The document reviews the chemical diversity and biological activity of volatile compounds found in propolis, a resinous material collected by bees. Propolis composition varies significantly based on the local plant sources used by bees. Studies have identified many different volatile compounds in propolis samples from around the world. Major constituents include terpenes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, acids, and esters. Sesquiterpenes predominate in European propolis, while other regions contain compounds like monoterpenes, aldehydes, and alkanes. Volatiles contribute to propolis aroma and biological properties like antibacterial activity. Further research on propolis volatiles from additional locations could reveal
This document reviews the potential uses of propolis in maintaining oral health and treating various dental conditions. It discusses how propolis has been shown to help reduce bacteria associated with dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. The document also explores how propolis may be useful in treating oral mucosa infections like herpes and aphthous ulcers. It examines research on using propolis in oral surgery, orthodontics, and restorative dentistry procedures. The review evaluates studies investigating the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative properties of propolis as related to different areas of dentistry.
Lemongrass extract was tested as a natural insect repellent. Two candies were observed, one treated with lemongrass extract and one without. After 20 minutes, many more ants approached the untreated candy compared to the lemongrass-treated candy, which few ants approached. This suggests that lemongrass extract is an effective natural insect repellent, likely due to its citral and citronella content, which have been shown to repel insects.
Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit peeliosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
The effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect repellentJohn Daniel Gumban
This study investigated the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a natural insect repellent. The researcher extracted lemon grass's natural oils and compounds using steam distillation. Two candies were observed - one treated with lemon grass extract and one without. After 14 minutes, ants approached the untreated candy but ignored the candy with lemon grass extract. The results showed that lemon grass is an effective natural insect repellent due to compounds like citral and citronella that repel insects.
Rotenone is a natural pesticide extracted from the roots and stems of several tropical plant species. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, which inhibits ATP production and creates reactive oxygen species. Rotenone has been used historically by indigenous groups to catch fish and is also used as an insecticide, though it is toxic to aquatic life and insects. While mildly toxic to humans, rotenone poisoning can be fatal with high doses and it degrades when exposed to sunlight.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
Rotenone is a naturally occurring pesticide extracted from plant roots and stems. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, inhibiting energy production and creating reactive oxygen species. Rotenone is highly toxic to aquatic life and insects but only mildly toxic to humans. It has been used historically as a pesticide and piscicide by indigenous groups and is still used commercially and privately in some applications.
This document reviews the potential uses of propolis in maintaining oral health and treating various dental conditions. It discusses how propolis has been shown to help reduce bacteria associated with dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. The document also explores how propolis may be useful in treating oral mucosa infections like herpes and aphthous ulcers. It examines research on using propolis in oral surgery, orthodontics, and restorative dentistry procedures. The review evaluates studies investigating the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative properties of propolis as related to different areas of dentistry.
Lemongrass extract was tested as a natural insect repellent. Two candies were observed, one treated with lemongrass extract and one without. After 20 minutes, many more ants approached the untreated candy compared to the lemongrass-treated candy, which few ants approached. This suggests that lemongrass extract is an effective natural insect repellent, likely due to its citral and citronella content, which have been shown to repel insects.
Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit peeliosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
The effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect repellentJohn Daniel Gumban
This study investigated the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a natural insect repellent. The researcher extracted lemon grass's natural oils and compounds using steam distillation. Two candies were observed - one treated with lemon grass extract and one without. After 14 minutes, ants approached the untreated candy but ignored the candy with lemon grass extract. The results showed that lemon grass is an effective natural insect repellent due to compounds like citral and citronella that repel insects.
Rotenone is a natural pesticide extracted from the roots and stems of several tropical plant species. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, which inhibits ATP production and creates reactive oxygen species. Rotenone has been used historically by indigenous groups to catch fish and is also used as an insecticide, though it is toxic to aquatic life and insects. While mildly toxic to humans, rotenone poisoning can be fatal with high doses and it degrades when exposed to sunlight.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
Rotenone is a naturally occurring pesticide extracted from plant roots and stems. It works by interfering with electron transport in mitochondria, inhibiting energy production and creating reactive oxygen species. Rotenone is highly toxic to aquatic life and insects but only mildly toxic to humans. It has been used historically as a pesticide and piscicide by indigenous groups and is still used commercially and privately in some applications.
Extraction and Antistaphylococcal Study of the Essential Oil of Origanum vulg...Nora Mahfouf
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil from Guelma, Algeria against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The essential oil was extracted from oregano leaves through hydrodistillation and analyzed. Its antibacterial activity was tested against 8 clinical MRSA isolates using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The oregano essential oil showed strong bactericidal effects against most bacterial strains, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 9.9-31.9 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.314-0.628 mg/ml. These results suggest that oregano essential oil may be useful as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
“EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM EXTRACT IN ELIMINA...Manong Inday
This document summarizes a research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in eliminating American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). The study introduces American cockroaches as a common pest and discusses using Makabuhay stem extract as a potential natural alternative to commercial pesticides. The conceptual framework outlines that the study will test different concentrations of Makabuhay extract on cockroaches to analyze its effects on mortality rates. A literature review covers related studies on natural pest control methods.
RESEARCH IN ESSENTIAL OILS: THE CASE OF OREGANONora Mahfouf
The plant of oregano can be used as a natural source of antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation of foods and to minimize oxidative damage to living cells.
A review of the history, research and clinical studies conducted with Propolair propolis vaporizers and diffusers. Manufactured by the Italian company, Kontak, it was invented by a beekeeper to aid those with respiratory ailments.
Clinical studies confirm its antibacterial effectiveness, as well as its capacity to clean the air of carcinogenic pollutants.
New research reveals it possesses the richest flavonoid content of important phenolic acids and compounds in this unique blend of Italian propolis. To date, these units are used in clinics, nurseries, hospitals, offices and homes around the world.
This document summarizes a research report assessing the effectiveness of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon) for water purification. The study examined the potency of lemon grass oil in destroying bacteria in water at different dose levels and contact times against the standard chlorine disinfectant. Water samples were treated with either 2ml or 4ml of lemon grass oil or chlorine for 10 or 30 minutes. Results showed that at 2ml/10mins, chlorine was more effective at reducing bacterial load, but at 4ml/30mins there was no significant difference between chlorine and lemon grass oil. The study concluded that lemon grass oil can effectively reduce bacterial load in water, especially at higher concentrations and longer contact times.
