Breeding technology of Okra
vsc - 503
Okra is a seed propagated hot weather crop sensitive to frost, low temperature, and waterlogging as well as drought conditions. It is a multipurpose crop due its various uses. It is grown in many countries and cultivars from different countries have certain adapted distinguishing characteristics specific to the country to which they belong. In home consumption India tops the world. Genetic diversity exists for number of characters. Genetic resistance involving interspecific crosses have been exploited commercially for Yellow Vein Mosaic virus. Hybrids are very much popular in this crop and the hybrid seed production is based on hand emasculation and hand pollination. Proper isolation is necessary between two fields of two varieties for maintaining the genetic purity of the stock.
Seed Production in Turnip (CSK HPKV) by: RAJPREET BAJWAStudent
CONTENT :
Introduction
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Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Breeding technology of Okra
vsc - 503
Okra is a seed propagated hot weather crop sensitive to frost, low temperature, and waterlogging as well as drought conditions. It is a multipurpose crop due its various uses. It is grown in many countries and cultivars from different countries have certain adapted distinguishing characteristics specific to the country to which they belong. In home consumption India tops the world. Genetic diversity exists for number of characters. Genetic resistance involving interspecific crosses have been exploited commercially for Yellow Vein Mosaic virus. Hybrids are very much popular in this crop and the hybrid seed production is based on hand emasculation and hand pollination. Proper isolation is necessary between two fields of two varieties for maintaining the genetic purity of the stock.
Seed Production in Turnip (CSK HPKV) by: RAJPREET BAJWAStudent
CONTENT :
Introduction
Varieties
Climate & Soil
Sowing method
Seed rate & Spacing
Irrigation
Interculture and weeding
Isolation
Method of seed production
Harvesting and seed yield
Special care
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Ladyfinger also known as Okra is a vegetable which is elongated and slim in shape. It colour is green. It originated from North Africa. Okra is related to roselle, cotton and jute, which all belong to the Mallow family. It is grown for its green fruits, which are supposed to resemble the fingers of a lady.
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2. PRESENTATION ON OKRA
PRESENTED BY:
SACHIN G E
M.Sc. 1st year
CH and F
JHALAWAR
PRESENTED TO:
Dr.KAVITA A
Asst. Prof Veg science
CH and F
JHALAWAR
3. OKRA
BOTANICAL NAME : Abelmoschus esculents
FAMILY : Malvaceae
ORIGIN :Tropical Africa
Chrosome number :2n= 130
Production : 10.87 tons(2014 data)
4.
5. It is also known as Ladys finger , Bhindi ,and gumbo
It is an annual vegetable crop, grown in tropical and sub tropical
regions of the world.
It is mainly grown in India, brazil, west Africa ,Iran
Internally the fruits contain small round mucilaginous white
coloured seeds.
Introduction
6. General features
Erect unbranched stem.
Stems are green and sparse hairs on stems
Light green petiole.
Leaves are alternately arranged.
Flowers are solitary , auxiliary.
Calyx of 5 sepals hairy joined
7. Uses
Used as vegetable
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in
soups.
The roots and stems are useful for clearing cane juice in
the preparation of jaggary.
The frits are rich source of iodine.
8. Soil
It can be grown in all kind of soils, sandy- loam and clay - loam
soils are best for its cultivation.
The optimum soil ph range is about 6– 6.8.
The land is prepared by ploughing of about 5– 6 times to make
fine pulvarised soil.
At the time of land preparation apply FYMat rate of 20 – 25tha.
9. Climate
Okra is a warm season crop requires a long warm growing
season.
In india it is mainly grown in rainy and summer season.
It is highly sensitive to frost.
Seeds germinate poorly at soil temperature 20 degree celcius or
below.
10. Preparation of field
The land should be well prepared with 2-3 ploughing.
Well decomposed FYM (25 t/ha) is incorporated at the time of land
preparation.
