Abstract
This paper is designed to protect an Induction Motor from different types of abnormalities. Providing protection for motors is very important in industries, power plants etc. such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor. Purpose of motor protection is to limit the effect of disturbances and stress factors to a safe level. If a motor failure takes place, the protection is needed to disconnect the motor from the supply network in due time. Here we have described different abnormal conditions in three phase induction motors and designed a protective scheme to protect it from different abnormalities. We have also described the method which shows how to set electromagnetic relay for large motor and also described the same method in case of numerical relay. Here we have shown one of the faulty condition with the help of PSCAD (student version).
Keywords: Induction motor, Relay, PSCAD student version.
Drunk driving is a major reason of accidents in almost all countries all over the world. Alcohol Detector in Car project is designed for the safety of the people seating inside the car. Alcohol breath analyzer project should be fitted / installed inside the vehicle.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Starting Time Calculation for Induction Motor.IJERA Editor
This Paper Presents The Starting Time Calculation For A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. The Importance Of
Starting Time Lies In Determining The Duration Of Large Current, Which Flows During The Starting Of An
Induction Motor. Normally, The Starting Current Of An Induction Motor Is Six To Eight Time Of Full Load
Current. Plenty Of Methods Have Been Discovered To Start Motor In A Quick Time, But Due To Un-Economic
Nature, Use Are Limited. Hence, For Large Motors Direct Online Starting Is Most Popular Amongst All Due To
Its Economic And Feasible Nature. But Large Current With Dol Starting Results In A Heavy Potential Drop In
The Power System. Thus, Special Care And Attention Is Required In Order To Design A Healthy System.
A Very Simple Method To Calculate The Starting Time Of Motor Is Proposed In This Paper. Respective
Simulation Study Has Been Carried Out Using Matlab 7.8.0 Environment, Which Demonstrates The
Effectiveness Of The Starting Time Calculation.
Drunk driving is a major reason of accidents in almost all countries all over the world. Alcohol Detector in Car project is designed for the safety of the people seating inside the car. Alcohol breath analyzer project should be fitted / installed inside the vehicle.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Starting Time Calculation for Induction Motor.IJERA Editor
This Paper Presents The Starting Time Calculation For A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. The Importance Of
Starting Time Lies In Determining The Duration Of Large Current, Which Flows During The Starting Of An
Induction Motor. Normally, The Starting Current Of An Induction Motor Is Six To Eight Time Of Full Load
Current. Plenty Of Methods Have Been Discovered To Start Motor In A Quick Time, But Due To Un-Economic
Nature, Use Are Limited. Hence, For Large Motors Direct Online Starting Is Most Popular Amongst All Due To
Its Economic And Feasible Nature. But Large Current With Dol Starting Results In A Heavy Potential Drop In
The Power System. Thus, Special Care And Attention Is Required In Order To Design A Healthy System.
A Very Simple Method To Calculate The Starting Time Of Motor Is Proposed In This Paper. Respective
Simulation Study Has Been Carried Out Using Matlab 7.8.0 Environment, Which Demonstrates The
Effectiveness Of The Starting Time Calculation.
The machines subjected to inter-turn short circuit fault can be diagnosed through the characteristic patterns caused by inter-turn short circuit fault components in the DWT analysis by using the stator phase currents.
Synchronous generators require certain protection against loss of excitation because it can lead to harmful effect to a generator and main grid. Systems of powers are evolving with applications of new techniques to increase reliability and security, at the meantime techniques upgradation is being existed to save financial cost of a different component of power system, which affect protection ways this report discuss the way of loss of excitation protection scheme for an increase in a synchronous generator. It is obvious that when direct axis synchronous reactance has a high value, the coordination among loss of excitation protection and excitation control is not effective. This lead to restricting absorption capability of the reactive power generator. This report also reviews the suitable philosophy for setting the limiters of excitation and discusses its effect on loss of excitation protection and system performance. A protection scheme is developed to allow for utilization of machine capability and power swing blocking is developed to increase the reliability when power swing is stable.
Performance Analysis of Increased Safety HT Induction Motor with Higher Stato...ijeei-iaes
The increased safety (Ex e) high tension (HT) motors are widely used in the petroleum industries and area where explosive atmosphere is present. The time tE and IA/IN ratio value is very important for Ex e motor. The time tE of rotor and or stator winding, IA/IN ratio and temperature rise can be affected by increasing the stator coil pitch. The coil pitch of stator were increased for three different ratings of three phase HT Ex e induction motors and redesigned for analyzing the temperature rise, tE and performance. The relevant tests were performed and performance characteristic of motor was compared with normal design motor. The Ex e motors mentioned in this paper had been manufactured by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Bhopal, India during the project as per the design and guidance of main author as project leader. It is anticipated that the research work presented in this paper will be of immense benefit to Ex e HT motor designers.