The document discusses essential oils as potential insecticidal agents for protecting stored products. It provides background on stored product pests and current control methods using synthetic pesticides. Essential oils from various plant species have been screened for insecticidal activity against stored product insects. Studies found that essential oils from Chrysanthemum coronarium and Salvia veneris showed high insecticidal activity against Sitophilus granarius in screening tests. Further research is needed to develop essential oils as natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for stored product protection.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Potency of Nanopropolis Stinglessbee Trigona spp Indonesia as Antibacterial A...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document outlines the course programme for a 5-day course on plant biodiversity and health held from July 18-22, 2011. The course will include presentations, practical laboratory activities, and field trips. On the first day, students will learn about aromatic plant biodiversity and essential oil isolation through distillation and chromatography. They will also study essential oil structures. The second day includes a field trip to Montseny Biosphere Reserve to observe different plant communities and medicinal plants. Later days involve workshops, laboratory activities to detect plant compounds, and visits to companies using medicinal plants or producing fragrances. The objectives are to learn about medicinal plant biodiversity and its roles in traditional medicine, health care, and industry.
The document discusses terpenes and terpenoids. It defines terpenes as hydrocarbons found in plant essential oils and terpenoids as a subclass of prenyl lipids that represent the oldest group of small molecules synthesized by plants. Terpenoids are derived from isoprene units and are universally present in small amounts playing vital roles in plant physiology and cellular membranes. They display a large diversity that may be due to ecological factors playing an evolutionary role. The document then classifies and provides examples of different types of terpenoids including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterpenoids, triterpenoids, and others. It also discusses terpene biosynthesis and
Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Mic...ijtsrd
Dyes and dyestuffs find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting substances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular fabric based compounds, into the environment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating textile wastewater has attracted interest. Within this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which diverse categories of microorganisms, such as the white rot fungi and anaerobic bacterial consortia, bring about the degradation of dyestuffs. Rapid industrialization has given rise to various unwanted elements that accumulated in the biosphere up to toxic levels to degrade the natural environment. Scientific developments are considered as key factors for progress of both developing and under developed countries, but unfortunately, most of the industries in these countries do not have proper waste treatment facilities and releasing a large quantity of effluents. A majority of xenobiotics either untreated or partially treated released from industries are mixed up with the natural water bodies and to the soil of the biosphere. Untreated or partially treated textile effluents are highly toxic, as they contain a large number of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The problem of water pollution due to the discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies was witnessed by western countries in 19th century and also in India after independence Rekha Soni "Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Microbes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38360.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38360/degradation-of-industrial-fabric-dyes-used-in-sanganer-area-by-endophytic-microbes/rekha-soni
This document summarizes synthetic pyrethroids, a class of insecticides. It begins by classifying all insecticides and noting where synthetic pyrethroids fall. It then compares natural pyrethrins to synthetic pyrethroids. Examples of major synthetic pyrethroids are provided, along with their formulations and target insects. The document discusses the extraction of natural pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers and the modes of action of synthetic pyrethroids. It concludes with symptoms of poisoning and examples of common synthetic pyrethroid compounds.
This document provides background information on bacteria, bacterial infections, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. It then discusses tannins and their presence in various plants, including Bauhinia malabarica. The summary is as follows:
Bacteria commonly cause human infections that are usually treated with antibiotics. However, antibiotic resistance has become a concern. Plants like B. malabarica contain compounds like tannins that have antibacterial properties and are being studied. B. malabarica grows in the Philippines and contains tannins, which are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. Tannins have various nutritional and medicinal uses. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of B. malabarica tann
Bee venom protects kidneys from cancer drug toxicityBee Healthy Farms
This study is good news for those receiving cancer treatment from a potent anticancer drug, Cisplatin, known to damage the kidneys. The results with mice found bee venom provided protection for the kidneys against the drug's negative side effects.
Propolis with its active component CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) stops breast cancer cell growth. These results of CAPE are present in the naturopathic formulation
of propolis, a widely available natural substance with an extended safety record, making it a naturally-occurring and readily available epigenetic agent with great potential in breast cancer and oncology in general. The ability to link the biological effects of a naturopathic remedy to the pharmacologic effects seen with an exciting class of drugs in the treatment of cancer opens the door to a host of new therapeutic opportunities for patients.
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
This document contains a list of various articles of clothing including t-shirts, hats, shorts, skirts, socks, shoes, ties, shirts, dresses, trousers, pajamas, swimsuits, gloves, mittens, coats, jeans, waistcoats, suits, sweaters, jackets, vests, overalls, raincoats, uniforms, gloves, scarves, boots, and sandals.
Extraction and Antistaphylococcal Study of the Essential Oil of Origanum vulg...Nora Mahfouf
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil from Guelma, Algeria against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The essential oil was extracted from oregano leaves through hydrodistillation and analyzed. Its antibacterial activity was tested against 8 clinical MRSA isolates using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The oregano essential oil showed strong bactericidal effects against most bacterial strains, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 9.9-31.9 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.314-0.628 mg/ml. These results suggest that oregano essential oil may be useful as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
“EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM EXTRACT IN ELIMINA...Manong Inday
This document summarizes a research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in eliminating American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). The study introduces American cockroaches as a common pest and discusses using Makabuhay stem extract as a potential natural alternative to commercial pesticides. The conceptual framework outlines that the study will test different concentrations of Makabuhay extract on cockroaches to analyze its effects on mortality rates. A literature review covers related studies on natural pest control methods.
RESEARCH IN ESSENTIAL OILS: THE CASE OF OREGANONora Mahfouf
The plant of oregano can be used as a natural source of antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation of foods and to minimize oxidative damage to living cells.
A review of the history, research and clinical studies conducted with Propolair propolis vaporizers and diffusers. Manufactured by the Italian company, Kontak, it was invented by a beekeeper to aid those with respiratory ailments.
Clinical studies confirm its antibacterial effectiveness, as well as its capacity to clean the air of carcinogenic pollutants.
New research reveals it possesses the richest flavonoid content of important phenolic acids and compounds in this unique blend of Italian propolis. To date, these units are used in clinics, nurseries, hospitals, offices and homes around the world.
This document summarizes a research report assessing the effectiveness of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon) for water purification. The study examined the potency of lemon grass oil in destroying bacteria in water at different dose levels and contact times against the standard chlorine disinfectant. Water samples were treated with either 2ml or 4ml of lemon grass oil or chlorine for 10 or 30 minutes. Results showed that at 2ml/10mins, chlorine was more effective at reducing bacterial load, but at 4ml/30mins there was no significant difference between chlorine and lemon grass oil. The study concluded that lemon grass oil can effectively reduce bacterial load in water, especially at higher concentrations and longer contact times.
