The document discusses the key components and protection schemes used in a grid substation. It describes various types of circuit breakers used at different voltage levels, including low-voltage, medium-voltage, high-voltage, vacuum, SF6 and CO2 circuit breakers. It also discusses other essential equipment like transformers, relays, capacitors, conductors, isolators and the SCADA system used to monitor and control the substation. The objective of a substation's protection scheme is to isolate faulted components while keeping the rest of the electrical network in operation.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Every power supply depends upon a reliable infeed of electricity. Air circuit breakers reliably protect electrical installations against damage or fire as a result of short circuits, ground faults, or overload faults.
I am engineer Fathi, senior electrical engineer with experience in the fields of electrical installation, Building infrastructure ,consultancy,designing, execution of shop drawings(low current/low voltage systems), Testing & Commissioning and O&M beside tenders study and projects estimation.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
Every power supply depends upon a reliable infeed of electricity. Air circuit breakers reliably protect electrical installations against damage or fire as a result of short circuits, ground faults, or overload faults.
I am engineer Fathi, senior electrical engineer with experience in the fields of electrical installation, Building infrastructure ,consultancy,designing, execution of shop drawings(low current/low voltage systems), Testing & Commissioning and O&M beside tenders study and projects estimation.
A Consideration of Medium Voltage Substation Primary ApplicationsSchneider Electric
Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission. Presented at the 2013 Iron and Steel Technology Conference and Exposition (AISTech 2013). Unit substations have long served as the method for reducing voltage from higher distribution levels to lower, locally usable voltages. One of the main considerations affecting the design of the substation and the electrical protection and distribution system as a whole is the primary switching device of a substation. By comparing the abilities and options inherited with both types of primary switching devices, an informed decision can be made for specific system designs.
SNGPL Industrial Training Report PresentationShams Ul Islam
This presentation was delivered at ICET, Punjab University, Lahore. And i got third position among all the fellow presentations.This is the industrial training report presentation.
Novel setting and design of relay for protection of 3 phase induction motor u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is designed to protect an Induction Motor from different types of abnormalities. Providing protection for motors is very important in industries, power plants etc. such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor. Purpose of motor protection is to limit the effect of disturbances and stress factors to a safe level. If a motor failure takes place, the protection is needed to disconnect the motor from the supply network in due time. Here we have described different abnormal conditions in three phase induction motors and designed a protective scheme to protect it from different abnormalities. We have also described the method which shows how to set electromagnetic relay for large motor and also described the same method in case of numerical relay. Here we have shown one of the faulty condition with the help of PSCAD (student version).
Keywords: Induction motor, Relay, PSCAD student version.
Practical Electrical Substation Safety for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
Electrical substation safety is an important issue in utility networks as well as large industrial installations and requires adequate attention in the stages of system planning, design, installation, operation and maintenance. A number of serious accidents including fatalities occur every year in industrial establishments due to accidents involving electricity, resulting in huge financial losses and wasted man-hours. Electrical safety is a well-legislated subject and the various Acts and Regulations lay a lot of stress on the responsibility of both employers and employees in ensuring safe working conditions.
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. Safety is not simply a matter of taking precautions in the workplace. It has to start at the stage of equipment design. Safety should be built into the design of electrical equipment and it is the responsibility of every manufacturer of electrical equipment to remove every possible hazard that can arise from its normal use. Correct selection and application of electrical machinery is also important for ensuring safety. A thorough inspection during initial erection and commissioning as well as on a periodic basis thereafter is also very essential to ensure safety. Batteries used in substations need particular attention since they contain toxic materials such as lead, corrosive chemicals such as acid or alkali.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-substation-safety-engineers-and-technicians-28
Electrical Substation and Switchyard DesignLiving Online
Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Location and layout of a substation present a number of challenges to the designer due to a large variety of options available to a designer. There are ever so many constraints too that need to be kept in mind; technical, environmental and naturally financial. Arriving at an optimum design within these constraints is as much an art as it is a science. Designing a substation which will operate with utmost reliability for at the least three or four decades involves a thorough knowledge of the current state-of-the art equipment, emerging technologies, the tools for presenting and evaluating all available options and a good appreciation of power system operation and maintenance. This course will present a comprehensive capsule of all the knowledge essential for a substation designer and walk the participants through the substation design process using a set of interlinked case studies.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-substation-and-switchyard-design-25
It is often said that drawing is engineers’ language. Drawings are used to communicate and share information between different teams of engineers; the design engineer who conceptualises an equipment or system, the production engineer who plans the steps in manufacturing the required components and subsystems, the assembly engineer who puts the components together, the testing engineer who tests the complete system, the installation engineer who installs the system or equipment and the maintenance engineer who is responsible for its upkeep. To all these engineers with diverse backgrounds and expertise, a drawing should convey precise and identical information. This calls for standardised methodologies, conventions and approach in preparing drawings. This workshop will cover all these aspects with respect to engineering drawings in general and electrical drawings in particular. Various types of electrical drawings and their application, the steps in planning a drawing, selection of drawing size and scale, use of standardised symbols etc will be described in detail with commonly used examples from industry practice.