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machinesAnkit Basera
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines, Construction, Operation, Types, Specification Of Electrical Machines, Different Failure Modes Of Electrical Machines, Failure Modes And Root Causes In Rotating Electrical Machines
Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) | Arrelic InsightsArrelic
Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) are diagnostic technique that are being used to analyze motors, transformers, generators, alternators, distribution and other electric equipment.
This technology has the ability to test on line and off line electrical equipment and identify a variety of mechanical and electrical problems. These techniques can be used to analyze the driver, the driven load and the power supply. As a preventative maintenance tool, MCSA can be used to perform a one-time test or periodic testing to track and trend motor performance. MCSA allows for remote, non-intrusive testing of the equipment being monitored. The test analyzes the current waveform using complex mathematics. They are non-intrusive, invisible to the equipment being monitored and can be performed from remote connections such as Motor Control Centers (MCC).The information is captured and thereafter analyzed for the following possible defects:
Phase imbalance
Rotor bar faults
Winding lamination defects
Stator faults
Field studies have shown that up to 20% of all induction motors in use suffer from problems such as high resistance joints, cracked or broken rotor bars or air-gap eccentricities. Typically, starting a motor can induce five to six times the starting current in the rotor and stator windings. This can result in a number of problems upon start-up.
Effective techniques can be employed to detect and analyze critical electrical machinery to prevent failure and loss of production.
Design and Analysis of Drive System with Slip Ring Induction Motor for Electr...IJPEDS-IAES
The use of Squirrel Cage Motor for Traction has revolutionised the motive power of a Locomotive. The Asynchronous Motor is rugged, has high starting Torque, very smooth Voltage and Speed control as compared to a DC Series Motor. When looking at the Traction perspective, a Wound Rotor Induction Motor can be an alternative to the Squirrel Cage Motor as it has higher starting Torque at lower starting current and better efficiency than a Squirrel Cage Motor. The Slip Power Recovery scheme also plays a proactive role as there can be substantial savings of energy in case of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor as the Slip Power recovered can be used to drive the Auxiliary Loads of the Locomotive and also for powering the trailing Passenger Cars. A detailed design and analysis of a Drive System with Wound Rotor Induction Motor for Electric Traction is presented in this Research Paper.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
Electrical Substation and Switchyard DesignLiving Online
Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Location and layout of a substation present a number of challenges to the designer due to a large variety of options available to a designer. There are ever so many constraints too that need to be kept in mind; technical, environmental and naturally financial. Arriving at an optimum design within these constraints is as much an art as it is a science. Designing a substation which will operate with utmost reliability for at the least three or four decades involves a thorough knowledge of the current state-of-the art equipment, emerging technologies, the tools for presenting and evaluating all available options and a good appreciation of power system operation and maintenance. This course will present a comprehensive capsule of all the knowledge essential for a substation designer and walk the participants through the substation design process using a set of interlinked case studies.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-substation-and-switchyard-design-25
I am engineer Fathi, senior electrical engineer with experience in the fields of electrical installation, Building infrastructure ,consultancy,designing, execution of shop drawings(low current/low voltage systems), Testing & Commissioning and O&M beside tenders study and projects estimation.
The machines subjected to inter-turn short circuit fault can be diagnosed through the characteristic patterns caused by inter-turn short circuit fault components in the DWT analysis by using the stator phase currents.
Synchronous generators require certain protection against loss of excitation because it can lead to harmful effect to a generator and main grid. Systems of powers are evolving with applications of new techniques to increase reliability and security, at the meantime techniques upgradation is being existed to save financial cost of a different component of power system, which affect protection ways this report discuss the way of loss of excitation protection scheme for an increase in a synchronous generator. It is obvious that when direct axis synchronous reactance has a high value, the coordination among loss of excitation protection and excitation control is not effective. This lead to restricting absorption capability of the reactive power generator. This report also reviews the suitable philosophy for setting the limiters of excitation and discusses its effect on loss of excitation protection and system performance. A protection scheme is developed to allow for utilization of machine capability and power swing blocking is developed to increase the reliability when power swing is stable.
Performance Analysis of Increased Safety HT Induction Motor with Higher Stato...ijeei-iaes
The increased safety (Ex e) high tension (HT) motors are widely used in the petroleum industries and area where explosive atmosphere is present. The time tE and IA/IN ratio value is very important for Ex e motor. The time tE of rotor and or stator winding, IA/IN ratio and temperature rise can be affected by increasing the stator coil pitch. The coil pitch of stator were increased for three different ratings of three phase HT Ex e induction motors and redesigned for analyzing the temperature rise, tE and performance. The relevant tests were performed and performance characteristic of motor was compared with normal design motor. The Ex e motors mentioned in this paper had been manufactured by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Bhopal, India during the project as per the design and guidance of main author as project leader. It is anticipated that the research work presented in this paper will be of immense benefit to Ex e HT motor designers.