The document discusses essential oils as potential insecticidal agents for protecting stored products. It provides background on stored product pests and current control methods using synthetic pesticides. Essential oils from various plant species have been screened for insecticidal activity against stored product insects. Studies found that essential oils from Chrysanthemum coronarium and Salvia veneris showed high insecticidal activity against Sitophilus granarius in screening tests. Further research is needed to develop essential oils as natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for stored product protection.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Potency of Nanopropolis Stinglessbee Trigona spp Indonesia as Antibacterial A...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document outlines the course programme for a 5-day course on plant biodiversity and health held from July 18-22, 2011. The course will include presentations, practical laboratory activities, and field trips. On the first day, students will learn about aromatic plant biodiversity and essential oil isolation through distillation and chromatography. They will also study essential oil structures. The second day includes a field trip to Montseny Biosphere Reserve to observe different plant communities and medicinal plants. Later days involve workshops, laboratory activities to detect plant compounds, and visits to companies using medicinal plants or producing fragrances. The objectives are to learn about medicinal plant biodiversity and its roles in traditional medicine, health care, and industry.
The document discusses terpenes and terpenoids. It defines terpenes as hydrocarbons found in plant essential oils and terpenoids as a subclass of prenyl lipids that represent the oldest group of small molecules synthesized by plants. Terpenoids are derived from isoprene units and are universally present in small amounts playing vital roles in plant physiology and cellular membranes. They display a large diversity that may be due to ecological factors playing an evolutionary role. The document then classifies and provides examples of different types of terpenoids including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterpenoids, triterpenoids, and others. It also discusses terpene biosynthesis and
Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Mic...ijtsrd
Dyes and dyestuffs find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting substances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular fabric based compounds, into the environment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating textile wastewater has attracted interest. Within this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which diverse categories of microorganisms, such as the white rot fungi and anaerobic bacterial consortia, bring about the degradation of dyestuffs. Rapid industrialization has given rise to various unwanted elements that accumulated in the biosphere up to toxic levels to degrade the natural environment. Scientific developments are considered as key factors for progress of both developing and under developed countries, but unfortunately, most of the industries in these countries do not have proper waste treatment facilities and releasing a large quantity of effluents. A majority of xenobiotics either untreated or partially treated released from industries are mixed up with the natural water bodies and to the soil of the biosphere. Untreated or partially treated textile effluents are highly toxic, as they contain a large number of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The problem of water pollution due to the discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies was witnessed by western countries in 19th century and also in India after independence Rekha Soni "Degradation of Industrial Fabric Dyes used in Sanganer Area by Endophytic Microbes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38360.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38360/degradation-of-industrial-fabric-dyes-used-in-sanganer-area-by-endophytic-microbes/rekha-soni
This document summarizes synthetic pyrethroids, a class of insecticides. It begins by classifying all insecticides and noting where synthetic pyrethroids fall. It then compares natural pyrethrins to synthetic pyrethroids. Examples of major synthetic pyrethroids are provided, along with their formulations and target insects. The document discusses the extraction of natural pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers and the modes of action of synthetic pyrethroids. It concludes with symptoms of poisoning and examples of common synthetic pyrethroid compounds.
This document provides background information on bacteria, bacterial infections, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. It then discusses tannins and their presence in various plants, including Bauhinia malabarica. The summary is as follows:
Bacteria commonly cause human infections that are usually treated with antibiotics. However, antibiotic resistance has become a concern. Plants like B. malabarica contain compounds like tannins that have antibacterial properties and are being studied. B. malabarica grows in the Philippines and contains tannins, which are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. Tannins have various nutritional and medicinal uses. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of B. malabarica tann
Bee venom protects kidneys from cancer drug toxicityBee Healthy Farms
This study is good news for those receiving cancer treatment from a potent anticancer drug, Cisplatin, known to damage the kidneys. The results with mice found bee venom provided protection for the kidneys against the drug's negative side effects.
Propolis with its active component CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) stops breast cancer cell growth. These results of CAPE are present in the naturopathic formulation
of propolis, a widely available natural substance with an extended safety record, making it a naturally-occurring and readily available epigenetic agent with great potential in breast cancer and oncology in general. The ability to link the biological effects of a naturopathic remedy to the pharmacologic effects seen with an exciting class of drugs in the treatment of cancer opens the door to a host of new therapeutic opportunities for patients.
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
This document contains a list of various articles of clothing including t-shirts, hats, shorts, skirts, socks, shoes, ties, shirts, dresses, trousers, pajamas, swimsuits, gloves, mittens, coats, jeans, waistcoats, suits, sweaters, jackets, vests, overalls, raincoats, uniforms, gloves, scarves, boots, and sandals.
This was a double blind randomized clinical trial, conducted on adult patients during a 6-year period from 2003 to 2009. Included in this study were 84 adult participants that had
experienced PPC (persistent post-infectious coughs) longer than 3 weeks. All of them had the history of several referrals to different physicians and despite treatment, their cough had persisted.
Comparing the effectiveness of all three treatment regimens, this study found "honey with coffee" as the most effective treatment modality for PPC (P<0.001). Combination of honey and coffee can successfully treat the PPC at a short time. Thus, it is recommended for the treatment of PPC.
Propolis as an adjuvant in the treatment of Chronic PeriodontitisBee Healthy Farms
Periodontitis has multifactorial causes with the primary being pathogenic bacteria that reside in the subgingival area and possess potent mechanisms of damaging host defences. Inflammatory responses triggered in response to periodontal pathogens are the major events responsible for periodontal destruction.
Propolis has been used for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and pulpitis. Studies on propolis applications have increased because of its therapeutic and biological properties. A study evaluated the antibacterial action of propolis against certain anaerobic oral pathogens and found it to be very effective.
Antioxidant Activity and Biological Effects of Propolis ExplainedBee Healthy Farms
A thorough summary by Polish researchers of the magnificent properties of propolis. As stated below, "despite its variety, it is always highly biologically active". With over 300 compounds there are many applications in treating and preventing chronic diseases. Properties include: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, cardiovascular effects, estrogenic effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-HIV activity and reparative-regenerative effects.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Bee pollen contains nutrients and antioxidants like phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Its chemical composition and antioxidant properties depend on its botanical and geographical origin, as pollen collected by bees comes from the plants in the area. Studies show pollen has significant antioxidant activity due to these compounds, though the amount can vary greatly between pollen from different plant species and regions. The antioxidant capacity is often used to measure a pollen's antioxidant potential, and is influenced primarily by its botanical source. Microscopic analysis of pollen grains is used to determine the plant species bees collected pollen from.
