okra plant introduction , botany and its production technology

2. OKRA
Shamimakhtar
7th PBG

3. Introduction
• Okra is a flowering plant of the mallow family.
• Okra is an allopolyploid.
• It is perennial plant but mostly cultivated as annual
• Its immature green seed pods is eaten as a vegetable
• It is known in many English-speaking countries as ladies'
fingers or ochro.
• In Pakistan its is commonly known as bhindi.
• It is an important fruit vegetable crop cultivated in various
states of India.

4. Scientific classification
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division: Magnoliophyta
 Class : Magnoliopsida
 Order: Malvales
 Family: Malvaceae
 Genus: Abelmoschus
 Species: A. esculentus
 Binomial name:
Abelmoschus esculentus

5. Major Okra Growing Countries
The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical
and warm temperate regions around the world.
India Nigeria
Sudan Iraq
Pakistan Cameroon
Ghana Egypt
Benin

6. Origin Of Okra
 The okra is originated from tropical Asia and Africa.
 The main regions of cultivation and diversity of okra
are India, Srilanka ,Pakistan , Nepal , Bangladesh
 From Asia two wild species are originated :
o Crinitus
o A. Angulosus .
 Primary center of origin
Central Asia , Near East
 Secondary center of origin
Africa

7. Types OF Okra
Old-Fashioned Heirlooms.
Spineless Okra
Dwarf Okras
 Giant Okras
 Round-Pod Okra
 Star-Pod Okra
 Red Okras

8. Botany
 Stem : Erect ,very branched, herbaceous, 1-2 m
tall.
 Leaves : Simple ,Alternate, Broad , palmately
lobed with 3-7 lobed, hirsute and serrate.
 Flower : Solitary, axillary with long peduncle.
Hermaphrodite in nature
 Sepals : Splits longitudinally as the flower open.
 Petals : 5 petals, yellow to white with crimson
spot on claw.
 Stamens : Staminal column is united to base of
petals with numerous stamens.
 Ovary : Superior.

9.  Fruit : Capsule type ,Dehiscent,
Fibrous ,elongated and straight or
curved .
 Seed: In pods rows of tiny white
seeds with slimy or sticky texture
are present .mature seed are of
brown color .
 Stigma receptivity : on the day of
flower opening. After pollination it
takes 2-6 hours for fertilization.
 Pollination : Self-pollinated crop
But out cross through insect can be
19%.

11. Production technology
 Climate:
o warm season vegetable crop and requires
a long warm growing season.
o grown is summer months and during the
rainy season.
o It is highly sensitive to frost.
 Temperature : 25-35 ºc .
 Sowing Time: It is cultivated round year
o For kharif season: June - July.
o For spring summer :January-February.
o For winter season :August- September.

12. Seed Rate:
o Rainy season is 8 to 10 kg.
o Summer season is 12 to 15
kg/ha.
Soil :
o sandy loam and clay-loam soils.
o The optimum pH range is between
6 and 6.8.
Land Preparation :
o The land is prepared by giving 5-6
ploughings.
o Well rottened FYM mixed with soil
should be incorporated.

13.  Layout & Spacing:
o Ridges & furrow.
o Sometime bhendi is also sown at
the border of main crop & layout is
same as for main crop.
 Pre Sowing Treatment,
o The seeds are soaked overnight
prior to planting
o Sown at the depth of 1–2
centimetres .
o Plants are 12 to 18 inches apart
 Fertilizers:
Fertilizers N Kg/hec P2O5 Kg/hec
Rainy season 50 50
Summer season 40 40

14.  Intercultural Operational:
o Weeding,
o Thinning
o Earthing up
Irrigation:
o First irrigation is given just
after sowing .
o Then the field is irrigated in
• summer :after 4 to 5 days
• winter season: after 10 to
12 days

15. Harvesting:
o Flowering begins from 35 to 40
days after sowing .
o fruits are ready for harvest four
to five days after flowering
o Bhendi pods may be harvested
continuously at some intervals..
o Delay in harvesting may make
the fruits fibrous and they loose
their tenderness and taste.
Yield & Crop Duration :
o Rainy season crop gives 7500
kg/ha.
o Summer crop gives 5000 kg/ha.
o Duration is 90-100 days .

16. Diseases of okra
Damping Off
Fusarium Wilt:
Powdery Mildew
Cercospora Leaf
Spot.
Yellow Vein Mosaic
Virus (YVMV):
Enation Leaf Curl
of Bhendi

17. Insect pests of okra
Insect pest attack on Okra plant causes substantial reduction in
crop growth and yield.
Mainly insect pest of okra are:
 Shoot and fruit borer
 leafhopper,
 whitefly,
 Aphid
 mealy bug
 root-knot nematode

18. Breeding Methods
• Breeding Methods Applicable to Okra:
 Pure-line Selection
 Pedigree Method
 Mutation Breeding
 Heterosis Breeding

19. Breeding Objectives
High pod yield
 For Dark green, tender, thin, medium long, smooth
pods at marketable stage.
 Pods free from conspicuous hair
Early and prolonged harvest

20.  Short plant with more number of nodes, short
internodes.
Optimum seed setting ability.
 Pods suitable for processing industry and export
market
Resistance to insects
 Resistance to diseases
 Tolerance to abiotic stresses

21. Varieties
• Clemson
• Emerald
• Lee.
• Chinese okra
• Purple okra
• Sabz pari
• Rani
• Punjab -8

22. Benefits Of Okra
Okra pods are loaded with significant amounts of
vital nutrients – protein, fiber, calcium, iron, and zinc.
Prevents Liver Disease
Boosts Immunity
Improves Eyesight
Helps control hunger
Okra is loaded with soluble fibers.

23. Help to loss weight.
Keeps Asthma Symptoms In Check
Okra seeds can delay fatiguing.
They contain antioxidant polyphenols
and flavonoids that promote glycogen
storage in the liver. Glycogen is a
body fuel reserve, and more of it
means you will take longer to tire.