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machinesAnkit Basera
Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines, Construction, Operation, Types, Specification Of Electrical Machines, Different Failure Modes Of Electrical Machines, Failure Modes And Root Causes In Rotating Electrical Machines
Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) | Arrelic InsightsArrelic
Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) are diagnostic technique that are being used to analyze motors, transformers, generators, alternators, distribution and other electric equipment.
This technology has the ability to test on line and off line electrical equipment and identify a variety of mechanical and electrical problems. These techniques can be used to analyze the driver, the driven load and the power supply. As a preventative maintenance tool, MCSA can be used to perform a one-time test or periodic testing to track and trend motor performance. MCSA allows for remote, non-intrusive testing of the equipment being monitored. The test analyzes the current waveform using complex mathematics. They are non-intrusive, invisible to the equipment being monitored and can be performed from remote connections such as Motor Control Centers (MCC).The information is captured and thereafter analyzed for the following possible defects:
Phase imbalance
Rotor bar faults
Winding lamination defects
Stator faults
Field studies have shown that up to 20% of all induction motors in use suffer from problems such as high resistance joints, cracked or broken rotor bars or air-gap eccentricities. Typically, starting a motor can induce five to six times the starting current in the rotor and stator windings. This can result in a number of problems upon start-up.
Effective techniques can be employed to detect and analyze critical electrical machinery to prevent failure and loss of production.
Design and Analysis of Drive System with Slip Ring Induction Motor for Electr...IJPEDS-IAES
The use of Squirrel Cage Motor for Traction has revolutionised the motive power of a Locomotive. The Asynchronous Motor is rugged, has high starting Torque, very smooth Voltage and Speed control as compared to a DC Series Motor. When looking at the Traction perspective, a Wound Rotor Induction Motor can be an alternative to the Squirrel Cage Motor as it has higher starting Torque at lower starting current and better efficiency than a Squirrel Cage Motor. The Slip Power Recovery scheme also plays a proactive role as there can be substantial savings of energy in case of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor as the Slip Power recovered can be used to drive the Auxiliary Loads of the Locomotive and also for powering the trailing Passenger Cars. A detailed design and analysis of a Drive System with Wound Rotor Induction Motor for Electric Traction is presented in this Research Paper.
Induction Motors Faults Detection Based on Instantaneous Power Spectrum Analy...IDES Editor
A method of induction motor diagnostics based on
the analysis of three-phase instantaneous power spectra has
been offered. Its implementation requires recalculation of
induction motor voltages, aiming at exclusion from induction
motor instantaneous three-phase power signal the component
caused by supply mains dissymmetry and unsinusoidality. The
recalculation is made according to the motor known
electromagnetic parameters, taking into account the
electromotive force induced in stator winding by rotor currents.
The results of instantaneous power parameters computation
proved efficiency of this method in case of supply mains voltage
dissymmetry up to 20%. The offered method has been tested
by experiments. Its applicability for detection of several stator
and rotor winding defects appeared in motor simultaneously
has been proved. This method also makes it possible to
estimate the extent of defects development according to the
size of amplitudes of corresponding harmonics in the spectrum
of total three phase power signal.
Electrical Substation and Switchyard DesignLiving Online
Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Location and layout of a substation present a number of challenges to the designer due to a large variety of options available to a designer. There are ever so many constraints too that need to be kept in mind; technical, environmental and naturally financial. Arriving at an optimum design within these constraints is as much an art as it is a science. Designing a substation which will operate with utmost reliability for at the least three or four decades involves a thorough knowledge of the current state-of-the art equipment, emerging technologies, the tools for presenting and evaluating all available options and a good appreciation of power system operation and maintenance. This course will present a comprehensive capsule of all the knowledge essential for a substation designer and walk the participants through the substation design process using a set of interlinked case studies.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-substation-and-switchyard-design-25
I am engineer Fathi, senior electrical engineer with experience in the fields of electrical installation, Building infrastructure ,consultancy,designing, execution of shop drawings(low current/low voltage systems), Testing & Commissioning and O&M beside tenders study and projects estimation.
A Consideration of Medium Voltage Substation Primary ApplicationsSchneider Electric
Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission. Presented at the 2013 Iron and Steel Technology Conference and Exposition (AISTech 2013). Unit substations have long served as the method for reducing voltage from higher distribution levels to lower, locally usable voltages. One of the main considerations affecting the design of the substation and the electrical protection and distribution system as a whole is the primary switching device of a substation. By comparing the abilities and options inherited with both types of primary switching devices, an informed decision can be made for specific system designs.
SNGPL Industrial Training Report PresentationShams Ul Islam
This presentation was delivered at ICET, Punjab University, Lahore. And i got third position among all the fellow presentations.This is the industrial training report presentation.
