A review of anti-tumor effects of propolis on cancer. It summarizes the results of studies on the mechanism of activity of propolis and its active compounds such as
CAPE and chrysin in the apoptotic process, and their influence on the proliferation of cancer cells.
1) Terpenes are derived from head-to-tail polymerization of isoprene units (C5). Monoterpenes contain 2 units, sesquiterpenes contain 3 units, and so on.
2) Mevalonic acid is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the basic C5 units. Repeated condensation of these units leads to prenyl diphosphates of different sizes.
3) These prenyl diphosphates are converted by terpene synthases into the skeletons of various terpenes, which may then undergo further modifications. This
This document discusses tropane alkaloids, specifically atropine alkaloid. It summarizes that atropine alkaloid is mainly found in plants from the solanaceae family, like Atropa belladona and Datura stromonium. It then describes the isolation, biosynthesis, identification tests, chemistry and properties, structure-activity relationships, uses, and mechanism of action of atropine alkaloid.
This document discusses isoprenoids, which are compounds derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). It summarizes that isoprenoids play important roles in animals, plants, and modern life. It also describes a method developed by Keller and Thompson to efficiently synthesize isoprenoid pyrophosphate intermediates using bis(triethylammonium) phosphate and trichloroacetonitrile, followed by silica chromatography. This procedure allows rapid preparation of isoprenoid pyrophosphates that are widely used in studies of isoprenoid metabolism.
This document discusses the properties and characteristics of amino acids. It covers their ionic properties, isoelectric points, optical activity, solubility, UV absorption, and various chemical reactions including esterification, acylation, alkylation, reactions with carbonyl compounds, and reactions involving functional groups like cysteine and methionine. It notes that amino acids are important in developing flavors and aromas in foods during high-temperature cooking methods like frying and baking.
The document provides information on the structural elucidation of nicotine and pilocarpine. It discusses the isolation, chemical structure, nomenclature, physical properties, spectral properties, and identification tests of both compounds. Nicotine was isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828 and is a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid. Pilocarpine is isolated from jaborandi leaves and binds to muscarinic receptors to activate various physiological responses. The document includes detailed 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and mass spectra to characterize the structure of nicotine and pilocarpine. Various chromatographic methods are also described for analytical testing.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Marine based protein hydrolysate improve the performance of feeds containing ...International Aquafeed
During the last 20 years, fishmeal and fish oil replacement has become a major concern for the aquafeed industry to anticipate the exceptional aquaculture growth and the lack of marine raw materials availability forecasted for the coming years.
1) Terpenes are derived from head-to-tail polymerization of isoprene units (C5). Monoterpenes contain 2 units, sesquiterpenes contain 3 units, and so on.
2) Mevalonic acid is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the basic C5 units. Repeated condensation of these units leads to prenyl diphosphates of different sizes.
3) These prenyl diphosphates are converted by terpene synthases into the skeletons of various terpenes, which may then undergo further modifications. This
This document discusses tropane alkaloids, specifically atropine alkaloid. It summarizes that atropine alkaloid is mainly found in plants from the solanaceae family, like Atropa belladona and Datura stromonium. It then describes the isolation, biosynthesis, identification tests, chemistry and properties, structure-activity relationships, uses, and mechanism of action of atropine alkaloid.
This document discusses isoprenoids, which are compounds derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). It summarizes that isoprenoids play important roles in animals, plants, and modern life. It also describes a method developed by Keller and Thompson to efficiently synthesize isoprenoid pyrophosphate intermediates using bis(triethylammonium) phosphate and trichloroacetonitrile, followed by silica chromatography. This procedure allows rapid preparation of isoprenoid pyrophosphates that are widely used in studies of isoprenoid metabolism.
This document discusses the properties and characteristics of amino acids. It covers their ionic properties, isoelectric points, optical activity, solubility, UV absorption, and various chemical reactions including esterification, acylation, alkylation, reactions with carbonyl compounds, and reactions involving functional groups like cysteine and methionine. It notes that amino acids are important in developing flavors and aromas in foods during high-temperature cooking methods like frying and baking.
