1. Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, kidney damage, and inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by 5/6 renal ablation.
2. RP treatment reduced serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress compared to untreated CKD rats.
3. The renoprotective effects of RP may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
Hyperoxaluria Induces Oxidative DNA Damage and Results in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis by Hasan Aydin in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
Hyperoxaluria Induces Oxidative DNA Damage and Results in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Apoptosis: A Clue to the Pathogenesis of Urolithiasis by Hasan Aydin in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
Hepatoprotective activity of actinopteris radiata linnpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Actinopteris radiata (EEAR) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. EEAR was found to significantly reduce serum markers of liver damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating hepatoprotection. Histopathological analysis also showed EEAR helped retain normal liver cellular architecture compared to the toxic control. The protective effects are likely due to flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenols in EEAR. The study demonstrates EEAR's potential as a hepatoprotective
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Integr Cancer Ther-2015-Quinn-1534735415617014Alex Bashore
This study examined the effects of chronic endurance exercise on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced damage in the thymus gland and thymocytes (T-cells). Rats were divided into groups that were sedentary or underwent treadmill training for 10 weeks, followed by injections of either saline or different doses of DOX. Three days later, thymic mass, viable T-cell count, and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. Chronic exercise decreased lipid peroxidation following DOX treatment but did not prevent reductions in thymic mass or T-cell numbers. This suggests that exercise elevates antioxidant defenses in the thymus to reduce oxidative stress from DOX, though it does not fully protect the
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This thesis investigated the effect of cadmium sulfate exposure and treatment with the mushroom Pleurotus florida on albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received various doses of cadmium and mushroom extract. Organs and blood were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. Histological analysis found damage to heart, liver, and kidneys in cadmium-exposed rats, which was reduced by mushroom treatment. Behavioral changes and clinical signs of toxicity were also observed with cadmium exposure. The mushroom extract showed protective effects on the organs. In conclusion, Pleurotus florida has potential for reducing cadmium-induced organ damage.
This research article studied the effects of quercetin (QCT) on experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a diabetic group induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and a QCT-treated group that received QCT before and after STZ induction. Blood glucose levels increased significantly in the diabetic group but decreased in the QCT-treated group. Histological analysis found that STZ caused pancreatic beta cell degeneration and inflammation in the diabetic group. QCT treatment reversed many of these changes in the pancreas and increased beta cell numbers. Immunohistochemistry revealed that STZ increased iNOS and caspase-3, markers of inflammation and apoptosis, while QCT
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
The document summarizes a study on the effects of cypermethrin pesticide on rabbit biochemistry and liver/kidney histology. Rabbits received low, medium, or high doses of cypermethrin intraperitoneally over 71 days. Blood samples were analyzed for liver and kidney enzymes/proteins. Liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. Results showed cypermethrin increased liver enzymes and urea/creatinine levels in blood in a dose-dependent manner, indicating liver and kidney damage. Histological examination found corresponding dose-dependent lesions in the liver (degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia) and kidneys (necrosis, cast deposition, increased urinary space), confirming cyper
Whey protein products and their combination with L-methionine prevent liver f...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document discusses various methods for screening hepatoprotective agents. It describes in vitro models using primary hepatocyte cell culture, hepatic stellate cell culture, and Kupffer cell culture. It also describes several in vivo models including chemically-induced hepatotoxicity using carbon tetrachloride in rats, drug-induced hepatotoxicity using paracetamol in rats, and bile duct ligation in rats. A variety of parameters are measured in these models to evaluate hepatoprotective effects such as liver enzymes, bilirubin levels, hydroxyproline levels, and histopathological analysis of liver tissue.
ABSTRACT- The anticancer drug arsenic trioxide is effective for acute promyelocytic leukemia. But the clinical trials are
restricted due to its potential side effects. Since the major part of arsenic metabolism and detoxification occurs in liver,
this organ faces the major threat. The hepatic side effects include fatty liver, fibrosis, and inflammation and hepatocyte
degeneration. Our study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, against adversities
of arsenic trioxide in an in vitro model, the Chang liver cells. Two preliminary dose standardization assays, cell
viability and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, were employed. The assays were performed as Pre-treatment,
Co-treatment and Post treatment experiments for a period of 24 hours. Arsenic trioxide at various doses (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5 and 15 μM) showed a significant (p≤0.05) dose dependant reduction in cell viability along with a dose dependant
enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase release. However when the cells were treated with a combination of docosahexaenoic
acid at varying concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 μM), the above mentioned conditions were found to be
reversed in Pre-treatment and Co-treatment experiments, but not in Post treatment. The most effective combination was
found to be 10 μM arsenic trioxide with 100 μM of docosahexaenoic acid in both Pre-treatment and Co- treatment studies.
Thus the preliminary assays of our study showed that docosahexaenoic acid administration as Pre-treatment or
Co-treatment can aid in reducing arsenic trioxide induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms
behind the protective effects.
Key Words– Arsenic trioxide, hepatotoxicity, docosahexaenoic acid, cell damage
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Evaluation of hepatoprotective agents - Hemant KanaseHemant Kanase
1. Introduction
2. Hepatotoxicity: Mechanism
3. Therapeutic strategies available – their limitations
4. In vivo models of liver damage
- Non-invasive model
a. Chemically induced hepatotoxicity
b. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity
c. Radiation-induced hepatotoxicity
d. Metal-induced hepatotoxicity
e. Diet-induced hepatotoxicity
Models of Acute Hepatitis
Models of chronic hepatitis
Models of fibrosis
Models of cholestasis
Models of steatosis
4. Problems faced with animal studies
5. In vitro models of liver damage
6. Advantages and disadvantages of in vitro models
7. Parameters of evaluation
8. Clinical Assessment
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
Hepatoprotective activity of actinopteris radiata linnpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Actinopteris radiata (EEAR) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. EEAR was found to significantly reduce serum markers of liver damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating hepatoprotection. Histopathological analysis also showed EEAR helped retain normal liver cellular architecture compared to the toxic control. The protective effects are likely due to flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenols in EEAR. The study demonstrates EEAR's potential as a hepatoprotective
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Integr Cancer Ther-2015-Quinn-1534735415617014Alex Bashore
This study examined the effects of chronic endurance exercise on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced damage in the thymus gland and thymocytes (T-cells). Rats were divided into groups that were sedentary or underwent treadmill training for 10 weeks, followed by injections of either saline or different doses of DOX. Three days later, thymic mass, viable T-cell count, and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed. Chronic exercise decreased lipid peroxidation following DOX treatment but did not prevent reductions in thymic mass or T-cell numbers. This suggests that exercise elevates antioxidant defenses in the thymus to reduce oxidative stress from DOX, though it does not fully protect the
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This thesis investigated the effect of cadmium sulfate exposure and treatment with the mushroom Pleurotus florida on albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received various doses of cadmium and mushroom extract. Organs and blood were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. Histological analysis found damage to heart, liver, and kidneys in cadmium-exposed rats, which was reduced by mushroom treatment. Behavioral changes and clinical signs of toxicity were also observed with cadmium exposure. The mushroom extract showed protective effects on the organs. In conclusion, Pleurotus florida has potential for reducing cadmium-induced organ damage.
