This lecture presents the world global challenges (population growth, energy and water stresses, air and soil pollution, greenhouse emission, global warming, population aging, unemployment) and their impact on the City.

1. Sustainable
and
Smart
City
:
AUST
Summer
Course
Chapter
1
:
Introduc8on
“World
challenges
&
Place
of
the
City”
Professor
Isam
SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr

2. Q1
:
Major
world
challenges?
Q2
:
Place
of
the
City
?
2
Ques8ons

3. 1. World
popula8on
growth
2. Natural
resources
3. Pollu8on
4. Urbanisa8on
5. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
6. Sustainability
Major
world
challenges

4. 1.
World
Popula8on
Growth
UN
High
UN
Medium
UN
Low

5. World
Popula8on
Growth

6. Distribu8on
of
the
world
popula8on

7. World
popula8on
-­‐
Urbanisa8on
Neight
map

8. Consequences
of
the
popula8on
growth
Increase
in:
• Consump0on
of
natural
resources
(Energy,
water,
construc0on
materials…)
• Food
demand
• Pollu0on
(air,
soil,
water,..)

9. Increase
demand
for
:
• New
construc0ons
(housing,
services,
industry,
…)
• Infrastructures
(roads,
energy,
water,
communica0on,
waste
collec0on
and
treatment,..)
• Adap0ng
exis0ng
infrastructures
to
today
requirements.
Consequences
of
the
popula8on
growth

10. Increase
demand
for
services:
-­‐ Educa0on,
-­‐ Health,
-­‐ Transporta0on,
logis0c
-­‐ Culture,
Entertainment,
-­‐ Customized
services
(old
people,..)
Consequences
of
the
popula8on
growth
Video
A7
A71

11. Resources
:
• Water
• Energy
• Air
• Construc0on
materials
2.
Natural
resources
Availability
to
consumers
• Quan0ty
• Quality
• Transport
/
Logis0c
• Accessibility
(poverty)

12. 2.
Natural
resources
Major
menaces
• World
popula0on
growth
• Limited
resources
• Over
exploita0on
• Pollu0on
• Provision
security
• Economic
model

13. Pollu8on
-­‐ Air
-­‐ Water
-­‐ Soils
3.
Pollu8on
Drivers
:
-­‐ Buildings
(Hea0ng/
cooling,
ligh0ng,..)
-­‐ Transporta0on
-­‐ Industrial
ac0vity
-­‐ Agriculture

14. 3.
Pollu8on
Menaces:
• Health
• Biodiversity
• Life
quality
• Climate
change
• Global
Warming

15. 4.
Urbanisa8on
Consequences
:
-­‐ Life
quality
-­‐ Social
stability
Issues:
-­‐ Urban
planning
-­‐ Housing
-­‐ Public
space
-­‐ Infrastructures
-­‐ Slums

16. 4.
Urbanisa8on
Challenges
:
• Investment
(new
infrastructures)
• Adap0ng
exi0ng
infrastructures
to
today
requirement
• Innova0on
in
technology
&
management

17. Energy
consump8on
increase
OECD
:
Organiza8on
for
Economic
Co-­‐opera8on
and
Development

19. Transport
Industry
Buildings
Tokyo
(2005)
Mexico
(2006)
London
(1999)
Shanghai
(2007)

20. Energy
Security
Other
blackout
:
• Italy
(2003):
$
55
billions
• Indonesia
(2005)
$
100
billions
US
Blackout
(2003)
• 50
Million
people
• 24
hours
for
full
recovery
• Cost:
$6
to
$10
billion

21. Nuclear
power,
the
great
challenge
Ra8o
of
Nuclear
Power
in
Electricity
genera8on
(%)
France
Germany
Fukushima
Disaster

22. Air
pollu8on
Buildings,
Transport,
industry

23. Source:
USGCRP
(2009)
Greenhouse
emission

24. London
:
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
(2006)
Source
Great
London
Authority
(2007)
Without
avia8on
With
avia8on