The document provides information on the structural elucidation of nicotine and pilocarpine. It discusses the isolation, chemical structure, nomenclature, physical properties, spectral properties, and identification tests of both compounds. Nicotine was isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828 and is a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid. Pilocarpine is isolated from jaborandi leaves and binds to muscarinic receptors to activate various physiological responses. The document includes detailed 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and mass spectra to characterize the structure of nicotine and pilocarpine. Various chromatographic methods are also described for analytical testing.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
Marine based protein hydrolysate improve the performance of feeds containing ...International Aquafeed
During the last 20 years, fishmeal and fish oil replacement has become a major concern for the aquafeed industry to anticipate the exceptional aquaculture growth and the lack of marine raw materials availability forecasted for the coming years.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Chemistry of peptide (BPHARM,MPHARM,MSC,BSC)Shikha Popali
THE PRESENTATION DESCRIBING BOND FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS AND COUPLING REAGENTS IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS FOLLOWED BY CARBODIMIDES, PHOSPHONIUM AND AMMONIUM SALTS.
This document discusses coumarins, which are plant secondary metabolites. It defines coumarins, describes their classification into simple, furanocoumarins, and pyranocoumarins based on substitutions. Extraction methods like continuous hot percolation, isolation techniques, and identification methods like TLC, UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy are explained. Common coumarin derivatives and their spectral data are also provided.
Terpenes are natural products made of isoprene units. This document discusses different classes of terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes which are classified based on the number of isoprene units. It also describes the biosynthesis pathways and methods for identification of triterpenes including NMR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography with various spray reagents, and isolation from plant sources. Four new triterpene compounds isolated from green tea and two new compounds from other plants are characterized based on spectral data and chemical properties.
This document summarizes the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. It notes that plants, protozoa like malaria parasites, and most bacteria use this alternative pathway located in their plastids to produce isoprenoids. The pathway converts pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) through a series of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in this pathway, like fosmidomycin and its derivative FR-900098, show potential as new
This document contains two lists:
1) A product list with 17 pharmaceutical products including their brand names and DMF filing status.
2) An intermediates list with 12 intermediates used in the synthesis of various products including their chemical names and CAS numbers.
It also notes that the products and intermediates listed are not for sale where applicable patents are still valid. There is additional information on intermediates currently under development for certain products.
This document discusses strategies for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using different protecting groups. It compares the t-Boc and Fmoc protection methods, noting the advantages of Fmoc such as using milder acidic conditions for deprotection and cleavage from the resin. Protocols are provided for various steps in Fmoc SPPS including resin loading, amino acid coupling and deprotection, and final cleavage and deprotection. Potential side reactions are also described such as diketopiperazine formation and aspartimide formation, along with ways to prevent these reactions.
The shikimic acid pathway is unique to plants and leads to the formation of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It also leads to many other phenyl-C3 compounds. Cleavage of these compounds results in phenyl-C1 compounds. Key compounds in this pathway include chorismic acid, shikimic acid, prephenic acid, and cinnamic acids. Products of this pathway include alkaloids, phenyl-C3 compounds, phenyl-C1 compounds, flavonoids, and other important compounds.
Terpenes are secondary metabolites formed by joining isoprene units together. Isoprene, which has the formula C5H8, is considered the basic building block of terpenes. Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that vary in structure and size depending on the number of isoprene units linked together. They are used widely in fragrances, essential oils, and medicines. Terpenoids refer to oxygenated terpenes that result when terpenes are oxidized.
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
What are terpenes ?
Terpenes are secondary metabolites which are produced by Plants for their defense mechanism or required as per their metabolism. They are unsaturated and conjugated compounds may be aromatic or alliphatic
The document discusses nucleic acids, their composition, types (DNA and RNA), and metabolism. It describes that nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. Nucleotides are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway builds nucleotides from simple precursors, while the salvage pathway recycles bases and nucleotides. Key enzymes and steps in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines are also outlined.