This research article studied the effects of quercetin (QCT) on experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a diabetic group induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and a QCT-treated group that received QCT before and after STZ induction. Blood glucose levels increased significantly in the diabetic group but decreased in the QCT-treated group. Histological analysis found that STZ caused pancreatic beta cell degeneration and inflammation in the diabetic group. QCT treatment reversed many of these changes in the pancreas and increased beta cell numbers. Immunohistochemistry revealed that STZ increased iNOS and caspase-3, markers of inflammation and apoptosis, while QCT
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
The document summarizes a study on the effects of cypermethrin pesticide on rabbit biochemistry and liver/kidney histology. Rabbits received low, medium, or high doses of cypermethrin intraperitoneally over 71 days. Blood samples were analyzed for liver and kidney enzymes/proteins. Liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. Results showed cypermethrin increased liver enzymes and urea/creatinine levels in blood in a dose-dependent manner, indicating liver and kidney damage. Histological examination found corresponding dose-dependent lesions in the liver (degeneration, bile duct hyperplasia) and kidneys (necrosis, cast deposition, increased urinary space), confirming cyper
Whey protein products and their combination with L-methionine prevent liver f...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document discusses various methods for screening hepatoprotective agents. It describes in vitro models using primary hepatocyte cell culture, hepatic stellate cell culture, and Kupffer cell culture. It also describes several in vivo models including chemically-induced hepatotoxicity using carbon tetrachloride in rats, drug-induced hepatotoxicity using paracetamol in rats, and bile duct ligation in rats. A variety of parameters are measured in these models to evaluate hepatoprotective effects such as liver enzymes, bilirubin levels, hydroxyproline levels, and histopathological analysis of liver tissue.
ABSTRACT- The anticancer drug arsenic trioxide is effective for acute promyelocytic leukemia. But the clinical trials are
restricted due to its potential side effects. Since the major part of arsenic metabolism and detoxification occurs in liver,
this organ faces the major threat. The hepatic side effects include fatty liver, fibrosis, and inflammation and hepatocyte
degeneration. Our study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, against adversities
of arsenic trioxide in an in vitro model, the Chang liver cells. Two preliminary dose standardization assays, cell
viability and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, were employed. The assays were performed as Pre-treatment,
Co-treatment and Post treatment experiments for a period of 24 hours. Arsenic trioxide at various doses (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5 and 15 μM) showed a significant (p≤0.05) dose dependant reduction in cell viability along with a dose dependant
enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase release. However when the cells were treated with a combination of docosahexaenoic
acid at varying concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 μM), the above mentioned conditions were found to be
reversed in Pre-treatment and Co-treatment experiments, but not in Post treatment. The most effective combination was
found to be 10 μM arsenic trioxide with 100 μM of docosahexaenoic acid in both Pre-treatment and Co- treatment studies.
Thus the preliminary assays of our study showed that docosahexaenoic acid administration as Pre-treatment or
Co-treatment can aid in reducing arsenic trioxide induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms
behind the protective effects.
Key Words– Arsenic trioxide, hepatotoxicity, docosahexaenoic acid, cell damage
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Evaluation of hepatoprotective agents - Hemant KanaseHemant Kanase
1. Introduction
2. Hepatotoxicity: Mechanism
3. Therapeutic strategies available – their limitations
4. In vivo models of liver damage
- Non-invasive model
a. Chemically induced hepatotoxicity
b. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity
c. Radiation-induced hepatotoxicity
d. Metal-induced hepatotoxicity
e. Diet-induced hepatotoxicity
Models of Acute Hepatitis
Models of chronic hepatitis
Models of fibrosis
Models of cholestasis
Models of steatosis
4. Problems faced with animal studies
5. In vitro models of liver damage
6. Advantages and disadvantages of in vitro models
7. Parameters of evaluation
8. Clinical Assessment
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
A review of anti-tumor effects of propolis on cancer. It summarizes the results of studies on the mechanism of activity of propolis and its active compounds such as
CAPE and chrysin in the apoptotic process, and their influence on the proliferation of cancer cells.
Natural resin association with incense and propolis in zootechnologyBee Healthy Farms
Incense and propolis have common origins and composition. Though their content may differ - terpenes are prevalent in incense; flavanoids, aromatic acids and esters in propolis - their use for the treatment of human and animal diseases has been well-known since the earliest times.
On the basis of this preliminary data, we conclude that propolis and incense can be employed in zootechnology, to sanitise the closed environments of breeding farms.
Antiplaque efficacy of propolis based herbal toothpaste-a crossover clinical ...Bee Healthy Farms
This Dental School crossover clinical study found propolis toothpaste to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared to Miswak and Colgate total toothpaste.
Propolis in the field of dentistry is tough. It responds very well when in contact with mucous linings of the body. This super antioxidant also delivers antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties which make it very adaptable to numerous conditions found out of balance.
The MTT assay and the MTS assay are colorimetric assays for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT or close dyes (XTT, MTS, WSTs) to formazan dyes, giving a purple color The main application allows to assess the viability (cell counting) and the proliferation of cells (cell culture assays)
It can also be used to determine cytotoxicity of potential medicinal agents and toxic materials, since those agents would stimulate or inhibit cell viability and growth
Dietary Supplementation with Calcium in Healthy Rats Administered with Artemi...IOSR Journals
Reports on the role of calcium on predisposition to cardiovascular disease have been rather inconsistent while studies on its interaction with other medications are ongoing. We therefore investigated the effect of separate and combine administration of calcium supplement with artemisinin-based combination drug on hepatic and serum lipid profile. Thirty two male wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight rats each. The control (group A) received normal saline. Group B and D were placed on 10mg/Kg calcium twice daily for four weeks. On the thirtieth day, therapeutic dose of artemisinin-based combination was simultaneously administered to group C and group D twice daily for three days. All the rats were then sacrificed after 12 hours fasting, blood was withdrawn and the liver removed and homogenized in an appropriate buffer. Biochemical analysis showed no significant (p>0.05) variation in hepatic triaacylglycerol in all the treated groups whereas calcium supplementation was observed to induce a significant (p<0.05) reduction in hepatic cholesterol. Significant elevations due to calcium supplementation were also observed in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol level and atherogenic risk index with a concomitant reduction in serum HDL cholesterol. No significant change was observed in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and serum lipoproteins in all other treatment groups. Our study suggests that calcium supplementation may predispose to cardiovascular disease and that its co administration with ACT may not aggravate nor reduced the predisposition risk.
Background: Body of literature are becoming pronounced that pathological condition in one organ of the body might have an effect on other distal organs owing to the fact, that the entire body metabolism is orchestrated centrally.
Pathological events occurring in an organ are likely to be extended to other organs. Pretreatment that minimize these events are presumed to be beneficial to the extended organs.
Methods: Following 30 min of ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion in the kidney, rats under anesthesia were sacrificed and blood sample collected through cardiac puncture. Serum level of troponin I, and activities of total creatine kinase (CK), mass creatine kinase (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma –glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated spectrophotometrically.