Practical Electrical Substation Safety for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
Electrical substation safety is an important issue in utility networks as well as large industrial installations and requires adequate attention in the stages of system planning, design, installation, operation and maintenance. A number of serious accidents including fatalities occur every year in industrial establishments due to accidents involving electricity, resulting in huge financial losses and wasted man-hours. Electrical safety is a well-legislated subject and the various Acts and Regulations lay a lot of stress on the responsibility of both employers and employees in ensuring safe working conditions.
In this workshop, we will take a look at the theoretical aspects of safety as well as the practical and statutory issues. Safety is not simply a matter of taking precautions in the workplace. It has to start at the stage of equipment design. Safety should be built into the design of electrical equipment and it is the responsibility of every manufacturer of electrical equipment to remove every possible hazard that can arise from its normal use. Correct selection and application of electrical machinery is also important for ensuring safety. A thorough inspection during initial erection and commissioning as well as on a periodic basis thereafter is also very essential to ensure safety. Batteries used in substations need particular attention since they contain toxic materials such as lead, corrosive chemicals such as acid or alkali.
Electrical safety is not just a technical issue. Accidents can only be prevented if appropriate safety procedures are evolved and enforced. This includes appropriate knowledge of equipment and systems imparted through systematic training to each and every person who operates or maintains the equipment. We will cover all these aspects in detail.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-electrical-substation-safety-engineers-and-technicians-28
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Induction motor fault diagnosis by motor current signature analysis and neura...Editor Jacotech
This paper presents steps in designing dimensions of antenna and feed in axisymmetrical Cassegrain Antennas. Corrugated conical horns are used as feeds in applications with circular polarization. In the initial design steps, diameter of the main reflector is determined considering communication link budget, then feed dimensions are designed to create optimum aperture efficiency. In the last step of design, considering feed dimensions and the amount of its center phase displacements with respect to its aperture plane, dimensions of subreflector is determined to avoid additional blockage. To illustrate the procedure, an applicative design example is presented in X-band.
star delta auto starter with forward reverse and motor protectionBHUPATI PRADHAN
It is a project on pure electrical engineering. Here three phase motor is starting from star to delta automatically by using some components.In other hand it also provide protection to the motor.
Starters of induction motor and protection equipmentsateesh kumar
Safety precautions of Electrical power supply
Starting methods of Induction machine
Protection equipment of 3-phase machines
Various operations of machines on Induction machine used in industry
Minimization of Starting Torque and Inrush Current of Induction Motor by Diff...ijtsrd
Induction motors are considered nowadays the most commonly used electrical machines, which are mainly used as electrical induction motors and sometimes as generators. This is mainly due to the simplicity of composition, low price, light weight, high reliability, easy to command and control performance and not containing parts that could easily breakdown compared with DC machines and synchronous machines. Starting the IM is the most important and dangerous step, where the motor properties play a major role in the evaluation of all electrical motors, and these properties are defined by the following factors Starting torque. starting current. transient state. smoothness of the starting, simplicity and economics of starting. In this paper, three different methods of starting three phase Induction Motor are discussed and compared through curves of currents, torque, speed. These methods are Direct On Line, Auto Transformer, Star Delta, for a constant power load condition. Simulation is made in MATLAB SIMULINK and comparatively results are estimated to evaluate the best starting method for different range of induction motor rating. Suraj Grover | Mr. Mahesh Mankar ""Minimization of Starting Torque and Inrush Current of Induction Motor by Different Starting Methods using MATLAB/SIMULINK"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22935.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/22935/minimization-of-starting-torque-and-inrush-current-of-induction-motor-by-different-starting-methods-using-matlabsimulink/suraj-grover
Motor StarterTypes and Technology of Motor Starter And Its Applicationselprocus
Most induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large motors are started that way, they cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large starting current surges. To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage and then have full supply voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed.