The origin of natural aromatic materialsMurray Hunter
1. Plants produce a variety of primary and secondary metabolites through metabolic pathways like glycolysis, Krebs cycle, shikimate pathway, and mevalonic acid pathway. These pathways produce precursors that plants use to synthesize essential oils, aromas, flavors, and other compounds.
2. The mevalonic acid and deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways are responsible for producing terpenes, the largest class of compounds in essential oils. Enzymes in the pathways convert precursors like isopentenyl pyrophosphate into mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes.
3. The shikimate pathway produces precursors for aromatic amino acids, vitamins, alkaloids, and
This document discusses various terpenoid compounds found in plants, including iridoids, terpenes, and modified terpenoids. It provides classifications of terpenoids based on carbon atom count and discusses the occurrence, extraction, biosynthesis, and biological activities of specific compounds like iridoids, gentian, picrorhiza, quassia, tinospora, artemisia, taxus, and andrographis. Structures of important constituents from each plant are also shown.
The document discusses coumarins, which are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. Coumarins are found in many plant species and have a wide range of biological activities. Some examples mentioned include uses as anticoagulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and more. Common coumarin derivatives discussed include warfarin and various synthetic routes for producing coumarins are also summarized such as the Perkin reaction and Pechmann condensation.
This document describes a new method for producing articles such as panels and tiles from wood waste using a foaming agent. Specifically, it involves treating wood materials like sawdust with magnesium chloride, mixing with magnesite binding agent and a foaming agent, and casting the mixture into molds without pressure. This results in a lightweight cellular structure similar to slag. Frames can be cast with the mixture to form rigid wall panels for construction sites.
This document describes improvements to Werner type chromium complexes used to treat glass fibers. Specifically, it details treating unpolymerized Werner complexes with nitrogen bases to adjust the pH to 4-7, which leads to the formation of water-soluble polymerized complexes. Acceptable nitrogen bases are listed. The modified complexes are similar to those previously described but are more stable and can be used to make aqueous solutions containing up to 10% of the polymerized complex. The treatment of fibers, especially glass fibers, with these complexes renders the fibers abrasion resistant and promotes strong bonding to resins.
In this work a new prodrug polymer was
prepared with two attachment groups (amid-ester), using di
functional spacer such as ethanol amine, which could react with
polyacrylic acid producing amide group, with remain ethanol
terminal group which could react with captopril acyl chloride,
producing ester group with extended the arm substituted drug to
improve the hydrolysis and to prevent the steric effect of polymer
chains. Many advantages enhanced the prodrug of polymer. The
prepared polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H –NMR
spectroscopies. Controlled drug release was studied in different
pH values at 37℃, using UV. Spectra with comparing with
calibration curve. The modification percentage test was studied,and swelling percentage was calculated and all physical properties were observed.
The document summarizes the isolation and identification of momordicin I from leaves of Momordica charantia L. Momordicin I was isolated through fractionation of the dichloromethane extract followed by bioassay testing. The most active fraction was purified, yielding white crystals with a melting point of 125-128°C. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compound as momordicin I, which is 3,7,23-trihydroxycucurbitan-5,24-dien-19-al. Momordicin I was confirmed through comparison to previous reports of the same compound.
The shikimate pathway was discovered as the biosynthetic route to the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
This pathway has been found only in microorganisms and plants. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are essential components of animal diets, and animals synthesize tyrosine in a single step from phenylalanine.
LC-MS Profiling of methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) ...AI Publications
LC-MS profiling has been developed for the characterization of chemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa tubers. As a result, 61 compounds were detected using m/z value. Swietenine, Vigabatrin, Barbituric acid, Rhoifolin, Cetrimonium bromide, Octanoic acid, Caprylic acid and 4Z-Decenedioic acid were some of the important phytoconstituents with interesting biological activities. Among the peaks in the chromatogram, 7 unknown compounds were also identified.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Chemistry of peptide (BPHARM,MPHARM,MSC,BSC)Shikha Popali
THE PRESENTATION DESCRIBING BOND FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS AND COUPLING REAGENTS IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS FOLLOWED BY CARBODIMIDES, PHOSPHONIUM AND AMMONIUM SALTS.