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) has brought about a major change in the way drawings are prepared and has caused a phenomenal improvement in drawing office productivity. No organisation can afford to use the older manual methods of preparing drawings today. Apart from reuse and easy modification of existing drawings to create new ones, complete or partial automated drawing preparation has also become a possibility. The workshop discusses the advances made in this field and the links between drawings and manufacturing using 3D visualisation tools and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) approach.
Use of CAD-CAM tools presents its own challenges in the way drawings are stored, shared between different groups of users and revised for reuse. The workshop also covers these aspects and takes a look at future possibilities in the way drawings will be used to disseminate information.
MORE INFORMATION - http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-drawings-and-schematics-25
AutoCAD is a basically a drafting software used by engineers and architects for 2-D ,3-D drafting of houses,schematics,mechanical ,electrical devices and it is a substitute for pen & paper used for decades. Designs can created quickly using the AutoCAD and it is also widely used standalone software for designing. AutoCAD is also very helpful for clothing, Jewellary, landscape designer basically whosoever needs things to be drawn electronically, easily and quickly use AutoCAD
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
What is a circuit breaker and what is its primary function in an electrical c...Shahnawaz Merchant
A circuit breaker is a safety device used in electrical systems to protect circuits from damage caused by excessive current, typically resulting from an overload or a short circuit.
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
protection scheme of a grid substation prsentation
1. The protection scheme of a grid
substation
Presented by
MD. Abu Jubayer Siddiqui
BSc in EEE
ID: EEE 04606760
2. Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power
engineering that deals with the protection of electrical
power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted
parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective
of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable
by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst
leaving as much of the network as possible still in
operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply with very
pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system
faults. The devices that are used to protect the power
systems from faults are called protection devices.
What is protection scheme?
3. Some kind of protection scheme
Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overcurrent or
overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current flow
after protective relays detect a fault.
4. Low-voltage circuit breakers
The characteristics of low-voltage circuit breakers are given by
international standards such as IEC 947. These circuit breakers are
often installed in draw-out enclosures that allow removal and
interchange without dismantling the switchgear.
Large low-voltage molded case and power circuit breakers may
have electric motor operators so they can open and close under
remote control. These may form part of an automatic transfer switch
system for standby power.
Low-voltage circuit breakers are also made for direct-current (DC)
applications, such as DC for subway lines. Direct current requires
special breakers because the arc is continuous—unlike an AC arc,
which tends to go out on each half cycle. A direct current circuit
breaker has blow-out coils that generate a magnetic field that
rapidly stretches the arc. Small circuit breakers are either installed
directly in equipment, or are arranged in a breaker panel.
5. Magnetic circuit breakers
Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose
pulling force increases with the current. Certain designs utilize
electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid. The
circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch. As the current
in the solenoid increases beyond the rating of the circuit breaker,
the solenoid's pull releases the latch, which lets the contacts open
by spring action. Some magnetic breakers incorporate a hydraulic
time delay feature using a viscous fluid. A spring restrains the core
until the current exceeds the breaker rating. During an overload,
the speed of the solenoid motion is restricted by the fluid. The
delay permits brief current surges beyond normal running current
for motor starting, energizing equipment, etc. Short circuit currents
provide sufficient solenoid force to release the latch regardless of
core position thus bypassing the delay feature. Ambient
temperature affects the time delay but does not affect the current
rating of a magnetic breaker
6. Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
Thermal-magnetic circuit breakers
contain two different switching
mechanisms, a bimetal switch and
an electromagnet. The bimetal
serves as a means of handling over
currents. The bimetal typically sits
behind a trip bar and is part of the
current carrying path.