25. Air
pollu8on
impact
Kills
2.1
millions
/
year
Economic
cost:
Europe
(2009)
:
€
170
billion

26. Air
pollu8on
impact
Climate
change
and
global
hea8ng

27. Soil
and
water
pollu8on
Industrial
ac8vity
-­‐
Brownfields

28. France
:
Brownfield
repar88on

29. 1
billion
of
the
world
popula8on
do
not
have
access
to
drinking
water
service
(major
health
risk,..)
Water
Chalenges

30. Water
Chalenges
2.4
billion
of
the
world
popula8on
do
not
have
access
to
sewage
water
service
(health
and
flood
risks,..)

31. Water
contamina8on

32. Water
leakage
:
• 20%
of
the
water
supply
• in
some
ci8es
about
40%

33. 5.
Socio-­‐economic
challenges

34. Globaliza8on,
the
free
market
economy

35. Labor
costs
:
operator
Hour
25$
1
$

36. Industrial
and
service
reloca8on
Irvington,
New
Jersey

37. Unemployment
Consequences
on
• Economy
• Social
cohesion
• prosperity
• Poli8cal
stability

38. Unemployment
rate
in
Europe
(2011)

39. Unemployment rate in France 2011
>
16%
<
2%

40. Par8cipatory
governance

41. Popula8on
ageing
• Re8rement
funding
• Health
and
social
care
• Customized
services

42. Age
dependency
ra8o
(%)
:
people
older
than
64/
people
between
15-­‐64
Popula8on
ageing
Lebanon
:
?

43. hap://esa.un.org/unpd/ppp/Figures-­‐Output/Popula0on/PPP_Old-­‐age-­‐Dependency-­‐Ra0o.htm

44. Socio-­‐economic
challenges
Need
for
innova8on
in
• The
economic
model
• Services
• Customized
services
(old
people,..)
• Governance
model
Menaces
:
• Deteriora0on
of
the
life
quality
• Social
instability

45. • Spa8al
and
8me
scales
• Environmental,
social
and
economic
interac8on
6.
Sustainability
issue

46. Spa8al
scale
Household
World
Interac8on

47. Life
Quality
Time
Future
genera8on
Time
scale
1
2
3

48. Sustainability:
Environmental,
social
and
economic
interac8on

49. Q&
:
Major
world
challenges?
Q2
:
Place
of
the
City
?
2
Ques8ons

50. • High
concentra0on
of
the
world
popula0on
• Concentra0on
of
the
economic
ac0vity
• High
energy
consump0on
• High
pollu0on
emission
•
High
risk
to
disasters
Place
of
the
City
?

51. The
city
-­‐
major
role
in
our
world
high
concentra8on
of
the
popula8on
and
socio-­‐
economic
ac8vity
•
55%
of
the
World
popula8on
•
France
(
>
80%)
• Lebanon
85%
• 2050
:
70
of
the
World
popula8on

52. By
2030
:
• 400,000
km2
will
be
constructed
for
urban
use
(doubling
the
world’s
built
urban
area)
• Nearly
2
billion
new
urban
residents
• Urban
popula0ons
of
South
Asia
and
Africa
will
double
Developing
countries
:
center
of
urban
transforma8on

53. Ci8es
with
more
than
1
millions
inhabitants
Concentration in large cities

54. The
light
Map

55. Concentration in large cities

56. 15
Villes
>
15
Millions
30
Villes
>
10
Millions
75
villes
>
5
Millions
240
Villes
>
2
Millions
Concentration in large cities