Results: Serum troponin I increased to 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/ml in the ischemic group, and following pretreatment with Lmm (600mg/kg), serum level of troponin I decreased significantly to 0.021 ± 0.001 ng/ml (P<.05).><.05),><.05)><.05).
This study investigated the protective effects of allopurinol on experimentally induced ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a sham group, an ischemia group, an ischemia-reperfusion group, and an ischemia-reperfusion + allopurinol treated group. The study found that allopurinol decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels compared to the ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion groups, indicating it reduced oxidative load. Allopurinol also decreased caspase-3 and sFlt-1 expression, suggesting it inhibited apoptosis and protected the ovaries from damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion.
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extracts on atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were divided into four groups: one receiving a high cholesterol diet only, one receiving the diet plus simvastatin, one receiving the diet plus S. crispus extract, and a control group. Histological analysis found lesser thickening of the aorta in the S. crispus and simvastatin groups compared to the high cholesterol group. Liver tissue from the S. crispus group showed no fatty or inflammatory changes seen in the other groups. The results support that S. crispus may slow atherosclerosis development through hypocholesterolemic effects.
Antihyperglycemic effects of short term resveratrol supplementation in type 2...zanet1
1) The study examined the effects of short term resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes who were receiving standard antidiabetic treatment. 66 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1 g per day of resveratrol or a placebo for 45 days.
2) Resveratrol treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and insulin resistance compared to baseline. HDL was also significantly increased.
3) In contrast, the placebo group had slightly increased fasting glucose and LDL compared to baseline. Liver and kidney function markers were unchanged with resveratrol treatment.
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garli...IOSR Journals
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
1) A study investigated the vasodilatory and toxic effects of a crude extract of Ruta graveolens (Ruta) on rat aortas and CRL1730 endothelial cells.
2) The Ruta extract generated vasodilation in rat aortas at subtoxic concentrations, partially dependent on the endothelium. It caused a loss of cell viability in CRL1730 cells at high concentrations but did not induce oxidative stress or DNA fragmentation.
3) The results suggest Ruta extract regulates vascular tone through a complex, partially endothelium-dependent mechanism and has vasodilatory activity at subtoxic levels without damaging cell membranes or viability.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Yagyapathy: A Holistic Approach for Treatment of Severe Disease by Indian Sys...iosrjce
This document discusses Yagyapathy, an Indian system of medicine that uses the burning of herbal materials to treat various physiological and pathological disorders. It presents results from a study on the effects of Yagyapathy exposure on hematological and biochemical parameters in human volunteers. The study found that Yagyapathy treatment over 3 weeks significantly improved various blood parameters in patients with conditions like bronchial asthma, bringing many markers closer to normal levels and relieving symptoms. This indicates Yagyapathy is an effective and economical treatment approach for some chronic diseases.
The document describes a study that investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The study found that supplementation with NZS decreased weight gain, fat tissue accumulation, liver weight and size of fat cells. It also improved lipid profiles and decreased levels of uric acid and leptin while increasing adiponectin. NZS decreased genes related to fat formation and increased genes related to fat breakdown. It also decreased the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase involved in uric acid production. The study suggests NZS can help prevent obesity and related conditions by regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid and
Comparative Effect of Daily Administration of Allium sativum and Allium cepa ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that compared the effects of daily administration of garlic and onion extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in female rats by injecting alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats were divided into groups that received either garlic extract, onion extract, or saline by oral administration for six weeks. Blood samples were then analyzed for glucose and other biomarkers. The results showed that both garlic and onion extracts significantly reduced serum glucose levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats, with the garlic extract proving more potent. No significant differences were found between the extracts in terms of protecting the kidneys and liver.
1) The study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica oleraceae (cabbage) leaves in laboratory rat models of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
2) Cabbage extract showed dose-dependent protection against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcers and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers compared to control groups. The highest dose of 750 mg/kg provided over 90% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) In a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer model, the lowest dose of 100 mg/kg cabbage extract gave 85% protection, higher than the standard drug omeprazole.
This study examined the effects of desloratadine on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an ischemia-reperfusion injury group, an ischemia-reperfusion injury group treated with desloratadine, and a sham group. Ovarian tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and inflammation after ischemia and reperfusion. Results showed that desloratadine significantly reduced oxidative stress markers like MDA and increased antioxidant markers like GSH compared to the ischemia-reperfusion injury group. Desloratadine also decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines like NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Histological analysis revealed that desl
This document summarizes research examining the effects of taurine supplementation on cardiac abnormalities in NZB/W F1 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The study found that mice fed a cholesterol/taurine diet had less abnormal cardiac histology, fewer apoptotic cardiac cells, and decreased levels of proteins involved in apoptosis compared to mice fed a cholesterol-only diet or control diet. This suggests taurine has protective effects against cardiac abnormalities induced by a high-cholesterol diet in this mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Pesticide Poisoning of Residents Near Farm FieldsZ3P
1) The study evaluated 225 volunteers residing near agricultural fields in Multan, Pakistan to determine the incidence of organophosphorus toxicity. Blood samples were tested for acetylcholinesterase levels.
2) Results showed 6 volunteers (2.67%) had acetylcholinesterase levels below 5300 IU/ml, indicating acute exposure. A further 4 volunteers had levels between 5300-5500 IU/ml. The majority showed at least 25% reduction.
3) Clinical examinations found symptoms like weakness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea in over half of volunteers. While levels were not highly reduced, long-term low-level exposure may still cause harm. Strict regulations and education are needed.
This triple-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of consuming a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol on oxidized LDL (LDLox) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels in 75 patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease who were taking statin medications. Patients consumed capsules daily for 6 months containing either resveratrol-enriched grape extract, grape extract without resveratrol, or a placebo. Results showed that the resveratrol group experienced decreases in LDLc, ApoB, LDLox, and the LDLox/ApoB ratio, as well as an increase in the non-HDLc/ApoB ratio, indicating reduced cardiovascular risk
This study investigated the effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), a deacylated derivative of phosphatidylcholine (PC), in a rat model of small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The results showed that:
1) Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion increased oxidative stress markers, microcirculatory dysfunction, and liver ATP depletion.
2) Both pre-treatment and post-treatment with GPC significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, protected microcirculation, and alleviated hepatic ATP depletion caused by ischemia-reperfusion.
3) GPC therapies were effective in attenuating the inflammatory response to ischemia-reperfusion injury, providing indirect
This document discusses the management of portosystemic encephalopathy. It begins by describing the different types and classifications of hepatic encephalopathy. It then discusses the effects of ammonia and various treatments to reduce ammonia levels, including lactulose, antibiotics like rifaximin, L-ornithine L-aspartate, and probiotics. It notes that while lactulose and protein restriction have no effect on mortality, rifaximin reduces risks of breakthrough hepatic encephalopathy episodes and hospitalizations. The document also briefly discusses other management strategies, adjunctive treatments, and notes that liver transplantation is the ultimate management goal for overt hepatic encephalopathy.