Design of a low cost compact size starter for low power water pumpseSAT Journals
Abstract In rural parts of India voltage fluctuation is a very common phenomenon because of the unbalanced load. Sometimes this leads to rapid switching of the water pump installed in the household which may burn/damages the coil because of the overheating, as low power pumps doesn’t come with overheating protection. But if we use a starter with water pump then we can reduce its failure probability to a greater extent but generally people prefer online starting of those pumps as they are very low powered to avoid cost and complexity in installment. Here we have proposed a low cost and very compact size model of a starter which can be designed using very cheap and easily available components. It can be integrated with the pump by the manufacturer during the manufacturing to minimize the failure probability. Keywords: Motor Starter, Automation, Induction Machine, Reduce Voltage Starter, Soft Starting, Water Pump etc…
ZERO SPEED AND EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL OVERHEAD TRAVELLING CRANEIAEME Publication
In this paper, zero speed is achieved in drive motor of an Electrical Overhead
Travelling (EOT) crane by means of a dynamic braking system. There are two modes
in the crane operation. The first one is running mode and another one is braking
mode. In the zero speed braking, an induction motor is converted as a braking
mechanism. The dynamic braking circuit is activated during the braking mode. In
EOT crane, a thruster brake system is mostly used and it is an electro-mechanical
device. The thruster brake is installed between the drive motor and gear box for
controlling the load though the electric power is failed. The thruster brake is used to
retard the rotating speed of motor shaft and to stop it at desired position. The Thruster
brake and drive motor are energized simultaneously to run the crane/hoist is called
the running mode and stop the crane/hoist by both are de-energized is called the
braking mode. A small time difference (time clip) between the function of motor and
thruster causes huge impact pulse on the gear box/shaft. This impact pulse may
diminish the gear box/shaft progressively that cause load drop accident. For
avoiding/minimizing the time clip, the drive motor is converted as a braking device
during the braking mode. The drive motor will be turned to zero speed instead of deenergized.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Novel setting and design of relay for protection of 3 phase induction motor using pscad
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 554
NOVEL SETTING AND DESIGN OF RELAY FOR PROTECTION OF 3-
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING PSCAD
Pathik N. Shah1
, Smith N. Patel2
, Jay A. Patel3
, Umang S. Wani4
1
Student, B.Tech Electrical Engineering, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
2
Student, B.Tech Electrical Engineering, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, C. G. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
Abstract
This paper is designed to protect an Induction Motor from different types of abnormalities. Providing protection for motors is very
important in industries, power plants etc. such that production is not hampered owing to failure of any motor. Purpose of motor
protection is to limit the effect of disturbances and stress factors to a safe level. If a motor failure takes place, the protection is
needed to disconnect the motor from the supply network in due time. Here we have described different abnormal conditions in
three phase induction motors and designed a protective scheme to protect it from different abnormalities. We have also described
the method which shows how to set electromagnetic relay for large motor and also described the same method in case of
numerical relay. Here we have shown one of the faulty condition with the help of PSCAD (student version).
Keywords: Induction motor, Relay, PSCAD student version.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric motors are exposed to many kinds of disturbances
and stresses. Part of the disturbances is due to imposed
external conditions such as over-voltage and undervoltage,
over-frequency and under-frequency, unbalanced system
voltages and supply interruptions. Other possible causes of
external disturbances are dirt in the motor, cooling system
and bearing failures or increase of ambient temperature and
humidity. Stress factors due to abnormal use of the motor
drive are frequent successive startups, stall and overload
situations including mechanical stress. The above stress and
disturbances deteriorate the winding insulation of the motor
mechanically and may eventually lead to an insulation
failure.
1.1 Introduction to Motors
There are many different types and sizes of motors used in
practice. This paper deals with protection arrangement for
large 3-phase induction motors. The motor rated upto 415
volts can be protected by starters of various kinds having in-
built thermal overload relays and no-volt release facility,
and very often protection for short circuits can be provided
by switch-fuse units. Large and medium range 3-phase
induction motors are used for running power station
auxiliaries and in large industries for various purposes.
These motors are controlled by circuit breakers and
associated protective relay. Such motors need
comprehensive protective arrangement to achieve the
desired degree of security and dependability.
1.2 Introduction to Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used
wherever it is necessary to protect equipment which plays a
vital role in industries. There are different types of relays
according to their principles and construction. Majorly they
can be classified as electromagnetic relay, static relays and
numerical relay. Electromagnetic relays contain the moving
parts due to which its construction becomes difficult so
static relays are used which does not contain any moving
parts, they are usually made up of active semiconductor
devices such as diodes, transistor, IC’s etc. which process
the electrical inputs to get desired relay or the numerical
relay has many advantages compared to other two types of
relays. From storing of historical data to group settings, it
also gives us the facility such as flexibility, compactness,
self-checking facility, simplicity of interfacing with CT and
PT, time synchronization with GPS system and many more
facilities.
2. TYPES OF ABNORMALITIES IN MOTORS
There are different types of abnormalities because of which
the motor fails to start or behaves abnormally. Some of the
abnormalities can be explained as below.
2.1 Overloading
Motor overload condition is mainly a result from abnormal
use of motor, harmonics or unbalanced supply voltages. The
load on the motor is mechanical load. When mechanical
load on the motor is gradually increased, the speed of the
motor gradually decreased and slip is increased. With
increase in the slip the current increases. The heat generated
goes on increasing the temperature of the winding and with
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 555
increase in the temperature, the rate of heat dissipation also
increases. In this manner when the load is increased beyond
the rated load the current will increase to subsequently very
high level. The conductors of stator and rotor are not
affected in due to this increase in the temperature but the
insulation around these conductors is certainly affected. The
insulation can get detoriated due to temperature rise and can
eventually fail. The curve plotted below shows the
maximum allowable time v/s multiples of rated current of
induction motor. If the motor is overloaded in cold
condition, the time ordinate will be higher than when motor
is overloaded to the same level from the hot condition. So
accordingly, we get two almost parallel curves namely ‘Cold
curve’ and ‘Hot curve’.