This document reviews the functional and biological properties of various bee products as tested in cell and animal studies. It finds that all bee products have antimicrobial properties useful for fighting infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Honey and propolis are the two most potent antimicrobial bee products. All bee products also have antioxidant properties that help prevent oxidative stress and chronic disease. Propolis is the strongest antioxidant, followed by pollen and honey. Finally, all bee products demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, useful for countering chronic diseases caused by inflammation, though bee venom is the most powerful anti-inflammatory product.
Apitherapeutic products in the prevention and treatment of.pptxLadislau Rosenberg
Apitherapy is part of integrative medicine and offer a lot possibilities in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Between bee products, propolis is one of the most important raw material, which is largely used for the preparation of tincture, extracts and othe apitherapeutic medicines. with good benefits in therapy
BEE PROPOLIS (BEE’S GLUE): A PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWAdil Farooq Wali
Propolis, also called ‘Bee glue’, is resinous material collected by Bees from flowers, buds, and exudates of plants. Literature survey were conducted using different electronic databases, like PubMed, Scifinder, and Indian scientific database. The phytoconstituents composition in the Bee Propolis varies and depends upon the flora in the location; more than 500 compounds have been isolated and identified till now. They belong to such assorted chemical classes as polyphenols like, phenylpropanoids, chalcone, terpenenes, lignans, coumarins, aromatic acids and their esters. This current review is an attempt to compile data, which will give information of constituents present in Propolis.
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Sporopollenin- nature, properties and usesdathan cs
Sporopollenin is a highly resistant organic polymer that makes up the outer wall of pollen grains and spores. It is very stable over geological timescales, allowing pollen recovered from sediments to be used for palynology research to study past plant and fungal populations. Sporopollenin's chemical inertness also makes it useful for drug delivery and detoxification applications by binding to toxins and chemicals. It has a complex structure and composition that allows it to take on these important functions in nature, medicine, and research.
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows identification of plant taxa from pollen morphology.
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows detailed study of size, shape, and ornamentation for identification and classification.
Chemical signals and cues have been shown to play an outstanding role in intraspecific and interspecific communication systems within and outside of a bumble bee colony. In the present review we compile and critically assess the literature on the chemical ecology of bumble bees, including cuckoo bumble bees
Communication in Insects.
Classification of Semiochemicals.
Introduction to Insect Pheromones.
Uses of Insect Pheromones.
Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.
Use of pheromones in insect pest management.
Pheromones synthesis perception and reception in insectsRavindrenAgri
This document discusses pheromones in insects, including their synthesis, perception, and reception. It describes that pheromones are chemicals secreted by insects that elicit responses in other insects of the same species. They are classified as intraspecific or interspecific semiochemicals. The document outlines the major types of pheromones in insects and details their biosynthesis, locations of production, chemical characteristics, and roles in communication. It also examines pheromone perception via chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons, as well as the involvement of pheromone binding proteins.
Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that encompass several classes structurally diverse of natural products biogenetically arising from the shikimate-phenylpropanoids-flavonoids pathways. Plants need phenolic compounds for pigmentation, growth, reproduction, resistance to pathogens and for many other functions. Therefore, they represent adaptive characters that have been subjected to natural selection during evolution. Plants synthesize a greater array of secondary compounds than animals because they cannot rely on physical mobility to escape their predators and have therefore evolved a chemical defence against such predators. This article, after a short review of plant phenols and polyphenols as UV sunscreens, signal compounds, pigments, internal physiological regulators or chemical messengers, examines some findings in chemical ecology concerning the role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and phytophagous insects.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Similar to Propolis Volatile Compounds - Review of its Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity (20)
Voici une reference pour les plantes, les arbustes et les arbes qui donne le nectar et pollen necessaire pour les abeilles.
A listing of plants, bushes and trees that are rich in nectar and pollen for bees.
Naturopathic Air Purification - Holistic Healing with PropolisBee Healthy Farms
A naturopathic solution to breathing holistic air using the purifying properties of propolis. A review of scientific studies and testimonials from the use of Propolair diffusers to cleanse air of microbes, mold and pollutants. Presented at CMACC, Oct 26, 2018 in Providence RI.
Natural resin association with incense and propolis in zootechnologyBee Healthy Farms
Incense and propolis have common origins and composition. Though their content may differ - terpenes are prevalent in incense; flavanoids, aromatic acids and esters in propolis - their use for the treatment of human and animal diseases has been well-known since the earliest times.
On the basis of this preliminary data, we conclude that propolis and incense can be employed in zootechnology, to sanitise the closed environments of breeding farms.
Antiplaque efficacy of propolis based herbal toothpaste-a crossover clinical ...Bee Healthy Farms
This Dental School crossover clinical study found propolis toothpaste to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared to Miswak and Colgate total toothpaste.
Propolis in the field of dentistry is tough. It responds very well when in contact with mucous linings of the body. This super antioxidant also delivers antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties which make it very adaptable to numerous conditions found out of balance.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
1. Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, kidney damage, and inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by 5/6 renal ablation.
2. RP treatment reduced serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress compared to untreated CKD rats.
3. The renoprotective effects of RP may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Reduced toxicity achieved in liver, spleen and pancreas with ApitherapyBee Healthy Farms
The human body is exposed nowadays to increasing attacks by toxic compounds in air pollution, industrially processed foods, alcohol and drug consumption that increase liver toxicity, leading to more and more severe cases of hepatic disorders. This study evaluated the influence of an Apitherapy diet in Wistar rats with carbon
tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, by analyzing the biochemical determinations (enzymatic, lipid and protein profiles, coagulation parameters, minerals, blood count parameters, bilirubin levels) and histopathological changes at the level of liver, spleen and pancreas.
The Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine advises Irish beekeepers of traces of lead found in Irish honey between 2010 through 2013.
Though an investigation is ongoing as to the cause(s) of the contamination, it provides beekeepers 4 points to follow in order to avoid contact with lead.
Indian Mustard Bee Pollen Exhibits High Antioxidant ContentBee Healthy Farms
This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen. It was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, making it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also found it possesses a high antioxidant content, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of this Indian mustard bee pollen further confirmed its antioxidant potential.