This document discusses coumarins, which are plant secondary metabolites. It defines coumarins, describes their classification into simple, furanocoumarins, and pyranocoumarins based on substitutions. Extraction methods like continuous hot percolation, isolation techniques, and identification methods like TLC, UV, IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy are explained. Common coumarin derivatives and their spectral data are also provided.
Terpenes are natural products made of isoprene units. This document discusses different classes of terpenes including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes which are classified based on the number of isoprene units. It also describes the biosynthesis pathways and methods for identification of triterpenes including NMR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography with various spray reagents, and isolation from plant sources. Four new triterpene compounds isolated from green tea and two new compounds from other plants are characterized based on spectral data and chemical properties.
This document summarizes the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. It notes that plants, protozoa like malaria parasites, and most bacteria use this alternative pathway located in their plastids to produce isoprenoids. The pathway converts pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) through a series of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in this pathway, like fosmidomycin and its derivative FR-900098, show potential as new
This document contains two lists:
1) A product list with 17 pharmaceutical products including their brand names and DMF filing status.
2) An intermediates list with 12 intermediates used in the synthesis of various products including their chemical names and CAS numbers.
It also notes that the products and intermediates listed are not for sale where applicable patents are still valid. There is additional information on intermediates currently under development for certain products.
This document discusses strategies for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using different protecting groups. It compares the t-Boc and Fmoc protection methods, noting the advantages of Fmoc such as using milder acidic conditions for deprotection and cleavage from the resin. Protocols are provided for various steps in Fmoc SPPS including resin loading, amino acid coupling and deprotection, and final cleavage and deprotection. Potential side reactions are also described such as diketopiperazine formation and aspartimide formation, along with ways to prevent these reactions.
The shikimic acid pathway is unique to plants and leads to the formation of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It also leads to many other phenyl-C3 compounds. Cleavage of these compounds results in phenyl-C1 compounds. Key compounds in this pathway include chorismic acid, shikimic acid, prephenic acid, and cinnamic acids. Products of this pathway include alkaloids, phenyl-C3 compounds, phenyl-C1 compounds, flavonoids, and other important compounds.
Terpenes are secondary metabolites formed by joining isoprene units together. Isoprene, which has the formula C5H8, is considered the basic building block of terpenes. Terpenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that vary in structure and size depending on the number of isoprene units linked together. They are used widely in fragrances, essential oils, and medicines. Terpenoids refer to oxygenated terpenes that result when terpenes are oxidized.
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
What are terpenes ?
Terpenes are secondary metabolites which are produced by Plants for their defense mechanism or required as per their metabolism. They are unsaturated and conjugated compounds may be aromatic or alliphatic
The document discusses nucleic acids, their composition, types (DNA and RNA), and metabolism. It describes that nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and phosphate. The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. Nucleotides are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway builds nucleotides from simple precursors, while the salvage pathway recycles bases and nucleotides. Key enzymes and steps in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines are also outlined.
The origin of natural aromatic materialsMurray Hunter
1. Plants produce a variety of primary and secondary metabolites through metabolic pathways like glycolysis, Krebs cycle, shikimate pathway, and mevalonic acid pathway. These pathways produce precursors that plants use to synthesize essential oils, aromas, flavors, and other compounds.
2. The mevalonic acid and deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways are responsible for producing terpenes, the largest class of compounds in essential oils. Enzymes in the pathways convert precursors like isopentenyl pyrophosphate into mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes.
3. The shikimate pathway produces precursors for aromatic amino acids, vitamins, alkaloids, and
This document discusses various terpenoid compounds found in plants, including iridoids, terpenes, and modified terpenoids. It provides classifications of terpenoids based on carbon atom count and discusses the occurrence, extraction, biosynthesis, and biological activities of specific compounds like iridoids, gentian, picrorhiza, quassia, tinospora, artemisia, taxus, and andrographis. Structures of important constituents from each plant are also shown.