This document reviews the debate around the use of crystalloid versus colloid fluids for resuscitation in critical care. Recent large human studies have failed to show an outcome benefit of colloids over crystalloids, and colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch have been associated with increased risks of adverse effects like acute kidney injury. While no veterinary outcome data exists, similar pathophysiology may apply. The document provides an overview of various fluid types used in human and veterinary medicine, including crystalloids, natural colloids like albumin, and synthetic colloids like hydroxyethyl starch, discussing their properties, uses, and risks.
Similar to Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal Damage (20)
Voici une reference pour les plantes, les arbustes et les arbes qui donne le nectar et pollen necessaire pour les abeilles.
A listing of plants, bushes and trees that are rich in nectar and pollen for bees.
Naturopathic Air Purification - Holistic Healing with PropolisBee Healthy Farms
A naturopathic solution to breathing holistic air using the purifying properties of propolis. A review of scientific studies and testimonials from the use of Propolair diffusers to cleanse air of microbes, mold and pollutants. Presented at CMACC, Oct 26, 2018 in Providence RI.
Propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of Chronic PeriodontitisBee Healthy Farms
Periodontitis has multifactorial causes with the primary being pathogenic bacteria that reside in the subgingival area and possess potent mechanisms of damaging host defences. Inflammatory responses triggered in response to periodontal pathogens are the major events responsible for periodontal destruction.
Propolis has been used for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and pulpitis. Studies on propolis applications have increased because of its therapeutic and biological properties. A study evaluated the antibacterial action of propolis against certain anaerobic oral pathogens and found it to be very effective.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Reduced toxicity achieved in liver, spleen and pancreas with ApitherapyBee Healthy Farms
The human body is exposed nowadays to increasing attacks by toxic compounds in air pollution, industrially processed foods, alcohol and drug consumption that increase liver toxicity, leading to more and more severe cases of hepatic disorders. This study evaluated the influence of an Apitherapy diet in Wistar rats with carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, by analyzing the biochemical determinations (enzymatic, lipid and protein profiles, coagulation parameters, minerals, blood count parameters, bilirubin levels) and histopathological changes at the level of liver, spleen and pancreas.
The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine advises Irish beekeepers of traces of lead found in Irish honey between 2010 through 2013.
Though an investigation is ongoing as to the cause(s) of the contamination, it provides beekeepers 4 points to follow in order to avoid contact with lead.
Indian Mustard Bee Pollen Exhibits High Antioxidant ContentBee Healthy Farms
This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen. It was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, making it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also found it possesses a high antioxidant content, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of this Indian mustard bee pollen further confirmed its antioxidant potential.
A review of the history, research and clinical studies conducted with Propolair propolis vaporizers and diffusers. Manufactured by the Italian company, Kontak, it was invented by a beekeeper to aid those with respiratory ailments.
Clinical studies confirm its antibacterial effectiveness, as well as its capacity to clean the air of carcinogenic pollutants.
New research reveals it possesses the richest flavonoid content of important phenolic acids and compounds in this unique blend of Italian propolis. To date, these units are used in clinics, nurseries, hospitals, offices and homes around the world.
The results of the study show a promising role of Acacia Honey, a natural product with proven therapeutic effects on skin wound healing. It accelerated the initial stage of corneal wound healing without the side effects found when using conventional treatments which contain preservatives. Corneal keratocytes cultured in media supplemented with 0.025% Acacia Honey showed an increase in proliferative capacity while retaining their morphology, gene and protein expressions with normal cell cycle.
Propolis Volatile Compounds - Review of its Chemical Diversity and Biological...Bee Healthy Farms
The document reviews the chemical diversity and biological activity of volatile compounds found in propolis, a resinous material collected by bees. Propolis composition varies significantly based on the local plant sources used by bees. Studies have identified many different volatile compounds in propolis samples from around the world. Major constituents include terpenes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, acids, and esters. Sesquiterpenes predominate in European propolis, while other regions contain compounds like monoterpenes, aldehydes, and alkanes. Volatiles contribute to propolis aroma and biological properties like antibacterial activity. Further research on propolis volatiles from additional locations could reveal
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Honey Eye Drops Effective in Treating ConjunctivitisBee Healthy Farms
A double-blind study trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical honey eye drops in 60 patients with diagnosed Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). This study aimed to determine the effect of honey drops on the symptoms of VKC and it was designed to find out a way to reduce the amount of corticosteroid usage. The results of this study showed that the use of honey drops in the treatment of VKC caused eye redness to improve, the limbal papillae to reduce, and allergic symptoms to improve.
This study investigated an anticancer effect of different honeys from Poland on tumor cell line - glioblastoma multiforme U87MG. Anti-proliferative activity of honeys and its interferences with temozolomide were determined by a cytotoxicity test and DNA binding by [H3]-thymidine incorporation. Results suggest that Polish honeys have an anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on U87MG cell line. Therefore, natural bee honey can be considered as a promising adjuvant treatment for brain tumors
Propolis with its active component CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) stops breast cancer cell growth. These results of CAPE are present in the naturopathic formulation
of propolis, a widely available natural substance with an extended safety record, making it a naturally-occurring and readily available epigenetic agent with great potential in breast cancer and oncology in general. The ability to link the biological effects of a naturopathic remedy to the pharmacologic effects seen with an exciting class of drugs in the treatment of cancer opens the door to a host of new therapeutic opportunities for patients.
Neuroprotective responses of propolis and select flavonoidsBee Healthy Farms
The beneficial effects of propolis on human health and neurological diseases. Table describes the neuroprotective properties and biological activity of propolis and select flavonoids commonly found in propolis.
Antioxidant Activity and Biological Effects of Propolis ExplainedBee Healthy Farms
A thorough summary by Polish researchers of the magnificent properties of propolis. As stated below, "despite its variety, it is always highly biologically active". With over 300 compounds there are many applications in treating and preventing chronic diseases. Properties include: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, cardiovascular effects, estrogenic effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-HIV activity and reparative-regenerative effects.
The high intake of refined sugars, mainly fructose has been implicated in the epidemiology of metabolic diseases in adults and children. With an aim to determine whether honey can substitute refined sugars without adverse effect, the long term efects of natural honey and cane syrup have been compared on visceral morphology in growing rats fed from neonatal age. Honey enhanced intestinal villi growth and did not cause pathology in the rodents' abdominal viscera, such as fatty degenerations in the liver.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
This document reviews evidence that gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It discusses how oligosaccharides found in foods like honey are prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. The review hypothesizes that oligosaccharides in honey may contribute to honey's antidiabetic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a way that improves glycemic control and lipid abnormalities.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. and rising incidence of diabetes and hypertension. According to the National Kidney Foundation,
CKD meets all the required criteria to be considered as a major public health concern, which
makes the elucidation of mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic nephropathies, as
well as the development of new therapies to reduce its progression, urgently required [1,2].
The pathogenic role of inflammation and oxidative stress in CKD is well established. Both
the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and the pharmacological inhibition of ROS (re-
active oxygen species) production have shown potential renoprotection in experimental mod-
els of nephropathy, including the 5/6 renal ablation model (Nx), in which the right kidney is
surgically removed and the left kidney has two-thirds of it infracted by ligation of two or three
branches of the left renal artery [3–9]. Nx is characterized by early development of hyperten-
sion, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. However, accord-
ing to Fujihara and collaborators early treatment of Nx rats with either Mycophenolate Mofetil
(a potent immunosuppressor) or PDTC (a NF-kappaB inhibitor that also presents antioxidant
effects) attenuates renal injury and slows the progression of CKD [5,6,10].