The results of the study show a promising role of Acacia Honey, a natural product with proven therapeutic effects on skin wound healing. It accelerated the initial stage of corneal wound healing without the side effects found when using conventional treatments which contain preservatives. Corneal keratocytes cultured in media supplemented with 0.025% Acacia Honey showed an increase in proliferative capacity while retaining their morphology, gene and protein expressions with normal cell cycle.
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Honey Eye Drops Effective in Treating ConjunctivitisBee Healthy Farms
A double-blind study trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical honey eye drops in 60 patients with diagnosed Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). This study aimed to determine the effect of honey drops on the symptoms of VKC and it was designed to find out a way to reduce the amount of corticosteroid usage. The results of this study showed that the use of honey drops in the treatment of VKC caused eye redness to improve, the limbal papillae to reduce, and allergic symptoms to improve.
This study investigated an anticancer effect of different honeys from Poland on tumor cell line - glioblastoma multiforme U87MG. Anti-proliferative activity of honeys and its interferences with temozolomide were determined by a cytotoxicity test and DNA binding by [H3]-thymidine incorporation. Results suggest that Polish honeys have an anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on U87MG cell line. Therefore, natural bee honey can be considered as a promising adjuvant treatment for brain tumors
Neuroprotective responses of propolis and select flavonoidsBee Healthy Farms
The beneficial effects of propolis on human health and neurological diseases. Table describes the neuroprotective properties and biological activity of propolis and select flavonoids commonly found in propolis.
The high intake of refined sugars, mainly fructose has been implicated in the epidemiology of metabolic diseases in adults and children. With an aim to determine whether honey can substitute refined sugars without adverse effect, the long term efects of natural honey and cane syrup have been compared on visceral morphology in growing rats fed from neonatal age. Honey enhanced intestinal villi growth and did not cause pathology in the rodents' abdominal viscera, such as fatty degenerations in the liver.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
This document reviews evidence that gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It discusses how oligosaccharides found in foods like honey are prebiotics that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. The review hypothesizes that oligosaccharides in honey may contribute to honey's antidiabetic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a way that improves glycemic control and lipid abnormalities.
A double-blind study was designed to confirm the antibacterial effect of Pure Bee Venom (PBV) and access the efficacy of cosmetics containing PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris.
Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris
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Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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2. ecosystems, bees collect propolis from different source
plants, choosing appropriate representatives of the local
flora. Thus, the term “propolis” does not have any spe-
cific chemical connotation unlike the scientific name of
a plant species. Propolis contains secondary plant me-
tabolites, including volatiles, but they are produced by
different plant species and are not the same all over the
world. In this overview we are going to focus on the vol-
atiles of different propolis types according to their plant
origin.
Review
The importance of propolis volatiles
Propolis volatiles give to the bee glue its specific pleasant
aroma. It is well known that worker honeybees (Apis
mellifera) respond to odors in several behavioral con-
texts [8,9]. Pheromones emitted by queens and/or
workers communicate a variety of messages and elicit
fairly stereotypical responses in the proper context.
Workers also learn to respond to floral odors, which,
prior to the learning experience, do not typically elicit
such strong innate responses as do pheromones [10].
Workers learn the association of floral odors with the
nectar and/or pollen rewards offered by the flowers, thus
allowing for future identification of the flowers from
which the rewards can be harvested [11]. No data exist
about the role of odors in foraging for propolis so far. It
seems only logical to assume that the same learning
process occurs in the case of resin collection, taking into
consideration the recent finding of Leonhardt et al., who
have proved that stingless bees in Borneo use volatile
terpenes as olfactory cues to find appropriate resin
sources [12].
The volatile constituents of propolis play an important
role also for human propolis users by contributing to its
pleasant aroma and its biological activity.
Chemical diversity of propolis volatile oils from different
geographic regions
Many authors, in the introductions of their research arti-
cles on propolis claim that propolis contains up to 10%
volatile oils, referring to data from articles published in
the period 1908 – 1948 [1]. More recent publications
however report a much lower percentage, usually up to
1%, rarely 2 - 3%. We have obtained similar results in
our laboratory with samples from many different geo-
graphic regions.
European propolis
The chemical composition of propolis is crucial for un-
derstanding its biological activity. The first study of
propolis essential oils, published in 1974, reported the
identification of only a few constituents: benzoic acid,
benzyl alcohol, vanillin, and eugenol [13]. Further studies
revealed the variability of propolis volatile oils that seemed
to be even higher than the variability of polar propolis con-
stituents (such as phenolics compounds, flavonoids, phen-
olic acids, etc.). As propolis knowledge developed, it
became clear that in the Temperate zone the basic plant
source of bee glue are the bud exudates of trees of the
genus Populus, mainly the black poplar P. nigra. Major
constituents of propolis from the Temperate zone are the
typical poplar phenolics: flavonoid aglycones and esters of
substituted cinnamic acids [14]. The volatile oils however
were more changeable in their chemical composition, espe-
cially with respect to the relative quantities of different
constituents.
In most European propolis samples studied, sesqui-
terpenes predominate in the volatile oils (obtained by
hydrodistillation, simultaneous hydrodistillation-extraction
or headspace), followed by aromatic compounds, such as
benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol
(Table 1). β-Eudesmol was found to be the major constitu-
ent of propolis volatile oils from France, Hungary, Bulgaria
and Northern Italy [15-18]. It is interesting to note that
the same sesquiterpene alcohol was found to be the
major constituent of essential oils distilled from leaf
buds of P. nigra [19]. The poplar bud oil, just like prop-
olis of the above mentioned origins, contained mainly
sesquiterpenes.
Of the non-terpenic compounds, benzyl alcohol and
benzyl benzoate were found in these propolis samples.
Benzyl benzoate was present in Hungarian samples, and
also in many other samples from the temperate region
[16,18]. Interestingly, benzyl benzoate was not detected
in the volatile oils of poplar buds [19]. In general, it can
be concluded that propolis of poplar origin has also vola-
tile oils of poplar origin, at least in Hungary, Bulgaria,
France and Northern Italy. Some of the observed differ-
ences could be due to chemical variations of the volatiles
of different poplar subspecies and clones. It is known that
the bud exudates even of the same species have demon-
strated quantitative variability in a wide range.
In other regions of Europe, the chemical composition
of the volatile oils showed some differences (Table 1).