Bhendi is sown on ridges or on flat soil. If soil is heavy, sowing
should be done on ridges.
Application of organic manure like neem cake and poultry manures
improves the plant growth and the yield in this crop. It is possible to
reduce the use fertilizer by using neem cake and poultry manures.
12. variety
Arka Anamika (Selection 10):
This variety has been developed as a hybrid derivative selection from
inter specific cross between A. esculentum and A. tetraphyllus. The
plants are tall, upright, slightly pigmented on stem and lower leaves.
It takes 55 days to first picking. The variety is excellent yielder in
South but with a lower performance in northern states. It is resistance
ot YVMV and yields around 12.5t/ha
13. Arka Abhay (Selection):
•An interspecific hybrid between Abelmoschus esculentus(IIHR 20-31)
x A.manihot spp. Tetraphyllus (Res. To YVMV) followed by backcross.
Plants tall, well branched. Fruits lush green, tender and long. Fruits
borne in two flushes. Purple pigment present on both sides of the petal
base. Green stem with purple shade. Fruits free from spines having
delicate aroma. Good keeping and cooking qualities. Resistant to yellow
vein mosaic virus(YVMV) Duration 120-130 days. Yield 18 t/h
14. Parbhani Kranti:
It is yellow vein mosaic resistant variety released in 1985 by
MAU, Parbhani- It is derived from back cross of Abelmoschus
manihot x A. esculentus. Two back crosses were made using Pusa
sawani (A. esculentus) as a recurrent parent followed by selection
in the subsequent generations- It is a yellow vein mosaic virus
(YVMy) resistant variety isolated in F8 generation. Plants flower
in 45-60 days. Fruits are dark green in colour, smooth, lender and
slender.(MAU, Parbhani)
15. Pusa Sawani:
Most popular variety known throughout the country. It is a hybrid
derivative selection from the cross between IC 1542 and Pusa
Makhmali. It bears smooth and dark green fruits having 5 ridges
and takes 45-50 days from sowing to harvest. First fruit is borne
on 5th to 7th node. It is suitable for cultivation in both spring
summer as well as Kharif season since it is less sensitive to
temperature fluctuations. Yield is around 12-12.5 t/ha.
16. Phule Kirti:
It is the F1 hybrid of okra suitable for both the kharif and
summer seasons. It is also suitable for warm and moderate
humid regions. Stem is green in colour with red patches. Fruits
are green in colour. It is resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus.
Shelf life is 3-4 days. It gives on an average yield of 163
quintals per hectare. Besides it is released through the State
Variety Release Committee of Maharashtra, it is also notified
by the Central Sub Committee on Crop Standards, Notification
and Varietal Release at the national level.(MPKV, Ramrri)
17. Pusa Makhmali:
It is a pure line selection from local type collected from
West Bengal. Fruits are light green tappered, attractive,
12-15 cm long with high yielding (8-10t/ha) potential but is
susceptible to YVMV. It is suited for cultivation in hills and
at virus free season
19. Seed rate
Varieties : 8.0 kg / ha
Hybrids : 2.5 kg / ha
In summer sown in January – February
In winter sown in August - September
Seed treatment
Seeds are treated by soaking in 0.2% Bavistin solution protects the
seedlings from damping off disease.
20. Sowing
Sow three seeds per hill at 30 cm apart and then thin to 2 plants per hill
after 10 days.
Sowing of Bhendi seeds
21. Spacing
Seeds are sown at a spacing of 45 x 30 cm in
summer and 60 x 45 cm in rainy season
Irrigation
Irrigation is done at weekly intervals.
Flood Irrigation of Bhendi field
Drip rrigation of Bhendi field
22. weeding
to control,weeds application basalin @ 2-3 kg a.i/ha or
tenoran 50 WP @ 1 kg a.i. /ha can be used.
1 or 2 hand weeding
23. Manures and fertilizers
FYM 20 – 25tha
NPK 100: 60: 50 kgha
Half dose of N and full dose of P& K applied at time of
sowing.