Brazilian propolis is a resinous mixture produced by Apis mellifera bees through the collec-
tion of variable plant sources [11–13]. It can be classified into 12 different types, according to
physicochemical properties and the geographic location in which it is found. Propolis has been
used in folk medicine for centuries and its anti-inflammatory properties, generally attributed
to its large content of flavonoids and isoflavones, have been demonstrated in several experi-
mental studies, including in vivo and in vitro models of sepsis, acid-induced colitis, stress-in-
duced gastric mucosal lesions, salycilate-induced skin irritation and liver fibrosis [14–16]. This
natural compound has also been reported to promote vasodilation and hemodynamic effects.
As demonstrated by Kubota and, five years later, by Maruyama; administration of a Green
Propolis-rich diet (0.5%) to Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), during four weeks, re-
duced systemic blood pressure significantly [14,15].
Recently a new type of propolis, named Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) due to its color, was
found in Maceio City (Alagoas state, Northeastern Brazil). This was considered the 13th
type of
propolis, since it is made from a different botanical source (Leguminosae family). Its chemical
composition was characterized by Silva and collaborators [17]. Ethanol extracts of RP was
shown to present antibacterial and anti-parasitic properties; however, possible effects of RP on
blood pressure and on the progression of renal disease, were not yet evaluated. Therefore, the
present study aimed to investigate the effects of RP on the progression of nephropathy associat-
ed to the Nx model. Moreover, we aimed to clarify whether propolis administration would mit-
igate renal inflammation and thereafter the renal function loss on remnant kidney.
Methods
Animals and Surgical Procedure
Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats aged approximately 2 months and weighing 220–250g were
provided by State University of Health Sciences of Alagoas to be included in this study. These
animals were maintained at 22°C, under a 12/12-h light-dark cycle and had free access to
potable water and standard rodent chow (0.5% Na, 22% protein) during all the experimental
protocol. To obtain the Nx model, rats underwent a surgical procedure. The animals were first
anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamin 5% (50 mg/kg) and Xylazin 2%
(0.5 ml/kg), in the ratio of 8:1 and then subjected to a ventral laparotomy. The right kidney
was removed and two-thirds of the left kidney was infarcted, by closing two or three branches
of the left renal artery. Sham-operated rats (S: Used as control groups) underwent anesthesia
and manipulation of the renal pedicles without renal mass reduction. All the experimental
procedures performed in this study were approved by the local Research Ethics Committee
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 2 / 15
3. (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the State University of Health Sciences of
Alagoas—UNCISAL- protocol number 54-A) and were developed in strict conformity with
our institutional guidelines and with international standards for manipulation and care of labo-
ratory animals. All rats were manipulated and weighted daily for monitoring the body weight
gain and their general health condition. Rats in bad condition (reduced mobility, reduced food
and fluid intake) and/or with the weight gain severely stunted (weight loss greater than 20%
lasting more than a week after surgery) were euthanized by an overdose of anesthetic (intraper-
itoneal injection of Ketamin and Xylazin, in the ratio of 8:1, at 4 times the anesthetic dose).
Red Propolis (RP) and Experimental Groups
Chemical composition of alcoholic RP extract employed in this study was: 20% of RP collected
in a mangrove area of Alagoas, in northeastern Brazil; 27% distilled water and 53% ethanol. Ac-
cording to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the main constituents
of RP extract are the isoflavonoids; medicarpin and 3-hidroxy-8, 9-dimethoxypterocarpan;
the latter representing more than 60% of its composition [16]. The animals were distributed
among the following groups: Sham (S, n = 8) and Nx (Nx, n = 11) untreated rats; Sham (S+RP,
n = 8) and Nx (Nx+RP, n = 8) rats treated orally with 150 mg/kg/day of alcoholic RP extract
diluted in drinking water. Water intake was measured daily to keep RP dosages constant. All
groups were followed for a total period of three months.
Experimental studies employing propolis treatment in rodents are very variable regarding
the dosage and route of administration of this compound [13–16]. The dose of 150 mg/kg/day
was established on preliminary experiments as the maximum dose tolerated by animals with-
out growth stunting or deterioration of their general condition. In order to establish this dose,
we performed a pilot study before starting our protocol: A group with 3 Sham and 3 Nx rats
was treated with 250 mg/kg/day of RP and, another group with 3 Sham and 3 Nx rats received
150 mg/kg/day of RP for 30 days by gavage. Additionally, 3 Sham and 3 Nx were kept untreated
and used as controls. The group treated with the higher dose of propolis (250 mg/kg/day) pre-
sented lower body weight when compared to their respective control groups, while rats treated
with 150 mg/kg/day of RP presented body weight values similar to those observed in their re-
spective control groups. No rats died, and no changes in the regular behavior of animals were
observed.
Experimental Protocol
One month after renal ablation, tail-cuff pressure (TCP) and daily urinary protein excretion
(Uprot, mg/24h) were determined for all animals. TCP was determined by an automated
method (LE 5002, Panlab, Spain), after preconditioning (at least twice), under light restraining
and after twenty minutes of warming in a silent room. TCP values were the average of at least
five consecutive measurements obtained after stabilization of signal. At this time, Nx rats with
TCP lower than 145 mmHg and Uprot lower than 50 mg/24h were excluded from the study.
Remaining Nx animals were then divided in two groups (Untreated and RP) in such a way
that the variation of Uprot and TCP did not exceed 6% between the pairs of groups. All animals
were followed for two additional months (treatment period), with daily assessment of body
weight (BW, g), and monthly assessment of Uprot and TCP. At the end of the study, rats
were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Ketamin 5% (50 mg/kg) and Xylazin 2%
(0.5 ml/kg), in the ratio of 8:1, and blood samples were drawn from cardiac puncture for bio-
chemical analysis. The left kidney was then retrogradely perfused in situ with Duboscq-Brazil
solution, after a brief washout with saline to remove blood from renal tissue. After perfusion-
fixation, the kidneys were weighted and two midcoronal slices of kidney were post-fixed in
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 3 / 15
4. buffered 10% formaldehyde solution. Renal tissue was then embedded in paraffin by standard
sequential techniques, for further assessment of glomerular and interstitial injury, as well as for
immunohistochemical analysis.
Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis
For all histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis we employed 4-mm-thick renal
sections; which were initially deparaffinized and rehydrated using standard techniques. To
assess glomerular injury, sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) protocol.