7. Common trip breakers
When supplying a branch circuit with more
than one live conductor, each live
conductor must be protected by a breaker
pole. To ensure that all live conductors are
interrupted when any pole trips, a
"common trip" breaker must be used.
These may either contain two or three
tripping mechanisms within one case, or
for small breakers, may externally tie the
poles together via their operating handles.
Two-pole common trip breakers are
common on 120/240-volt systems where
240 volt loads (including major appliances
or further distribution boards) span the two
live wires. Three-pole common trip
breakers are typically used to supply
three-phase electric power to large motors
or further distribution boards.
8. Medium-voltage circuit breakers
Medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be
assembled into metal-enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor use,
or may be individual components installed outdoors in a substation.
Air-break circuit breakers replaced oil-filled units for indoor
applications, but are now themselves being replaced by vacuum
circuit breakers (up to about 40.5 kV). Like the high voltage circuit
breakers described below, these are also operated by current
sensing protective relays operated through current transformers.
The characteristics of MV breakers are given by international
standards such as IEC 62271. Medium-voltage circuit breakers
nearly always use separate current sensors and protective relays,
instead of relying on built-in thermal or magnetic overcurrent
sensors.
9. High-voltage circuit breakers
Electrical power transmission networks are protected
and controlled by high-voltage breakers. The definition
of high voltage varies but in power transmission work is
usually thought to be 72.5 kV or higher, according to a
recent definition by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC). High-voltage breakers are nearly
always solenoid-operated, with current sensing
protective relays operated through current transformers.
In substations the protective relay scheme can be
complex, protecting equipment and buses from various
types of overload or ground/earth fault.
High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by the
medium used to extinguish the arc.
Bulk oil
Minimum oil
Air blast
Vacuum
SF6
CO2
10. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) high-
voltage circuit breakers
A sulfur hexafluoride circuit
breaker uses contacts
surrounded by sulfur
hexafluoride gas to quench the
arc. They are most often used
for transmission-level voltages
and may be incorporated into
compact gas-insulated
switchgear. In cold climates,
supplemental heating or de-
rating of the circuit breakers
may be required due to
liquefaction of the SF6 gas.
11. Disconnecting circuit breaker
(DCB)
The disconnecting circuit breaker (DCB) was
introduced in 2000[11] and is a high-voltage circuit
breaker modeled after the SF6-breaker. It presents a
technical solution where the disconnecting function is
integrated in the breaking chamber, eliminating the
need for separate disconnectors. This increases the
availability, since open-air disconnecting switch main
contacts need maintenance every 2–6 years, while
modern circuit breakers have maintenance intervals of
15 years. Implementing a DCB solution also reduces
the space requirements within the substation, and
increases the reliability, due to the lack of separate
disconnectors.
12. Carbon dioxide (CO2) high-
voltage circuit breakers
In 2012 ABB presented a 75
kV high-voltage breaker that
uses carbon dioxide as the
medium to extinguish the arc.
The carbon dioxide breaker
works on the same principles
as an SF6 breaker and can
also be produced as a
disconnecting circuit breaker.
By switching from SF6 to CO2
it is possible to reduce the
CO2 emissions by 10 tons
during the product’s life cycle.
13. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
Characteristics
Rated current not
more than 100 A.
Trip characteristics
normally not
adjustable.
Thermal or thermal-
magnetic operation.
14. MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit
Breaker)
Characteristics
Rated current up to
1000 A.
Trip current may be
adjustable.
Thermal or thermal-
magnetic operation.
15. Air Circuit Breaker
Characteristics
Rated current up to 10,000 A.
Trip characteristics often fully adjustable
including configurable trip thresholds and
delays.
Usually electronically controlled—some
models are microprocessor controlled.