Fig -1: Thermal withstand characteristics of induction motor
2.2 Single Phasing
Single phasing can occur as a result of fuse blowing or one
phase conductor develops an open circuit fault or in case
one pole of a circuit breaker not making contact while an
induction motor is running. If the motor is loaded more than
it’s rated full load, the torque produced by the remaining
two positive rotating fields continues to rotate the motor and
develops the torque demanded by the load. Due to this
voltage may be nearly equal to phase voltage that was lost
but it will draw excessive current, due to this, motor will
heat up quickly. Due to single phasing, an unbalance current
also takes place. The negative sequence component of this
unbalance current causes the rotor to overheat. The motor
becomes noisy and starts vibrating due to uneven torque
produced in the motor. The windings may melt due to
overheating and can give a fatal shock to the personnel.
2.3 Unbalanced Current
Unbalanced phase currents are the source of negative
sequence current in the motor. Unbalanced voltage causes
negative phase sequence voltage to be developed and the
negative sequence currents generated will be approximately
6 times the negative sequence voltage. Form the utility
perspective, unbalance voltages may be caused by
frequently increase or decrease in the load or possibly by
fuses being blown on distribution capacitors. For the
costumer, current unbalance can cause adverse effects on
motor including the damaging of motors.
2.4 Stalling
When the heavy load is thrown on the motor abruptly the
will stall. If there is heavy load on the motor at the time of
starting, the motor cannot start and the rotor gets blocked. In
such a condition the motor is said to be stalling. The rotor of
induction motor may be locked because of gear drive
jamming or bearing failure. Under the condition of stalling
or locked rotor, the speed of the rotor will be very small or
most often zero. In this condition, the motor will draw a
very high current of order of 15 – 20 times the rated current.
2.5 Undervoltage
If the voltage drops when the motor is running at the full
rated load, the current taken by the motor increases. This is
because the power to be delivered remains constant and the
voltage is reduced from the normal rated voltage. The effect
of an increased motor current can cause damage to the
insulation of the motor windings.
Fig -2: Voltage dip
2.6 Reversed Phase Sequence
If the phase sequence in the supply circuit of an induction
motor is reversed only the negative sequence currents are
taken by the motor and the motor will run in the opposite
direction when started. The loads like fan, pump etc cannot
be run in the other direction than the one which they are
meant to run. Hence, reverse rotation will damage the load.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 556
Fig -3: Phase Sequence reversal
3. PROTECTION FROM ABNORMALITIES
As shown above, the motor suffers from many abnormal
conditions in the field due to which the capital cost of
replacing the motor may be costly. It is better to prevent the
fault but in case if the system fails to prevent the fault, a
protective scheme must be approached.
3.1 Thermal Overload Protection
The majority of winding failures are either indirectly or
directly caused by overloading operation on unbalanced
supply voltage, or single phasing, which all leads through
excessive heating to the deterioration of the winding
insulation until an electrical fault occurs. The generally
accepted rule is that insulation life is halved for each 10°C
rise in temperature above the rated value, modified by the
length of time spent at the higher temperature. As an
electrical machine has a relatively large heat storage
capacity, it follows that infrequent overloads of short
duration may not adversely affect the machine.
However, sustained overloads of only a few percent may
result in premature ageing an insulation failure.
Furthermore, the thermal withstand capacity of the motor is
affected by heating in the winding prior to a fault. It is
therefore important that the relay characteristics takes
account of the extremes of zero and full load pre-fault
current known respectively as the ‘Cold’ and ‘Hot’
conditions. Below figure shows that the thermal relay shall
not to be operated when the motor is started. If relay
operates during starting of motor, the hot characteristic gets
overlapped with the motor characteristic which is shown
below. This condition should be avoided.
Fig -4: Incorrect selection of thermal relay
3.2 Short Circuit Protection
Motor short-circuit protection is often provided to avoid
major stator winding faults and terminal flashovers. As the
stator windings are completely enclosed in grounded metal,
the fault would very quickly involved earth, which would
then operate the instanteous earth fault protection. A single
definite time overcurrent relay element is all that is required
for protection. The time delay is required to prevent
spurious operation due to CT spill currents. The normal
definite time overcurrent protection would not be
sufficiently sensitive, and sensitive earth fault protection
may not be provided. An instanteous overcurrent relay can
be used for protecting the motor against such conditions
with pick-up setting equal to a value of starting current at
75% of the rated voltage can be selected.
3.3 Negative Phase Sequence Protection
Negative phase sequence is generated from any unbalanced
voltage condition, such as unbalanced loading, loss of a
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 557
single phase, or single-phase faults. The latter will normally
be detected by earth fault protection; however, a fault
location in a motor winding may not result in the earth fault
protection operating unless it is of the sensitive variety.