The document discusses coumarins, which are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. Coumarins are found in many plant species and have a wide range of biological activities. Some examples mentioned include uses as anticoagulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and more. Common coumarin derivatives discussed include warfarin and various synthetic routes for producing coumarins are also summarized such as the Perkin reaction and Pechmann condensation.
This document describes a new method for producing articles such as panels and tiles from wood waste using a foaming agent. Specifically, it involves treating wood materials like sawdust with magnesium chloride, mixing with magnesite binding agent and a foaming agent, and casting the mixture into molds without pressure. This results in a lightweight cellular structure similar to slag. Frames can be cast with the mixture to form rigid wall panels for construction sites.
This document describes improvements to Werner type chromium complexes used to treat glass fibers. Specifically, it details treating unpolymerized Werner complexes with nitrogen bases to adjust the pH to 4-7, which leads to the formation of water-soluble polymerized complexes. Acceptable nitrogen bases are listed. The modified complexes are similar to those previously described but are more stable and can be used to make aqueous solutions containing up to 10% of the polymerized complex. The treatment of fibers, especially glass fibers, with these complexes renders the fibers abrasion resistant and promotes strong bonding to resins.
In this work a new prodrug polymer was
prepared with two attachment groups (amid-ester), using di
functional spacer such as ethanol amine, which could react with
polyacrylic acid producing amide group, with remain ethanol
terminal group which could react with captopril acyl chloride,
producing ester group with extended the arm substituted drug to
improve the hydrolysis and to prevent the steric effect of polymer
chains. Many advantages enhanced the prodrug of polymer. The
prepared polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H –NMR
spectroscopies. Controlled drug release was studied in different
pH values at 37℃, using UV. Spectra with comparing with
calibration curve. The modification percentage test was studied,and swelling percentage was calculated and all physical properties were observed.
The document summarizes the isolation and identification of momordicin I from leaves of Momordica charantia L. Momordicin I was isolated through fractionation of the dichloromethane extract followed by bioassay testing. The most active fraction was purified, yielding white crystals with a melting point of 125-128°C. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compound as momordicin I, which is 3,7,23-trihydroxycucurbitan-5,24-dien-19-al. Momordicin I was confirmed through comparison to previous reports of the same compound.
The shikimate pathway was discovered as the biosynthetic route to the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
This pathway has been found only in microorganisms and plants. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are essential components of animal diets, and animals synthesize tyrosine in a single step from phenylalanine.
LC-MS Profiling of methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) ...AI Publications
LC-MS profiling has been developed for the characterization of chemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of Pueraria tuberosa tubers. As a result, 61 compounds were detected using m/z value. Swietenine, Vigabatrin, Barbituric acid, Rhoifolin, Cetrimonium bromide, Octanoic acid, Caprylic acid and 4Z-Decenedioic acid were some of the important phytoconstituents with interesting biological activities. Among the peaks in the chromatogram, 7 unknown compounds were also identified.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
This document provides a classification and overview of various anti-neoplastic or anticancer drugs. It discusses four main classes: 1) alkylating agents such as cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, 2) antimetabolites including methotrexate and fluorouracil, 3) natural products including vincristine and paclitaxel, and 4) hormones and antagonists like tamoxifen. It then provides more detailed information about the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of selected drugs, including methotrexate, mercapturine, and tamoxifen.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites found in some plants that play an important role in the plant's defense against herbivores. PAs are grouped based on their chemical structure and include types such as retronecine, heliotridine, and otonecine. They are synthesized through pathways involving amino acids like lysine and ornithine. PAs can be toxic to humans and animals due to metabolic activation by the liver into pyrrole derivatives that can cause liver damage and even cancer. The document discusses the chemistry, biosynthesis, toxicity and examples of PAs found in various plants like borage, ryegrass, and other Asteraceae, Boraginaceae
This document discusses techniques used to study biosynthetic pathways in plants. It describes the shikimic acid pathway and mevalonate pathway, which are important for producing aromatic compounds and terpenes respectively. It also summarizes several techniques used in biogenic studies including the use of isolated organs, grafting, mutant strains, tracer techniques, and enzymatic studies. Tracer techniques involve using radioactive isotopes or stable isotopes to trace metabolic pathways and locate compounds. Proper labeling and introduction of tracers is required.