57. United
States
Asia
Popula8on
density
in
the
world
(Habitant/hectare)

58. Video
A4
:
Urban
popula0on

59. Slums
issue
Neza-­‐Chalco-­‐Itza,
Mexico
City,
4
Million
one
of
the
largest
slums
in
the
world.

60. Slums
issue
Maharashtra,
India,
19
Million
60%
of
Maharashtra’s
popula8on
live
in
slums

61. Slums
issue
The
world’s
slum
popula0on
is
projected
to
increase
from
777
million
in
2000
to
somewhere
between
889
and
1,477
million
in
2020.
Structural
Urban
Poverty
:
Slums
should
be
transi0onal
places
for
migra0on
from
rural
to
urban
economies,
rather
than
pools
of
structural
unemployment
and
mul0-­‐genera0onal
poverty.
Ques8on
:
Are
slums
a
part
of
the
City
?
Video
A2

62. The
City
:
• 70%
of
the
world
GDP
…
• 600
metropolis
generate
60%
of
the
world
GDP
• 95%
of
the
popula0on
growth
in
the
developing
countries
2.2
Concentra8on
of
the
economic
ac8vity

63. The
City
:
• 70%
of
the
total
energy
consump0on
• 75%
of
the
electrical
energy
consump0on
2.3
High
energy
consump8on

64. Energy
consump8on
and
urban
popula8on
density

65. Transport
Industry
Buildings
Tokyo
(2005)
Mexico
(2006)
London
(1999)
Shanghai
(2007)

67. Urban
Transport
Time
lost
at
rush
hour
(minutes
/hour)

68. Beyrouth
?

69.
Land
Use
and
Urban
Transport
• Access
to
jobs
depends
on
loca0on
and
transport
services
• Low
income
ci0zens
can
spend
15-­‐25%
of
their
income
on
transport
(as
much
as
housing)
Buenos
Aires
•
87%
of
jobs
are
accessible
in
45
minutes
by
car,
• 23%
are
accessible
in
45
minutes
by
public
transport.

70. Urban
Heat
Island
Fig. 25-13 p. 670

71. The
City
:
80%
of
the
greenhouse
emission
2.4
High
pollu8on
emission
London

72. Pollu8on
emission
Berkeley
Greenhouse
emission
(2011)

73. Chicago
greenhouse
emission
reduc8on
goal

74. Ile
de
France
Region
:
Regional
scheme
for
climate,
air
and
Energy

75. Sources
of
greenhouse
emission

76. Energy
consump8on

77. Goal
for
the
energy
consump8on
Reduc8on
In
2020
In
2050

78. In
the
City
:
650
million
people
submiaed
to
high
natural
disasters
risk
2.5
High
risk
to
disasters
Earthquake
China
(2009)
90
000
deaths
Flood
Thailand
(2011)
people
affected
:
3
millions
Death
:
500
Damage
:
46
Billion
$

79. In
the
City
:
650
million
people
submiaed
to
high
natural
disasters
risk
2.5
High
risk
to
disasters
Earthquake
China
(2009)
90
000
deaths
Flood
Thailand
(2011)
people
affected
:
3
millions
Death
:
500
Damage
:
46
Billion
$

80. Natural
disasters

81. Flood
Risk

82. Earthquake
Risk

83. Storms
Risk

84. Major
natural
disasters
risk
:
Global
ranking
Impact
(Na8onal
Scale)
Impact
(World
Scale)

85. Major
natural
disasters
risk
(Europe)
Impact
(Na8onal
Scale)
Impact
(World
Scale)

86. Major
natural
disasters
risk
(Africa)
Impact
(Na8onal
Scale)
Impact
(World
Scale)

87. Conclusion
• Degraded
environment
(air,
soil,
water,
....)
• limited
natural
resources
• Increasing
consump0on
of
resources
• Popula0on
ageing
• Financial
crisis

88. Conclusion
• Concentra0on
in
ci0es
(metropolitan
....)
• Increase
demand
for
infrastructure
• Increase
demand
for
buildings
•
Increase
demand
for
services
• Unadapted
Infrastructure
and
buildings
to
today
requirement
• Lack
of
funding
(financial
crisis)

89. Thank
you