The remaining half dose of N is applied at 30 days after
sowing.
24. Harvesting
The fruits are ready for harvest in about 45-60 days after seed
sowing depending upon variety and season.
Size of the pod and stage at which it is harvested varies with
variety/hybrid and market preference.
Generally, medium sized (7-10 cm long) tender pods, which can be
easily snapped from the plant, are harvested. As all the fruits do not
mature at the same time, harvesting is carried out once in 3-4 days.
Frequent picking promotes fruit development and prevents the pods
from growing too large.
25. Yield
Its greatly depending upon variety and season of
cultivation.
On an average bhendi yield 7.5-10 t/ha while the yield of
hybrid varieties ranges from 15-22 t/ha.
26. Diseases
Damping Off (Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.):
Control:
Excessive irrigation should be avoided
Seed treatment with antagonist fungal culture of Trichoderma viride
(3-4 g/kg of seed) or Thiram (2-3 g /kg of seed)
soil drenching with Dithane M 45 (0.2%) or Bavistin (0.1%) affords
protection against the disease.
27. Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora
abelmoschi )
Causes
causes sooty black angular spots. The affected
leaves roll wilt and fall.
Controll
spraying with Copper Oxychloride (0.3%) or Zineb
(0.2%)
28. Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV):
Symptoms
This is the most important and destructive viral disease in
bhendi.
The disease infects at all the stages of crop growth and severely
reduces growth and yield.
The disease is transmitted by white fly.
The characteristic symptoms of the disease are a homogenous
interwoven network of yellow
29. Control:
Removal and destruction of virus affected plants and
planting of disease resistance varieties reduces the disease
incidence.
Controlling the whitefly population minimizes the
incidence of YVMV.
Soil application of Carbofuran (1kg a.i./ha) at the time of
sowing and 4-5 foliar sprays of Dimethoate (0.05%) or
Metasystox ( 0.02%) or Nuvacron (0.05%) at an interval of
10 days effectively controls the whitefly population.
30. Pests
Shoot and Fruit Borer (Earias vittela and E. insulana):
Symptoms
Small brown caterpillars bore into the top shoot and feeds inside the shoot
before fruit formation. Later on they bore into the fruits and feed within.
Affected fruits become unfit for consumption.
Control
The Quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/litre of water) or Carbaryl (4 g/litre of water)
effectively controls the pest. Before spraying all the affected plant parts
should be removed.
31. Bhendi fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera
Symptoms of damage:
Feed on the flowers
Circular boreholes on fruits
Larva thrust only part of their body inside the fruit feed
32. Management:
destroy the infected fruits and grown up larvae
Grow simultaneously 40 days old American tall marigold and 25
days old tomato seedling at 1:10 rows to attract Helicoverpa adults
for egg laying.
Setup pheromone trap with Helilure at 15/ha
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit or B. thuringiensis
2 g/lit Release Chrysoperla carnea at weekly interval at
50,000 eggs or grubs/ha from 30 DAS
33. Stem weevil: Pempherulus affinis
Symptoms of damage:
Grub feed on stem and galls are formed in the stem and petiole
Adults feed on leaf buds and terminal shoots
Management:
Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G at 30 kg or Aldicarb 10 G at 10
kg/ha on 20 DAS and earthed up.
Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha or 250 kg/ha of neem cake
34. Leaf roller: Sylepta derogata
Symptoms of damage:
Caterpillar rolled the leaves
Scrapping the chlorophyll content and feed inside
Defoliation
Management:
Collect and destroy rolled leaves
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit or phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit
35. Leaf Hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula):
Symptoms
The adults and the nymphs suck the cell sap from the leaves. As a
result the leaves curl upwards along the margins and have a burnt
look which extend over the entire leaf area.
Control
Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G (1 kg a.i./ha) at the time of
sowing effectively controls the pest. Spraying the crop with
Monocrotophos (0.05%) at fortnightly intervals start