There are two strategies for this purpose, one uses definite
time overcurrent relay. Time delay is kept of 6 to 10 cycles,
high current drawn during starting of the motor i.e. 15 to 20
times the rated current can bypassed. Thus, for some time,
current seen by relay is zero. The pick-up ratio of definite
time overcurrent relay is normally set on 50% of starting
current of an induction motor.
Another purpose is better practice as the tripping time is
inversely proportional to the square of negative phase
sequence current of the stator. This setting is based on Z2/Z1
ratio and is normally set at 20-80% of the relay setting.
3.4 Protection against Stalling
In certain cases of heavy overloading, the motor may not
fully stop running but speed variations may be found around
a lower steady-state speed. If these variations are at a safer
limit with respect to electrical and mechanical stresses on
the motor insulation and rotor parts respectively, and the
motor has not lost synchronism, certain time is needed by
the motor to gain a steady and stable state. This time is
called safe stalling time. In such cases, immediate tripping is
not required but the scheme should be made such that it
restrains for some time and a situation still persists, tripping
occurs.
Motor stalling can be recognized by the motor current
exceeding the start current threshold after a successful start
– i.e. a motor start has been detected and the motor current
has dropped below the start current threshold within the
motor safe stall time. A subsequent rise in the motor current
above the motor starting current threshold is then indicative
of a stall condition, and tripping will occur if this condition
persists for greater than the setting of a stall timer. A
definite time overcurrent relay element provides protection.
Fig -5: Safe stalling time
3.5 Earth Fault Protection
One of the most common faults to occur on a motor is a
stator winding fault. Whatever the initial form of the fault or
the cause, presence of surrounding metallic frame and
casing will ensure that it rapidly develops into a fault
involving earth. Therefore, providing earth fault protection
is very important.
Earth fault protection is usually provided by a simple
instantaneous overcurrent relay and is normally set at 20%
of the full load current of the motor. In this scheme,
operation of the relay due to saturation of the CT during
initial high starting current should be avoided. This can be
achieved by increasing the voltage setting of the relay by
inserting a stabilizing resistor in series with it.
3.6 Under Voltage Protection
When a specific undervoltage trip is required in the industry
or at power stations, a definite time overvoltage element is
used. If two elements are provided, alarm and trip settings
can be used. The voltage and time delay settings will be
system and motor dependent. They must allow for all
voltage dips likely to occur on the system during transient
faults, starting of motor, etc. to avoid spurious trips. As
motor starting can result in a voltage depression to 80% of
nominal, the voltage setting is likely to be below this value.
4. SETTING FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC
RELAY
Rating of an Induction Motor
Output Power (Pa) = 1200W
Efficiency = 90%
Power factor = 0.8
Rated voltage= 6.6kV
Starting time at 100% voltage = 10 seconds
Starting time at 80% voltage = 15 seconds
Rating of the Relay
Staring Current = 6 times rated current
Safe stalling time= 20 seconds
CT ratio = 200/1 A
Permissible continuous overload withstand = 110% of rated
current
Negative sequence impedance Z2 = 20%
Positive sequence impedance Z1 = 80%
Setting of the Relay
Thermal Overload Relay 70-130%
Instanteous Overcurrent Relay 400-2000%
Negative Phase Sequence
current relay
10-40%
Under voltage relay 70-110%
Definite time overcurrent
(Stalling) Relay
150-600%
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 558
Efficiency = Output
Input
Input = Output = 1200 = 1333.33 kW
Efficiency 0.9
P = √3VIcosƟ
I= 1333.33 X 103
√3 X 6.6 X 103
X 0.8
I = 145.79 A
CT ratio = 200/1 A
If 200A passes through the CT primary and 1A from CT
secondary, then for 145.79A then 0.7289A passes through
the CT secondary.
For Thermal Overload Relay
This relay picks up at the 105% and trips at 110% of relay
setting.
Therefore,
0.7289 X 1.1 = 0.763
1.05
0.763 X 100% = 76.3%
The thermal overload relay has the range of 70-130% for 1A
in steps of 5%.
So, the Thermal Overload relay is kept at 80% setting.
For Short Circuit Protection
Starting current is 6 times the rated current
Rated current = 145.79 A
Starting current = 6x145.79 = 874.79 A
Here the starting current is 75% of the rated voltage.
874.79 = 1130.38 A
0.75
5.691A passes through the CT secondary
100% of 5.651A = 565.1%
The instanteous overcurrent relay has the range of 400-
2000% for 1A in steps of 50%
So, the Instanteous Overcurrent relay is kept at 600%
setting.
For Negative Phase Sequence Protection
Here the relay is set at half of the starting current
Starting current = 874.79 A
874.79 = 437.37 A
2
Z2/Z1 = 20%/80% = 25%
The Negative Phase Sequence current relay has the range of
10-40% for 1A in 7 equal steps.