A protein metabolism disorder where excess amino acids are present in the urine can be either primary or secondary aminoaciduria, with primary due to enzyme defects in amino acid metabolism and secondary due to defects in amino acid transporters in the kidney and intestine. Major categories include acidic, basic, cystine, neutral and branched chain amino acids. Diagnosis involves measuring urine amino acid levels using techniques like thin layer chromatography, high voltage electrophoresis, and tandem mass spectrometry.
Spirulina is a blue-green microalga that is commercially produced. It has high protein content and is used as a health food and dietary supplement. Commercial production systems use large shallow ponds with controlled conditions. Geothermal energy is used in some Greek production systems to increase yields. Spirulina contains phycocyanin and polysaccharides that have antioxidant and health-promoting effects.
The document introduces phytochemicals, which are chemical compounds present naturally in plants. It discusses several classes of phytochemicals including terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. It provides examples of specific phytochemicals and notes their biological functions and importance in plants.
isolation technique and characterizationAkshay Patil
1) The document discusses techniques for isolating and characterizing various compounds from plants including proteins, lipids, ephedrine, piperine, quinine, and caffeine. Extraction methods and analytical techniques like TLC and HPLC are described for each compound.
2) Isolation generally involves extraction with organic solvents followed by precipitation or recrystallization. Characterization uses chemical tests and chromatography.
3) The document provides information on the isolation, extraction, purification, and analytical characterization methods for several important pharmaceutical compounds obtained from plants.
The document summarizes key information about terpenes, alkaloids, vitamins, and their classification and functions. Terpenes are composed of isoprene units and include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes. Alkaloids have nitrogen and are derived from plants, functioning in chemical defense. Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble, and each has a specific biochemical function as a coenzyme or precursor.
The document provides an overview of topics in medical biochemistry including carbohydrate chemistry, lipid chemistry, proteins and amino acids, nucleic acids, enzymes, and lipid metabolism. Key points include the structures and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipid structures such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol are described. The basics of protein structure, amino acid chemistry, and nucleic acid structure are summarized. Enzyme kinetics concepts and classes of enzymes are covered. Finally, an overview of lipid metabolism and beta-oxidation is presented.
Modulation of adenosine A2A receptor function by interacting proteins. New ta...janusbio
The document discusses G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which make up the largest family of proteins in the human body and are the targets of over half of all modern drugs. It describes the key characteristics of GPCRs, including their 7 transmembrane domains and ability to signal through G proteins. The document then focuses on specific GPCRs, including dopamine receptors, adenosine receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. It discusses the roles of these receptors in the basal ganglia and their involvement in Huntington's disease. The goal is to characterize receptor heteromers and investigate their potential as new drug targets for Huntington's disease treatment.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by amide bonds. They serve nutritional and structural functions. Amino acids contain ionizable groups that exist as zwitterions at neutral pH. The three levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, and tertiary/quaternary. Primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary/quaternary structure is the final 3D structure formed by interactions between R groups. Common methods to analyze proteins include Kjeldahl for nitrogen content, dye binding assays, Biuret reaction, and UV/fluorescence spectroscopy.
nucleotide chemistry & metabolism will help to students to gain knowledge about molecular basics & drugs used in certain cancer therapies , viral disorders etc.
The document summarizes research being conducted at the Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM) on agro-food topics relevant to the autonomous region of Madeira, Portugal. Key areas of research include the characterization of bioactive components from local plants and foods, as well as studies on Madeira wine. For Madeira wine specifically, CQM researchers are analyzing grape composition at different maturity stages, identifying volatile organic molecules that contribute to aroma, and studying ageing markers with the goal of better understanding and ensuring the quality and typicity of this protected designation of origin wine.