Often used for main power distribution in large
industrial plant, where the breakers are
arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of
maintenance.
16. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Characteristics
With rated current up to 3000 A,
These breakers interrupt the arc in a
vacuum bottle.
These can also be applied at up to 35,000
V. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have
longer life expectancies between overhaul
than do air circuit breakers.
17. RCD (Residual Current Device /
RCCB(Residual Current Circuit
Breaker)
Characteristics
Phase (line) and Neutral both wires
connected through RCD.
It trips the circuit when there is earth fault
current.
The amount of current flows through the
phase (line) should return through neutral
.
It detects by RCD. any mismatch between
two currents flowing through phase and
neutral detect by -RCD and trip the circuit
within 30Miliseconed.
If a house has an earth system connected
to an earth rod and not the main incoming
cable, then it must have all circuits
protected by an RCD (because u mite not
be able to get enough fault current to trip a
MCB)
RCDs are an extremely effective form of
shock protection
20. Wave Trap
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping
of the wave. The function of this trap is that it
traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of
trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so
that it can trap the waves which may be
dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.
23. Drop out fuse
Drop-out fuse insulated
bearing, static and dynamic
contact, fuse tube composed
of three parts. The static
contact at both ends of the
insulated bearing fuse also
oxygen tube from the inner
arc tube and the outer layer
of phenolic paper tube or
glass fiber cloth tube
composition.
24. Bus Bar In electrical power distribution, a busbar
(also spelled bus bar, or sometimes as
buss bar or bussbar, with the term bus
being a contraction of the Latin omnibus,
"for all", or buss being short for buttress
is a metallic strip or bar (typically copper,
brass or aluminium) that conducts
electricity within a switchboard,
distribution board, substation, battery
bank, or other electrical apparatus. Its
main purpose is to conduct a substantial
current of electricity, and not to function
as a structural member. Busbars may or
may not be enclosed in a bus duct. Also,
busbars are important components in
electrical power grid because they can
reduce the power loss via reducing the
corona effects. This is because busbars
have bigger surface areas compared to
wires.
25. Insulators
The metal which does not allow free
movement of electrons or electric
charge is called as an insulator.
Hence, insulators resist electricity
with their high resisting property.
There are different types of insulators
such as suspension type, strain type,
stray type, shackle, pin type and so
on. A few types of insulators are
shown in the above figure. Insulators
are used for insulation purpose while
erecting electric poles with
conductors to avoid short circuit and
for other insulation requirements.
26. Isolator
The use of this isolator is to
protect the transformer and the
other instrument in the line. The
isolator isolates the extra
voltage to the ground and thus
any extra voltage cannot enter
the line. Thus an isolator is used
after the bus also for protection.
28. Protective Relaying
Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus
and to initiate the operation of circuit interrupting devices to
isolate the defective equipment. Relays are also used to detect
abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those
caused by defective equipment and either operate an alarm or
initiate operation of circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays
protect the electrical system by causing the defective apparatus
or lines to be disconnected to minimize damage and maintain
service continuity to the rest of the system. There are different
types of relays.
i. Over current relay
ii. Distance relay
iii. Differential relay
iv. Directional over current relay
29. Capacitor banks
A Capacitor bank is a set of many
identical capacitors connected in series
or parallel within a enclosure and is
used for the power factor correction
and basic protection of substation.
These capacitor banks are acts as a
source of reactive power, and thus, the
phase difference between voltage and
current can be reduced by the capacitor
banks. They will increase the ripple
current capacity of the supply. It avoids
undesirable characteristics in the power
system. It is the most economical
method for maintaining power factor
and of correction of the power lag
problems.
30. Conductors
The material or object that obeys the
electrical property conductance (mostly
made of metals such as aluminum and
copper) and that allows the flow of electric
charge is called conductor. Conductors
permit free movement of the flow of
electrons through them. These are used
for the transmission of power or electrical
energy from one place (generating
station) to another place (consumer point
where power is consumed by the loads)
through substations. Conductors are of
different types and mostly aluminum
conductors are preferred in practical
power systems.
31. SCADA System
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition) is a system for remote monitoring
and control that operates with coded signals
over communication channels (using typically
one communication channel per remote
station).