Glomerulosclerosis (GS) was defined as the presence of dense and abundant deposition of
PAS-positive material in the glomerular tuft, leading to occlusion of capillary loops and seg-
mental hyalinization. The GS extent was evaluated by two different methods: 1) Determination
of the percentage of glomeruli exhibiting sclerotic lesions (%GS); 2) Calculation of a GS index
(GSI) for each rat by attributing a score to each glomerulus and computing a weighted average
of these scores, as described previously [14]. For the calculation of either %GS or the GSI, at
least 120 consecutive glomeruli were examined for each rat. The fractional cortical interstitial
area (INT) was evaluated in Masson-stained sections. Twenty-five consecutive pictures of mi-
croscopic fields (at x100 magnification) were evaluated and the renal cortical interstitial area
positively stained by Masson was measured in pixels by image processing software (Image-Pro
Plus 4.5). All histomorphometric evaluations were performed blindly by a single observer. For
immunohistochemical detection of macrophages (ED-1+
) and angiotensin II positive intersti-
tial cells (AII+
), sections underwent antigen retrieval, by steaming for twenty minutes in citrate
buffer (pH = 6.0), followed by endogenous peroxidase and biotin blocking. In order to prevent
nonspecific binding, sections were pre-incubated with 5% normal rabbit/horse serum before
over night incubation with the following primary antibodies; monoclonal mouse anti-rat ED-1
antibody (Serotec, MCA341R), to detect monocytes and macrophages, and polyclonal rabbit
anti-Angiotensin II (Peninsula, T-4007) to detect AII+
cells. Omitting incubation with the pri-
mary antibody was performed as negative control experiments. After washing, sections em-
ployed in the detection of ED-1+
cells were incubated with Dako EnVision+System-HRP
Labelled Polymer Anti-mouse (K4001) and developed with DAB Chromogen System (Dako).
Meanwhile, sections used to detect AII+
cells were incubated with a polyclonal biotinylated
goat anti-rabbit antibody (Vector, BA1000) followed by incubation with the Vectastain
ABC-AP kit (Vector, AK5000) and developed with Permanent Red Substrate-Chromogen
(Dako, K0640). Finally, all slides were counterstained with Mayer’s hemalaum, and covered
with Kaiser’s glycerin–gelatin (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Cortical interstitial macrophages,
as well as angiotensin II positive cells were evaluated by counting the number of ED-1+
or AII+
cells per microscopic field. Twenty-five microscopic fields at x200 magnifications were exam-
ined for each section. Additionally, the extent of macrophage infiltration in glomerulus was
evaluated by counting the number of ED-1 positive cells/glomerulus, in at least, 25 consecutive
glomeruli, also observed under x200 magnification, for each section.
Biochemical analysis and reactive oxygen metabolites production
Serum creatinine (Cr) and potassium (K+
) concentrations were evaluated in arterial blood
samples using commercially available kits. Urinary levels of Tbars were determined using a
thiobarbituric acid assay. In brief, a 0.2-mL urine sample was diluted in 0.8 mL of distilled water.
Immediately thereafter, 1 mL of 17.5% trichloroacetic acid was added. All samples were kept on
ice during this stage. Subsequently, 1 mL of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid (pH = 2) was added, and the
sample was placed in a boiling water bath for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool. We then
added 1 mL of 70% trichloroacetic acid and incubated the mixture for 20 min. The sample was
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 4 / 15
5. then centrifuged for 15 min at 2,000 rpm. The optical density of the supernatant was read at
534 nm against a blank reagent using a spectrophotometer. The quantity of Tbars was calculated
using a molar extinction coefficient of 1.56 × 105
mol−1
/cm−1
and expressed as nmol/24h.
Statistical Analysis
Data was expressed as mean Æ standard deviation (SD). Differences among groups were
analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls posttest using Graph-Pad Prism
(version 5.0). Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05.
Results
In accordance to previous results, thirty days after renal ablation, Nx rats exhibited lower body
weight when compared to S animals. Moreover, Nx rats presented hypertension and increased
proteinuria, and all these differences were statistically significant as shown in Table 1.
There was no mortality in S groups until the end of the study. However, in the untreated Nx
group, the survival rate was only 41%. As can be verified in Table 2, Nx+RP group demonstrat-
ed a 26% higher survival rate compared to untreated Nx animals. During all the experimental
period, Nx rats presented reduced body growth compared to S animals, and the RP treatment
did not changed this parameter (Fig. 1A). Hypertension, as well as proteinuria exhibited by Nx
rats 30 days after renal ablation, did worse in untreated animals by the end of the study (90
days after surgery), as can be seen in Table 2 and Fig. 1. RP treatment significantly reduced
Table 1. Renal and functional parameters observed 30 days after renal ablation, immediately before
starting of treatments (pretreatment).
N BW (g) TCP (mmHg) Uprot (mg/24h)
S 08 293 Æ 33 118 Æ 8 16.7 Æ 6.4
S + RP 08 291 Æ 20 114 Æ 3 17.1 Æ 6.2
Nx 11 265 Æ 27ab
156 Æ 11ab
83.7 Æ 37.4ab
Nx + RP 08 246 Æ 31ab
168 Æ 16ab
99.5 Æ 32.9ab
Values are presented as mean Æ SD. The Number of animals used in each group (N), body weight (BW),
tail cuff pressure (TCP), urinary protein excretion (Uprot).
a
p < 0.05 vs. group S
b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP
c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.t001
Table 2. Renal and functional parameters after 60 days of RP treatment (90 days after renal ablation).
Survival (%) BW (g) TCP (mmHg) Uprot (mg/24h) HW/BW·103
Cr (mg/24h) Tbars (nmol/24h)
S 100 357 Æ 38 118 Æ 2 22.1 Æ 7.6 3.47 Æ 0.33 0.33 Æ 0.15 48 Æ 23
S + RP 100 349 Æ 29 106 Æ 5a
18.1 Æ 3.3 3.63 Æ 0.41 0.28 Æ 0.05 47 Æ 28
Nx 40.7a
309 Æ 33ab
169 Æ 16ab
287.9 Æ 49.6ab
5.20 Æ 0.86ab
2.15 Æ 1.78ab
421 Æ 297ab
Nx + RP 66.7ab
320 Æ 17 151 Æ 16abc
179.3 Æ 60.8abc
4.58 Æ 0.9ab
1.0 Æ 0.5c
275Æ 120abc
Values are presented as mean Æ SD. Percentage of Survival (%), body weight (BW), tail cuff pressure (TCP), urinary protein excretion (Uprot), heart
weight / body weight ratio (HW/BW·103
), serum creatinine concentration (Cr), urinary levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (Tbars).
a
p < 0.05 vs. group S
b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP
c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.t002
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 5 / 15
6. TCP in both S and Nx animals, and partially prevented the progression of proteinuria in
Nx+RP rats, after 60 days of administration. Heart weight was analyzed at the end of the study,
after the procedure of perfusion-fixation. In accordance with the behavior of systemic blood
pressure, Nx rats exhibited increased heart weight / body weight ratio when compared to S
groups. RP treatment partially prevented the heart hypertrophy in the Nx+RP group; however,
this effect was not statistically significant (Table 2).
One of the main features of renal ablation model is the glomerular structural and functional
deterioration. Accordingly, Nx untreated rats presented elevated serum creatinine concentra-
tion, as well as increased percentage of sclerotic glomeruli and high index of glomerulosclero-
sis, as represented in tables 2 and 3 and Figs. 2A, 3A and 4A/B. Both renal function loss and
structural glomerular damage were significantly attenuated by RP treatment. Moreover, serum
creatinine concentration levels of Nx+RP group did not differ statistically from those presented
by S groups.
Renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis are some of the histopathological features
commonly observed in the Nx model. In the present study, we evaluate cortical interstitial ex-
pansion as positive Masson staining area, which is demonstrated in table 3 and illustrated in
Figure 1. Time course of body weight (A), tail-cuff pressure (B) and proteinuria (C). S (open circles),
S+RP (filled circles), Nx (open squares) and Nx+RP (filled squares). Comparisons were performed only
between groups in the same analysis times. a
p < 0.05 vs. group S, b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP, c
p < 0.05 vs.
group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.g001
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 6 / 15
7. Fig. 3B. The quantification of this parameter (Fig. 4C) showed increased interstitial area in un-
treated Nx group. RP treatment partially prevented the progression of renal fibrosis, which was
significantly lower in Nx+RP rats compared to Nx animals. In order to investigate interstitial
and glomerular inflammation we performed immunohistochemical analysis for ED-1 and AII
Table 3. Histological parameters after 60 days of RP treatment (90 days after renal ablation).
GS (%) IG (index) INT (pixels) ED-1 (+
cells/field) ED-1 (+
cells/glomerulus) AII (+
cells/field)
S 0.45 Æ 0.3 6.1 Æ 0.1 820 Æ 43 0.67 Æ 1.4 0.28 Æ 0.1 0.14 Æ 0.08
S + RP 0.45 Æ 0.3 6.1 Æ 0.1 815 Æ 58 0.60 Æ 1.0 0.38 Æ 0.1 0.04 Æ 0.02
Nx 64.8 Æ 17.9ab
173 Æ 34ab
2808 Æ 330ab
8.14 Æ 3.3ab
3.28 Æ 1.7ab
0.43 Æ 0.16b
Nx + RP 31.1 Æ 25.1abc
87.3 Æ 69.7abc
1853 Æ 416abc
5.18 Æ 2.1abc
1.28 Æ 0.5abc
0.19 Æ 0.08
Values are presented as mean Æ SD. Percentage of Sclerotic glomeruli (GS%), Glomerulosclerosis Index (IG) Masson positive cortical interstitial area
(INT), interstitial and glomerular macrophage infiltration (ED-1) and interstitial cells positive to angiotensin II (AII).
a
p < 0.05 vs. group S
b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP
c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.t003
Figure 2. Renal function and reactive oxygen metabolites after 60 days of RP treatment (90 days after
renal ablation). Bar graphs of serum creatinine concentration (A) and urinary levels of reactive oxygen
metabolites Tbars (B). S (open circles), S+RP (filled circles), Nx (open squares) and Nx+RP (filled squares).
a
p < 0.05 vs. group S, b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP, c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.g002
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 7 / 15
8. positive cells (Table 3 and Fig. 3). Both interstitial and glomerular renal compartments pre-
sented high macrophage infiltration in untreated Nx animals when compared to S group. Once
more, RP treatment partially prevented renal inflammation. Nx+RP group showed significant-
ly less macrophage infiltration than untreated Nx rats. Additionally, immunohistochemical
analysis detected also the presence of AII+
cells in the renal interstitium of NX animals, howev-
er, RP treatment did not significantly changed this parameter (Fig. 5).
We verified a possible antioxidant response of Nx animals to RP treatment by measuring
the urinary concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites (Tbars) in all groups by the end of the
study. As shown in Fig. 2, both untreated and RP treated rats exhibited elevated urinary levels
of Tbars. However, RP treatment promoted a significant reduction of Tbars excretion in
Nx+RP rats when compared to untreated group. All individual results obtained in this study
and necessary to replicate our statistical analysis were provided as S1 Table.
Figure 3. Representative panel of histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microphotographies of: PAS staining, to assessment of glomerular
lesions (A), Trichromic Masson staining, to evaluate interstitial expansion (B), ED-1 immunohistochemistry, to analyze macrophage infiltration in the
interstitial area (C) and in the glomeruli (D), and AII immunohistochemistry, to evaluate the presence of renal cortical interstitial cells positive to AII (E).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.g003
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 8 / 15
9. Discussion
Corroborating previous studies after 30 days of renal ablation, Nx animals exhibited hyperten-
sion and elevated proteinuria, suggesting that RP treatment was initiated when Nx animals al-
ready presented a well established CKD process [5,6,18]. We demonstrated that RP treatment
reduced blood pressure levels, partially prevented the progression of proteinuria and attenuate
renal function loss and histological damage in the remnant kidney. These findings were accom-
panied by reduction of renal cortical macrophage infiltration and decrease of urinary Tbars
excretion.
Figure 4. Histological parameters after 60 days of RP treatment (90 days after renal ablation). Bar
graphs of glomerulosclerosis index (A), percentage of sclerotic glomeruli (B) and interstitial expansion (C).
a
p < 0.05 vs. group S, b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP, c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.g004
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 9 / 15
10. We believe that studies employing propolis as a potential treatment in nephropathies have
been discouraged due to the description of sporadic reports of acute nephrotoxicity caused by
this drug, probably mediated by immunoallergic mechanisms [19]. Moreover, it is well known
that some of the most employed drugs in the battle against CKD progression (ACE inhibitors,
AT1R blockers) can, controversially, cause acute kidney injury due to interstitial nephritis or
hemodynamic mechanisms in some situations [20]. Propolis was already shown to present an-
tihypertensive effects in previous studies employing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
[14–16,21]. This natural compound also exhibited hypoglycemiant properties and other meta-
bolic effects in experimental models of diabetes [22–24]. However, no one of these mentioned
studies explored the potential renoprotective effects of propolis. To the best of our knowledge
this is the first study to address the possible protective effect of RP in a CKD model. Biological
properties of propolis are still unclear and may depend on its chemical composition, which
varies especially regarding to the polyphenols, according to the region where it is produced [13].
This diversity depends on local factors such as vegetation and the types of bees that produce it
[25,26]. Recently, Silva et al characterized by HPLC the main constituents of RP we used in our
study. In this analysis; medicarpin isoflavones and 3-Hydroxy-8, 9-dimethoxypterocarpan
were mainly found, the latter, accounting for 60% of the constitution of the compound [17].
Unfortunately, the individual activity of RP components was not evaluated. Therefore, it was not
clarified if one of them could achieve the same effect if tested alone.