So, the Negative Phase Sequence current relay is kept at
25% setting.
For under Voiltage Protection
Primary Voltage = 6.6kV
For under voltage protection the voltage is 70% of primary
voltage
70% of 6.6kV = 4620V
PT ratio = 6600/110 V
77 V Passes through the PT secondary
The under voltage relay has the range of 70-110% of rated
voltage.
So, for the Under Voltage relay 70% of 110V is selected
for setting.
For stalling protection
The fault current is 1/3 starting current
Starting current = 847.79 A
874.79 = 291.59 A
3
1.457 A passes through the CT secondary
100% of 1.457 A = 145.7%
The stalling relay has the range of 150-600% in steps of
30%
So, the Stalling relay is kept at 150% setting.
5. SETTING FOR NUMERICAL RELAY
Table 1: Settings for numerical relay
Parameters Range Steps Settings
Thermal
Overload
Protection
5%-250% 1% 77%
Instantaneous
Overcurrent
Protection
50%-1500% 50% 600%
Negative
Phase
sequence
Protection
0.2 – 10sec 0.1sec 0.2sec
Stalling
Protection
200% -
1500%
50% 200%
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 559
6. PSCAD AND SIMULATIONS
6.1 Simulation and Results
6.1.1 Model for Effect of Torque on Speed
Fig -6: Simulation model for effect of torque on speed
From the above figure, an induction motor is given a supply of 11kV at 50Hz. An ammeter and voltmeter is kept in series with
motor to measure the current and voltage of motor respectively. The motor is started in the speed mode and then it is switched to
torque mode after 0.1 seconds. From the figure shown below it can seen that as the motor switches to torque mode, the speed
gradually decreases.
Fig -7: Output waveform
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 560
6.1.2 Model for Overcurrent Protection
Fig -8: Simulation for overcurrent protection
In this simulation the switching from speed mode to torque mode is done at 0.2 seconds. The ratings of the motor are kept same
with a 3-phase supply of 415V at 50Hz. The fault block is used to apply a line to ground fault on line A after 0.3 seconds.
The graph below shows that as soon as the fault is applied, a tripping signal is generated which opens the circuit breakers.
Fig -9: Output waveform before and after tripping
Figure 9 shows that when the source current raises to its peak value due to fault in line, the trip signal is generated by the relay and
the breaker opens isolating the motor from the faulty section and source current becomes zero.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 561
Fig -10: Behavior of source current
7. CONCLUSION
By setting relays as per this paper, many motors which are
used for different purposes in industries can be protected
from various abnormalities and faults. The proper setting of
the relay is done which is attached with the motor so that
they operate as per their characteristic and the system can be
saved, thus proper task is completed without any
interruption. By doing this, eventually maintenance of the
power station or industry can be decreased.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge all the faculties of Electrical
Department of CGPIT, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli
those who always extended their hands in all kind of
problems regarding this project. We would also like to thank
our family and friends who supported us to led this paper
towards success.
REFERENCES
[1]. “A Novel Protecting Method for Induction Motor
against Faults Due to Voltage unbalance and Single
Phasing” – Mrs. M. SUIDHA, Dr. P. ANBALAGAN.
[2]. “Stall protection of large Induction motors” – Jose
DeCastro, Roy Beck, Charles Cai, Luke Yu.
[3]. “Behaviour of Induction Motor due to Voltage Sag and
Short Interruptions.” – Juan C. Gomez, Medhat M. Morcos,
Claudio A. Reineri Gabriel N. Campetelli.
[4]. “Thermal overload protection of Induction motors under
waveform distortion”- MojtabaKhederzadeh.
[5]. “Simulating Voltage Sag Using PSCAD Software “-
Kang Chia Yang, Hushairi HJ Zen , Nurlkhmar, Najemeenb
Binti Ayob.
[6]. “Power System Protection and Switch Gear” –
Bhuvanesh A Oza Nirmal-Kumar C Nair, Rashesh P Mehta,
Vijay H Makwana.
[7]. “Principles of Electrical Machines”- V.K. Mehta.
[8]. “Fundamental of Power System Protection”- Y.G.
Paithankar S.R. Bhide.
BIOGRAPHIES
Pathik N. Shah, pursuing B.Tech in
Electrical Engineering at CGPIT, Uka
Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat
E-Mail ID: pathikshah05@gmail.com
Smith N. Patel , pursuing B.Tech in
Electrical Engineering at CGPIT, Uka
Tarsadia University ,Bardoli, Surat
Email ID: smithpatel55@gmail.com
Jay A. Patel, Assistant Professor in
Department of Electrical Engineering at
CGPIT,
Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat
E-Mail ID: jay.patel@utu.ac.in
Umang S. Wani, Assistant Professor in
Department of Electrical Engineering
at CGPIT, Uka Tarsadia University,
Bardoli, Surat
E-Mail ID: umang.wani@utu.ac.in