primary glomerular diseases,
secondary glomerular diseases,
diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive
nephrosclerosis
Variable, often
nephrotic range
Albumin
Persistent proteinuria –
tubulointerstitial
proteinuria
Heavy metal intoxications,
autoimmune or allergic interstitial
inflammation, medication-induced
interstitial injury
<3 g/day
Non albumin
Post-renal proteinuria Urinary tract infections,
nephrolithiasis, genitourinary tumor
<1 g/day
Non albumin

18. Causes of proteinuria
• False postives in dipstick testing
• Concentrated urine
• Alkaline urine (pH>7)
• Gross hematuria
• Mucus
• Semen
• White cells

23. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF PROTEINURIA
Microscopic finding Pathologic process
Fatty casts, free fat or oval fat bodies Nephrotic range proteinuria (> 3.5 g per
24 hours)
Leukocytes, leukocyte casts with bacteria Urinary tract infection
Leukocytes, leukocyte casts without
bacteria
Renal interstitial disease
Normal-shaped erythrocytes Suggestive of lower urinary tract lesion
Dysmorphic erythrocytes Suggestive of upper urinary tract lesion
Erythrocyte casts Glomerular disease
Waxy, granular or cellular casts Advanced chronic renal disease
Eosinophiluria Suggestive of drug-induced acute
interstitial nephritis
Hyaline casts No renal disease; present with
dehydration and with diuretic therapy

25. Diagnostic evaluation of proteinuria