This could be due to the fact that other plant species
could be playing an auxiliary role as propolis bearing
plants: e.g. Cupressus sempervirens in Greece with major
essential oil constituent α-pinene [47], as in the studied
Greek propolis samples [26]. In propolis sample from
Southern Italy (Adriatic coast) α-pinene was also identi-
fied in high percentage and coniferous species were sug-
gested as the plant source [18]. Recently, monoterpenes
α-pinene, β-pinene and eucalyptol in high amounts were
detected in volatiles of Estonian propolis sample [37].
Cistus ladanifer and propolis samples [28] from the south
regions of Portugal were characterized with a major vola-
tile constituent viridiflorol [48], etc.
Bankova et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:28 Page 2 of 8
http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/8/1/28
3. Table 1 Propolis volatiles from different geographic origin
Method of
isolation*
Geographic origin Percentage%
(W/W)
Main constituents Bioactivity Reference Year
DE Albania 0.3 cadinene (10.5%), methoxyacetophenone
(9.0%), sesquiterpene alcohol M = 222
(18.5%)
NT** [17] 1994
DE Bulgaria 0.3 β-eudesmol (8.8%), δ-cadinen (5.3%),
sesquiterpene alcohol M = 222 (15.5%)
Antibacterial [17,20] 1994, 1999
DE China (Inner Mongolia) NA*** α –bisabolol (20.1%), 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol
(10.8%), 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol (8.3%)
NT [21] 2009
DE Mongolia 0.6 benzyl benzoate (8.6%), Sesquiterpene
alcohol M = 222 (15.7%)
NT [17] 1994
DE Brazil, stingless bees 0.1 Tetragona: nerolidol (12.3%), spatulenol
(10.4%);
antibacterial [22] 1999
Melipona quadrifasciata – p-cimen-8-ol
(11.4);
M. comperittes – ethylphenol (10.2%)
DE Mexico (Yucatan) 0.02 α-pinene (11.9%), hexadecanoic acid
(10.9%), trans-verbenol (7.0%)
NT [23] 2006
DE Mexico (Yucatan),
stingless bees
0.4 α-pinene (17.6%), β-caryophyllene (11.8%),
spatulenol (9.7%), caryophyllene oxide
(9.5%), β-bourbonene (9.2%)
NT [23] 2006
DE Canary islands 0.1-0.3 nerolidol (3.2 – 11.0%), spatulenol
(3.2 – 8.4%), ledol (1.6 – 3.8%)
Antibacterial [24] 2000
HD Croatia 0.2 limonene (6.4 – 10.5%), benzyl alcohol
(3.1 – 18.2%), benzyl benzoate (3.6 – 4.4%)
NT [25] 1996
HD Czech Republic NA*
benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, vanillin,
eugenol
NT [13] 1974
HD Greece 0.03-0.1 α –pinene (7.9 – 45.8%), trans-β-terpineol
(2.2 – 6.6%), Junipene (1.5 – 11.7%),
δ-cadinene (0.3 – 8.4)
Antibacterial [26] 2007
HD Hungary 0.3–1.5 β-eudesmol, benzyl benzoate (2 types,
one richer in benzyl benzoate)
Antibacterial [16] 1988
HD India (Maharashtra state) 3.2 tricosane (13.6%), hexacosane (11.5%),
palmitic acid (8.5%), linalool (6.7%),
methyleugenol (6.0%)
Repellent activity
against the honeybee
Apis florea
[27] 2013
HS, HD Italy (Northern) NA benzoic acid (3.1 – 30.1%), benzyl benzoate
(0.2 – 13.1%), β-eudesmol (2.9 – 12.9%),
δ-cadinene (1.3 – 13.3%), γ-cadinene
(1.4 – 8.9%), Т-cadinol (2.7 – 10.0%),
α-cadinol (4.8 – 9.7%)
NT [18] 2013
HD Portugal 0.05 viridiflorol (9.0 – 39.0%), n-tricosane (5.3%),
n-nonadecane (4.0 – 18.0%)
NT [28] 2013
HD China (Inner Mongolia) NA 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (26.8%), phenylethyl
alcohol (17.1%), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol
(9.5%)
NT [21] 2009
HD Brazil 0.4 spatulenol (3.0 – 13.9%), (2Z,6E)-farnesol
(1.6 – 14.9%), prenyl-acetophenone
(0.2 – 8.7%), benzyl benzoate (0.3 – 18.3%)
NT [29] 1998
HD Brazil 0.1 β-caryophyllene (12.7%), acetophenone
(12.3%)
Antibacterial [30] 2010
HD Brazil NA nerolidol (6.6%), trans-caryophyllene (4.1),
spatulenol (3.6%)
NT [31] 2008
HD Brazil (Minas Gerais State) (E)-nerolidol (17.1%), β-caryophyllene
(13.4%), selina-3,7(11) diene (10.4%)
NT [32] 2008
HD Brazil (Teresina, Piaui State) NA 1,8 – cineole (24.0%), exo-fenchol (11.3%),
terpinen-4-ol (7.7%)
NT [33] 2008
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4. Table 1 Propolis volatiles from different geographic origin (Continued)
HD Brazil (Piaui State) NA α-pinene (0.3 – 34.4%), E-caryophyllene
(2.6 – 17.4%), α-copaene (3.6 – 7.5%)
NT [33] 2008
HD Brazil (Rio de Janeiro State) 0.04 α-pinene (18.3%), β-pinene (6.5%),
δ-cadinene (7.0%)
Antifungal [34] 2010
HD Brazil (Rio Grande do
Sul State)
3-3.8 α-pinene (57.0 – 63.0%), β-pinene
(12.5 – 30.8%), limonene (1.5 – 11.2%)
Antibacterial [35] 2012
HD Ethiopia (Assela) 0.9 5,6,7,8-tetramethylbicyclo [4,1,0]
hept-4-en-3-one (15.0%), acoradiene
(13.8%), epicedrol (6.8%)
NT [36] 2012
HD Ethiopia (Haramaya) 1.2 calamenene (13.8%), 4-terpineol (8.6%),
epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8.4%)
NT [36] 2012
SHS Estonia NA eucalyptol (25.9%), α-pinene (20.6%),
benzaldehyde (10.8%), β-pinene (8.9%)
NT [37] 2014
SHS China NA 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol (40.3%),
3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol (11.6%),
4-penten-1-yl acetate (9.0%),
α-longipinene (9.4%)
NT [37] 2014
SHS Brazil NA α-pinene (52.5%), β-pinene (20.8%) NT [37] 2014
SHS Uruguay NA α-pinene (23.0 – 53.4%), β –pinene
(24.1 – 27.4%), limonene (2.1 – 15.6%)
NT [37] 2014
HS Italy (Southern) NA α-pinene (13.2%), germacrene D-4-ol
(6.3%)
NT [18] 2013
HS UK (Wales) NA 6-methylheptyl-5-en-2-one (16.0%), benzyl
alcohol (14.2%), benzaldehyde (9.0%)
NT [38] 1989
HS Argentina (Andean region) NA O-cimene, limonene NT [39] 2011
DHS China (Inner Mongolia) NA heptadecane (7.0%), phenantrene (4.0%) NT [21] 2009
DHS China (Heilongjiang, Beijing) NA acetic acid (44.3 - 60.0%), benzyl alcohol
(7.3 - 13.9%)
NT [40] 2013
DHS China (Shanghai) NA acetic acid (25.3%), cedrene (10.4%),
3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (7.1%)
NT [40] 2013
DHS China (Shandong) NA acetic acid (11.4%), 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-