There is abundant evidence that blood pressure control is one of the most effective strategies
to prevent the progression of chronic nephropathies [27–29]. Lower blood pressure leads to
less proteinuria and less glomerular damage in both humans and experimental models of CKD
[27–31]. Effectively, the significant decrease of systemic blood pressure promoted by RP treat-
ment may have contributed to the reduction of proteinuria and renal damage observed in Nx
+RP animals. The mechanism by which propolis reduces blood pressure is still unclear. Kubota
et al, using aorta of SHR suggest that the hypotensive effect caused by propolis may be mediat-
ed by acetylcholine vasodilation action [16]. Whereas, Mishima et al demonstrated a significant
reduction in blood pressure of SHR when treated with propolis extracts rich in caffeoylquinic
acids [21]. In another study using isolated rat aorta, Cicala et al demonstrated that the addition
of caffeic acid, a major component of propolis found in Asia and Europe, inhibited the vaso-
constrictor response to phenylephrine and potassium chloride [32]. Propolis flavonoids deriva-
tives as dihydrokaempferide, betuletol and especially isosakuranetin, also demonstrate
antihypertensive effect in SHR [14,15]. However, it is noteworthy that in SHR, the most widely
used model of essential hypertension, there is scarce glomerular and interstitial lesion
Figure 5. Immunohistochemical analysis after 60 days of RP treatment (90 days after renal ablation). Bar graphs of interstitial (A) and glomerular (B)
macrophage infiltration, and AII positive interstitial cells (C) a
p < 0.05 vs. group S, b
p < 0.05 vs. group S+RP, c
p < 0.05 vs. group Nx.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535.g005
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 10 / 15
11. compared to remnant kidney [14,15]. The Nx model, on the other hand, is characterized by sig-
nificant renal damage, with resistant hypertension, rising proteinuria, severe glomerulosclero-
sis, interstitial fibrosis and progressive renal function loss [7,8,10,18]. The sustained reduction
in blood pressure levels of Nx+RP animals reinforce the significant antihypertensive effect of
propolis. Although it remains unclear whether the lowered blood pressure was a cause or a con-
sequence of renoprotection, we also observed a significant reduction of this parameter in S ani-
mals treated with RP (control group). This suggests that the antihypertensive mechanism of
propolis was not exclusively dependent on the preservation of renal function.
The role of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and hy-
pertension has been strongly suggested [5–8]. The presence of lymphocyte and macrophage in-
filtration in the renal tissue is a constant finding in a variety of nephropathies [18,27,34,36]. As
expected, we observed a significant increase in the expression of macrophages in both intersti-
tial and glomerular renal compartments in the Nx group. RP treatment reduced significantly
this parameter. Previous evidence demonstrated that treatment of Nx rats with the anti-inflam-
matory nitroflurbiprofen reduces urinary albumin excretion, macrophage infiltration and glo-
merulosclerosis without any effect on blood pressure [6]. In turn, Utimura et al reported that
the use of mycophenolate mofetil, an anti-inflammatory drug, reduced proteinuria and glomer-
ular sclerosis in experimental diabetic nephropathy, with no changes in systemic blood pres-
sure [7].
Oxidative stress is also considered an important pathway in the progression of CKD
[9,30,31,33,35]. It has already been shown that the use of antioxidant drugs can exert
renoprotective effects in experimental studies [37–39]. The antioxidant potential of propolis
has been amply demonstrated [25–27,40,41]. Tohamy et al, using a model of cisplatin
nephrotoxicity, in which the production of catalase and glutathione in the renal tissue is signifi-
cantly reduced, demonstrated that propolis treatment reestablished the production of these
endogenous antioxidant enzymes [42]. Additionally, it was recently shown that propolis
administration reduced plasma malondialdehyde production in the renal tissue of
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [43]. We demonstrated a significant reduction in urinary
Tbars excretion, a biochemical lipid peroxidation marker, in Nx animals treated with RP. This
finding strongly suggests that RP extracts exhibit potent antioxidant properties and it may
have contributed to anti-inflammatory response achieved in this CKD model.
Previous observations also suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of
hypertension [35,44–46]. One of the proposed mechanisms is the interaction between oxidative
stress and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). According to this theory, mesan-
gial cells stimulated with angiotensin II (AII) could produce superoxide anions [45]. In this
context, the use of inhibitors of the RAAS could reduce the production of reactive oxygen spe-
cies (ROS) [47,48]. In this direction, Banday and Lokhandwala demonstrated that mice treated
with an oxidizing agent, develop hypertension and increased expression of AT-1 receptors in
the proximal tubules. These authors also demonstrated that the use of the oxidizing agent sen-
sitizes the cells of proximal tubules to the effects of AII, particularly increased expression of so-
dium transporters [49]. In our study, RP treatment promoted a slight reduction in the number
of renal cortical interstitial cells positive to AII, in both S and Nx animals. However, this results
was not statistically significant.
It is hard to determine whether RP promoted a reduction in blood pressure and this hemo-
dynamic effect was the responsible for reduced glomerular damage and interstitial inflamma-
tion in the renal parenchyma, or if the anti inflammatory and antioxidant effects of RP limited
the hemodynamic changes in Nx model. As extensively demonstrated by Zatz R and Fujihara
CK, glomerular hypertension is one of the most deleterious injury to kidneys in a variety of ex-
perimental models of CKD such as diabetic nephropathy, and the Nx model [6,7]. There are
Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0116535 January 21, 2015 11 / 15
12. abundant evidences that blood pressure control is one of the most effective strategies to prevent
the progression of chronic nephropathies. Lower blood pressure leads to less proteinuria and
less glomerular damage in both humans and experimental models of CKD. Effectively, the sig-
nificant decrease of systemic blood pressure promoted by RP treatment may have contributed
to the reduction of proteinuria and renal damage observed in Nx+RP animals. However, due to
some limitations of our study such as the lack of glomerular capillary blood pressure (PGC)
analysis and the absence of a pressoric control Nx group (Nx rats treated only with antihyper-
tensive drugs to achieve systolic blood pressure values similar to those obtained with RP treat-
ment) it is not possible to evaluate the isolated influence of blood pressure control in the
renoprotection observed in NX+RP animals. To clarify the specific mechanisms of RP in the
development and evolution of CKD, further sectional studies, in which temporal analysis of
both hemodynamic and inflammatory factors could be carried out, are strongly required.
It is important to observe that renal protection achieved with RP treatment in Nx rats was
only partial, since the levels of proteinuria stabilized, but did not reduce to normal levels, as
well as creatinine retention and other histological parameters. However, as exposed before, the
5/6 renal ablation can be considered a severe CKD model, and even treatments with drugs al-
ready established in combating hypertension and proteinuria as Losartan or Enalapril also fail
to completely inhibit the progression of CKD in Nx rats when in monotherapy. [18,28].
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of Red Propolis reduced, at least partially, hypertension, proteinuria and
serum creatinine retention in the Nx animals, as well as the glomerular damage and interstitial
expansion. These findings were accompanied by a reduction in macrophage infiltration and
oxidative stress. It was the first time that RP renoprotective effects have been demonstrated in a
severe CKD model. This renoprotection might be related to the reduction of renal inflamma-
tion and oxidative stress. However, additional studies are required to completely clarify the
mechanisms by which RP exerts its benefic effects.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Individual results obtained from each rat included in the study. Values represent
the individual measures obtained from each animal in each evaluated parameter. The acro-
nyms of experimental groups (S, S+RP, NX, NX+RP) are in red, in the top of the second col-
umn. The numbers in bold below each acronym are the rats identification. SD: standard
deviation, SE: standard error and N: number of animals analyzed regarding each parameter.
(XLS)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: FT CF HOC ZP. Performed the experiments: FT
TMS FPCJ VHH APFB SGO HOC CF. Analyzed the data: FT TMS FPCJ VHH APFB SGO
HOC CF ZP ABL RLB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FT HOC SGO. Wrote
the paper: FT CF ABL RLB.
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