This document discusses various classes of chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer, including their mechanisms of action, toxicities, and therapeutic uses. It covers cell cycle specific and non-specific agents such as antimetabolites like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide, plant alkaloids like vincristine, and antibiotics like doxorubicin. Resistance mechanisms such as drug efflux pumps and how to manage toxicities are also addressed.
Detoxification is the biochemical process that converts foreign toxic compounds into less toxic and more water soluble compounds that can be easily excreted from the body. It occurs mainly in the liver in two phases: phase 1 involves reactions like hydroxylation that make compounds more polar, while phase 2 involves conjugation reactions like joining compounds to glutathione, glycine, glucuronic acid, or sulfate to further increase solubility for excretion. Examples of conjugation reactions include bilirubin conjugating with glucuronic acid, phenol conjugating with glucuronic acid, and acetylcysteine conjugating with chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-benzene.
Is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.
The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or in dry powder form (after removing the solvent), & are intended for oral or external use
The Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicines, herbal medicine has been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of rural population depends on it as primary health care. [WHO, (2005)]
Introduction to nucleic acid, chemistry of nucleotidesenamifat
This document provides an overview of nucleic acids and nucleotides. It defines nucleic acids as polymers of nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds. Nucleotides are the monomers and consist of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are two types of nucleic acids - DNA contains deoxyribose and is made of deoxyribonucleotides, while RNA contains ribose and is made of ribonucleotides. Nucleotides can be synthesized through de novo synthesis or salvage pathways. The document discusses the structures, components and functions of nucleic acids and nucleotides in living cells.
This document summarizes the identification of phenolic compounds in three Chilean plant species from the genus Nolana using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. Thirty phenolic compounds were identified, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids. Nolana ramosissima contained the highest number and variety of phenolic compounds and showed the strongest antioxidant activity in various assays. The phenolic profiles obtained by HPLC were correlated with total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of the three plants. This is the first report of phenolic compounds in these Nolana species.
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Voici une reference pour les plantes, les arbustes et les arbes qui donne le nectar et pollen necessaire pour les abeilles.
A listing of plants, bushes and trees that are rich in nectar and pollen for bees.
Naturopathic Air Purification - Holistic Healing with PropolisBee Healthy Farms
A naturopathic solution to breathing holistic air using the purifying properties of propolis. A review of scientific studies and testimonials from the use of Propolair diffusers to cleanse air of microbes, mold and pollutants. Presented at CMACC, Oct 26, 2018 in Providence RI.
Natural resin association with incense and propolis in zootechnologyBee Healthy Farms
Incense and propolis have common origins and composition. Though their content may differ - terpenes are prevalent in incense; flavanoids, aromatic acids and esters in propolis - their use for the treatment of human and animal diseases has been well-known since the earliest times.
On the basis of this preliminary data, we conclude that propolis and incense can be employed in zootechnology, to sanitise the closed environments of breeding farms.
Antiplaque efficacy of propolis based herbal toothpaste-a crossover clinical ...Bee Healthy Farms
This Dental School crossover clinical study found propolis toothpaste to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared to Miswak and Colgate total toothpaste.
Propolis in the field of dentistry is tough. It responds very well when in contact with mucous linings of the body. This super antioxidant also delivers antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties which make it very adaptable to numerous conditions found out of balance.
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
1. Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, kidney damage, and inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by 5/6 renal ablation.
2. RP treatment reduced serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress compared to untreated CKD rats.
3. The renoprotective effects of RP may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of Chronic PeriodontitisBee Healthy Farms
Periodontitis has multifactorial causes with the primary being pathogenic bacteria that reside in the subgingival area and possess potent mechanisms of damaging host defences. Inflammatory responses triggered in response to periodontal pathogens are the major events responsible for periodontal destruction.