4-methyl-benzene (9.7%), 1,2,3,4, 4a,5,6,8a-
octahydro-4a,8-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-
naphthalene (8.3%), benzyl alcohol (7.4%)
NT [40] 2013
HS-SPME Turkey (Eastern Anatolia) NA phenyl ethyl alcohol (7.7%), benzyl alcohol
(7.4%), decanal (6.7%), ethyl benzoate (6.5%)
Antimicrobial,
antioxidant
[41] 2013
HS-SPME Turkey (North Eastern
Anatolia)
NA cedrol (7.0 - 15.6%), α-bisabolol (14.3%),
δ-cadinene (2.7 - 5.6%)
Antimicrobial,
antioxidant
[41] 2013
HS-SPME Turkey (South Eastern
Anatolia)
NA α –terpinene (21.8%), α –terpineol (12.3%),
junipene (9.1%), cinnamyl alcohol (8.7%),
β-cariophyllene (8.1%)
NT [42] 2004
Brazil, stingless Friesomelita Bee legs
samples
manool, totarol NT [43] 2002
Extraction France 0.5 β-eudesmol (30.0%), guaiol (10.0%), benzyl
benzoate (8.0%)
NT [15] 1981
SD Poland (Southern) 1.2 of ethanol
extract
farnesol, dihydroeudesmol, guaiol antibacterial [44] 1983
UAE Brazil 5.4 in raw 0.3
in ethanol
nerolidol (10.4 – 14.7%), benzenepropanoic
acid (14.9 – 20.8%)
NT [45] 2013
MAE Brazil longipinene (24.9%), α-eudesmol (6.9%),
β-eudesmol (6.1%), β-caryophyllene (5.3%)
Therapeutic effect
on anxiety
[46] 2012
*DE Distillation-extraction; HD hydrodestilation; SHS static headspace; HS headspace; DHS dynamic headspace; HS-SPME headspace solid-phase microextraction;
SD steam destilation; UAE ultrasonic assisted extraction; MAE microwave assisted extraction. ** NT not tested; *** NA not available.
Bankova et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:28 Page 4 of 8
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5. There is a specific problem concerning propolis vola-
tiles coming from hives treated against Varroa mites.
Often the treatment is performed with volatile com-
pounds, mainly thymol. In such case, the profile of
propolis essential oils is completely unnatural and is
dominated up to 70 – 80% by thymol, which is only
a microcomponent in untreated hives from the very same
region [28].
Asian propolis
In Chinese propolis from Inner Mongolia, the major
constituents of volatile oils were found to be α-bisabolol,
2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, and 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol [21].
High amounts of alcohols 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol and
3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol, 4-penten-1-yl acetate and the
sesquiterpene α-longipinene were also found in propolis
sample of China [37]. These hemiterpene alcohols and
their esters are typical poplar metabolites; they have
been found also as constituents of headspace volatiles of
poplar propolis from Wales [38].
Chinese researchers have applied various methods to
obtain propolis volatiles prior to GC-MS analysis. In
headspace volatiles (dynamic headspace sampling, DHS)
of Chinese propolis from 23 regions of China, the main
aroma-active components were acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl
acetate and naphthalene [49]. Solid-phase micro-extraction
combined with GC-MS was used for analysis of vola-
tiles of Chinese propolis from the Beijing and Hebei
provinces and again acetic acid and phenethyl acetate
were among the main volatile constituents, together
with phenethyl alcohol [50]. Recently, similar chemical
composition, in addition to some sesquiterpenes, was
found for a number of propolis samples from different
regions of China [40]. Their composition was somewhat
similar to the volatiles of gum from poplar trees grow-
ing in China [51]. Using microwave assisted extraction,
the major compounds found in essential oils of Chinese
propolis were long-chain hydrocarbons and only 17%
terpenes and ester derivatives [52].
Volatile compounds of propolis sample from Turkey
were analyzed by headspace-solid-phase microextraction
coupled with GC/MS. Oxygenated hydrocarbons, oxygen-
ated sesquiterpenes, aromatic alcohols and esters were the
main aroma-active constituent in North Eastern Anatolian
samples [41]. Distinct volatile composition was determined
for propolis sample from South Eastern Anatolia (Malatya),
in which monoterpenes (α-terpinene and α-terpineol) were
the most abundant constituents [42].
Naik et. al. have reported chemical composition of the
essential oil obtained from Indian propolis by hydrodistilla-
tion. The essential oil was shown to contain long- chain al-
kanes (tricosane, hexacosane, heptacosane, heneicosane),
terpenoids (linalool, methyleugenol, geraniol) and phenols
((Z)-ethyl cinnamate) as major groups of compounds [27].
Outside the Temperate zone, the remarkable biodiver-
sity of tropical flora reflects in the chemical diversity of
tropical propolis constituents, including volatiles.
South American propolis
The most studied tropical propolis is Brazilian prop-
olis, and the most popular Brazilian propolis type is
the green or Alecrim propolis originating from the
Asteracean shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia [7]. Com-
parative study has been carried out of green propolis
and B. dracunculifolia volatile oils and a similarity in
chemical composition (by GC-MS) detected [53,54].
Brazilian green propolis is characterized, like poplar prop-
olis, with the predominance of sesquiterpenes. Among
the major constituents, nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, spa-
tulenol and δ-cadinene have been identified. Caryo-
phyllene, spatulenol and δ-cadinene were the major
compounds in the volatiles of several Brazilian sam-
ples from Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Piaui States
[29-31,33,55]. Green propolis from Minas Gerais State
was rich in nerolidol, β-caryophyllene and selina-3,7(11)
diene [32]. We found that seasonal variations in the com-
position of volatile oils of green Brazilian propolis are not
very significant and predominantly quantitatively [29].
These results were recently confirmed by Nunes et al.
using headspace GC/MS [55]. Nerolidol and the aromatic
compound benzenepropanoic acid were the main aroma-
active constituents in Brazilian green propolis [45]. Dif-
ferent sesquiterpene composition with major component
longipinene was reported by Li et al. using microwave as-
sistant extraction of volatiles from commercial Brazilian
propolis [46].
In other regions of Brazil, there are propolis types
with source plants other than Alecrim, so their vola-
tile oils composition is also different. Some samples
from Piaui State had monoterpenes as main constituents:
α- and β-pinene, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol [33].
β-Pinene was the major constituents of samples from
Rio de Janeiro State [34]. Predominance of monoter-
penes α-pinene and β-pinene were also detected in the
volatile oil from propolis samples collected from different
regions in Brazil [35,37]. Similar volatile chemical compos-
ition was found for three propolis samples from Uruguay,
one of them characterized also with high amounts of
limonene [37].
Data about propolis volatile oils from other tropical re-
gions demonstrate the chemical diversity of propolis,
resulting from the specificity of the local biodiversity.
For example volatile oils of Argentinean Andean prop-
olis [39], contain high percentage of monoterpenoids,
major constituents o-cymene and limonene. The same
profile of volatile oils was found for the small shrub
Larrea nitida, the exudates of this plant were proved to
be the plant source of the particular propolis. In Yucatan,
Bankova et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:28 Page 5 of 8
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6. α-pinene, hexadecanoic acid and trans-verbenol were
most abundant in propolis volatile oils [23].
African propolis
Oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygen-
ated aliphatic hydrocarbons were the most abundant
constituents in propolis from Ethiopia [36].
In propolis volatiles from Canary Islands, sesquiter-
penes (nerolidol, spatulenol, ledol) and long chain hy-
drocarbons were the major constituents [24].
Propolis of stingless bees
In Tropics, there are other bees, different from A. melli-
fera. They belong to the tribe Meliponini and are known
as “stingless bees”. Stingless bees also collect plant resin
and store it in large deposits within their nests. These
deposits can be used in a similar way as honeybee prop-
olis: in Brazil stingless bees propolis is a traditional rem-
edy [56]. There are only a few studies of the volatile oils
of stingless bees but they demonstrated that their chem-
ical composition is different from that of honey bees
from the same region, because they use different plant
sources. Some of the samples studied were rich in
monoterpenes, others in sesquiterpenes, and the bee
species could also be of importance for the choice of
plant source [22,43].
Biological activities of propolis volatiles
Propolis plant origin is the explanation of the diverse
chemical profiles of its volatile oils. It could be expected
that the observed chemical differences might lead to dif-
ferent biological activities. The studies dedicated to the
bioactivity of propolis volatiles are relatively scarce, most
of them dealing with antimicrobial properties. Several
authors have confirmed the activity of propolis volatiles
against different microorganisms (Table 1). Among
them are Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus glutamicus,
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Sarcina lutea, Strepto-
coccus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus
faecalis, [16,20,24,26,30,35,41,57-59], but also Gram-
negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter
cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
[16,26,30,35,41,59]. Propolis alcohol extracts are either
not active or of relatively low activity against Gram-
negative bacteria; this has been confirmed by numerous
authors during the last over 20 years. Propolis essential
oils however demonstrated considerable activity against
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Propolis
volatiles were active also against non-pathogenic fungi
and fungal human pathogens Aspergillus niger, Saccharo-
myces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Candida C. tropicalis,
Candida glabrata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Clados-
porium sphaerospermum [16,26,30,41] as well as against
plant pathogens Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cla-
dosporium sphaerospermum [34]. Essential oils from
propolis of stingless bees also demonstrated antibacterial
activity [22].
Most of the antimicrobial studies were combined with
chemical analyses of the tested samples and similar ac-
tivities were observed for samples with entirely different
chemical characteristics. It is the combination of com-
pounds with different chemical structure and different
mechanism of action that is important for the biological
activity in the case of propolis. Obviously, volatile oils
also contribute to the complex way in which propolis
fights the infections. A recent study demonstrated signifi-
cant synergistic action between propolis alcohol extract
and ginger and mint essential oils against Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli [60]. Most probably a similar
synergism occurs between polar and volatile constituents
of propolis itself.
Only recently, some other bioactivities have been re-
ported for propolis volatiles. Japanese researchers revealed
the potential of volatiles of propolis from stingless bees to
stimulate the immune system of elderly patients by in-
creasing their natural killer cell activity in comparison to
the control group [61]. Essential oils of Chinese propolis
inhibited the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells
by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [62]. Propolis
essential oils demonstrated therapeutic effects on anxiety
of restraint-stressed mice trough antagonizing the hyper-
function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and im-
proving the ability of antioxidation on brain tissue [46].
The essential oil of Indian propolis was shown to possess
dose dependent repellent activity against the honeybee
Apis florea. Such formulations might be applied by the
beekeepers to keep the honeybees away from pesticide
treated areas in crop fields. This would ensure the safety
of honeybees and their colonies in turn [27].
The search of further bioactivities of propolis volatile
oils is a promising direction in their study.
Conclusions
It is clear that the knowledge of propolis volatile oils is
far from being exhaustive. Further research is needed to
reveal their chemistry and to scientifically support their
medicinal properties. The most important perspectives
for future research are:
– Systematic studies of volatiles of poplar type and
green Brazilian propolis, to establish their typical
chemical profiles for standardization purposes.
– Studies of the volatile constituents of recently
discovered propolis types: red Brazilian propolis,
Clusia type propolis from South America, Pacific
propolis, etc. Their volatile constituents are almost
completely unexplored.
Bankova et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:28 Page 6 of 8
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7. – Studies aimed to find out if volatile propolis
constituents play a role as olfactory cues for resin
collection by bees.
– Studies dedicated to revealing the potential and the
importance of propolis volatile oils as bioactive
propolis constituents.
It is our hope that this review would encourage
some researchers to start such studies in the near
future.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
VB, MP and BT performed the data gathering and wrote and approved the
final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Financial support by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is gratefully
acknowledged.
Received: 20 March 2014 Accepted: 24 April 2014
Published: 2 May 2014
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doi:10.1186/1752-153X-8-28
Cite this article as: Bankova et al.: Propolis volatile compounds: chemical
diversity and biological activity: a review. Chemistry Central Journal
2014 8:28.
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