Propolis has been used for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and pulpitis. Studies on propolis applications have increased because of its therapeutic and biological properties. A study evaluated the antibacterial action of propolis against certain anaerobic oral pathogens and found it to be very effective.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Reduced toxicity achieved in liver, spleen and pancreas with ApitherapyBee Healthy Farms
The human body is exposed nowadays to increasing attacks by toxic compounds in air pollution, industrially processed foods, alcohol and drug consumption that increase liver toxicity, leading to more and more severe cases of hepatic disorders. This study evaluated the influence of an Apitherapy diet in Wistar rats with carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, by analyzing the biochemical determinations (enzymatic, lipid and protein profiles, coagulation parameters, minerals, blood count parameters, bilirubin levels) and histopathological changes at the level of liver, spleen and pancreas.
The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine advises Irish beekeepers of traces of lead found in Irish honey between 2010 through 2013.
Though an investigation is ongoing as to the cause(s) of the contamination, it provides beekeepers 4 points to follow in order to avoid contact with lead.
Indian Mustard Bee Pollen Exhibits High Antioxidant ContentBee Healthy Farms
This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen. It was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, making it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also found it possesses a high antioxidant content, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of this Indian mustard bee pollen further confirmed its antioxidant potential.
A review of the history, research and clinical studies conducted with Propolair propolis vaporizers and diffusers. Manufactured by the Italian company, Kontak, it was invented by a beekeeper to aid those with respiratory ailments.
Clinical studies confirm its antibacterial effectiveness, as well as its capacity to clean the air of carcinogenic pollutants.
New research reveals it possesses the richest flavonoid content of important phenolic acids and compounds in this unique blend of Italian propolis. To date, these units are used in clinics, nurseries, hospitals, offices and homes around the world.
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
The results of the study show a promising role of Acacia Honey, a natural product with proven therapeutic effects on skin wound healing. It accelerated the initial stage of corneal wound healing without the side effects found when using conventional treatments which contain preservatives. Corneal keratocytes cultured in media supplemented with 0.025% Acacia Honey showed an increase in proliferative capacity while retaining their morphology, gene and protein expressions with normal cell cycle.
Propolis Volatile Compounds - Review of its Chemical Diversity and Biological...Bee Healthy Farms
The document reviews the chemical diversity and biological activity of volatile compounds found in propolis, a resinous material collected by bees. Propolis composition varies significantly based on the local plant sources used by bees. Studies have identified many different volatile compounds in propolis samples from around the world. Major constituents include terpenes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, acids, and esters. Sesquiterpenes predominate in European propolis, while other regions contain compounds like monoterpenes, aldehydes, and alkanes. Volatiles contribute to propolis aroma and biological properties like antibacterial activity. Further research on propolis volatiles from additional locations could reveal
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Honey Eye Drops Effective in Treating ConjunctivitisBee Healthy Farms
A double-blind study trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical honey eye drops in 60 patients with diagnosed Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). This study aimed to determine the effect of honey drops on the symptoms of VKC and it was designed to find out a way to reduce the amount of corticosteroid usage. The results of this study showed that the use of honey drops in the treatment of VKC caused eye redness to improve, the limbal papillae to reduce, and allergic symptoms to improve.
This study investigated an anticancer effect of different honeys from Poland on tumor cell line - glioblastoma multiforme U87MG. Anti-proliferative activity of honeys and its interferences with temozolomide were determined by a cytotoxicity test and DNA binding by [H3]-thymidine incorporation. Results suggest that Polish honeys have an anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on U87MG cell line. Therefore, natural bee honey can be considered as a promising adjuvant treatment for brain tumors
Propolis with its active component CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) stops breast cancer cell growth. These results of CAPE are present in the naturopathic formulation
of propolis, a widely available natural substance with an extended safety record, making it a naturally-occurring and readily available epigenetic agent with great potential in breast cancer and oncology in general. The ability to link the biological effects of a naturopathic remedy to the pharmacologic effects seen with an exciting class of drugs in the treatment of cancer opens the door to a host of new therapeutic opportunities for patients.
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
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Key Components:
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
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Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
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HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
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Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
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How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
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