The document presents an assignment on the breeding of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), detailing its taxonomy, origin, distribution, botany, crop improvement methods, and improved varieties. It highlights the various breeding objectives and methods used, including pedigree selection and mutation breeding, along with the nutritional value and cultivation practices of okra. Additionally, it lists several improved varieties developed for resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus and their yield potential.

1. dineshmakwana698@gmail.com
Dr.Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural
University Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar)
Presented By
Dinesh
M.Sc.(Ag.) Veg.Sc. 1st yr
Roll.no. 2003208002
Course : VSC-503
Assignment on - Breeding of Okra
Submitted to
Dr.Pramila (Dept. of Horti.)
Dr.Aman Tigga (Dept. of PB&G)

2. Content
 OKRA : Introduction
 Taxonomy
 Origin and Distribution
 Botany
 Crop Improvement
 Improved Varieties
 Breeding Objectives
 Breeding Methods
 Inheretance
 Heterosis
 Seed Production
 References

3.  It is also known as Bhindi , lady's finger & gumbo
 This is a highly nutritious green edible pod vegetable
 Internally, the fruits contain small, round, mucilaginous white
colored seeds.
 It is cultivated tropical and warm temperate regions of the
world for its fibrous fruits or
 Okra is native to Tropical Africa, where it has been cultivated
for many centuries.
OKRA : Introduction

4. Taxonomy
 Scientific Name : Abelmochus esculentus (L.)
Moench
 Family : Malvaceae
 Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Cultivated Bhindi belonging to Malvaceae was earlier placed under
Hibiscus esculentus L. Since its calyx, corolla and staminal column are
fused together and fall down at anthesis (caduceus), it was renamed as
Abelmoschus esculentus L. in Hibiscus, calyx is persistent.

5. Okra originated in tropical and subtropical Africa.
 Existence of a large number of related species with wide variability
and dominant characters suggest possible role of India as a
secondary centre of origin.
India is the largest producer of okra in the world.
It is also used as a vegetable in Brazil, West Africa and many other
countries.
In India, major okra growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
West Bengal.
Origin and distribution

6. • Cultivated bhendi is an annual herb with duration of 90-100 days.
• Flowers are bisexual and often cross-pollinated.
• Time of anthesis is 8.00-10.00 a.m.
• Dehiscence of anthers occurs 15-20 minutes after anthesis and is completed
in 5-10 minutes.
• Pollen fertility is maximum in the period between one hour before and after
opening of flower.
• It takes 2 to 6 hours for fertilization after pollination.
• Stigma is receptive at opening of flower and hence, bud pollination is not
effective in okra.
• Fruit is a capsule. Usually fibre development starts from fifth to sixth day.
Botany

8. Crop improvement
 Various methods like plant introduction (Perkin’s Long Green), single plant
selection and pure line selection from local collections (Pusa Makhmali,
Salkeerthi), selection from bi-parental crosses (Pusa Sawani from IC 1542 x
Pusa Makhmali) and selection from complex crosses (sel 2 from (Pusa Sawani
x Best 1) x (Pusa Sawani x IC 7194) were used.
 YVMV resistant variety Susthira developed at the Kerala Agricultural
University is A. caillei.
 Pedigree selection in the segregating populations of resistant YVMV varieties
resulted in Hisar Unnat (Sel 2-2 x Parbhani Kranthi) and Varsha Uphar (Lam
selection 1 x Parbhani Kranthi).

9.  Related wild species were also utilized in development of YVMV varieties like
Parbhani Kranti (A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x A. manihot ssp. Manihot),
Punjab 7 (A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x A. manihot ssp. Manihot cv. Ghana)
and Arka Abhay (A. esculentus x A. manihot ssp. Tetraphyllus)
 MDU 1 and Punjab 8 (EMS 8) were developed through mutation breeding using
gamma rays and EMS respectively.
Continue

10. Improved Varieties
Arka abhay
 It is a sister line of Arka Anamika.
 An interspecific hybrid between Abelmoschus esculentus(IIHR 20-31) x
A.manihot spp. Tetraphyllus (Res. To YVMV) followed by backcross.
 Fruits free from spines having delicate aroma. Good keeping and cooking
qualities. Resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus(YVMV) Duration 120-130
days. Yield 18 t/h
Arka Anamika
 Developed by interspecific hybridization of (Abelmoschus
esculentus X A. manihot spptetraphyllus var.tetraphyllus) followed
by back cross method of breeding.
 Fruits lush green, tender and long. Fruits free from spines having
5-6 ridges, delicate aroma. Good keeping and cooking qualities.
Field tolerant to YVMV. Yield 20 t/ha.

11. Continue
Arka Nikitha
 This okra hybrid between GMS-4 X IIIHR-299-14-11-585, has been identified for
release by the Institute VTIC during 2017. It is developed through geneic male sterile
line.
 Produces dark green, medium, smooth and tender fruits. Excellent cooking quality.
Yields 21-24 t/ha in 125 -130 days duration.
Pusa Sawani
 Early, plants generally single stemmed, fruits 12-15 cm long. 5 edged, smooth and
dark green when fully developed, suitable for spring summer cultivation.
 Less sensitive to temperature fluctuations but sensitive to virus. Maturity 50 days
(first harvest). Yield 120 q/ha.
 Initially resistant and later became susceptible to YVMV.

12. Continue
Pusa Makhmali
 Fruits are medium long. Productivity 8-10 t/ha. Susceptible to YVMV.
Pusa A-4
 Plants with short internodes. Fruits 5-ridged, dark green and medium long
with excellent shelflife.
 Productivity 10-12 t/ha. Resistant to YVMV,
 Jassids and fruit borer.
Parbhani Kranti
 Developed through back cross method form A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x
A. manihot ssp manihot.
 Fruits 5-ridged, dark green, medium long. Productivity 9.0 – 11.5 t/ha.
Hisar Unnat (HRB 55)
 Plants 3-4 branched, early and high yielding (12-13t/ha).

13. Continue
Varsha Uphar (HRB-9-2)
 Derived from Lam selection x Parbhani Kranti. Resistant to YVMV. Fruits 5-ridged,
dark green, medium long; Productivity 9.8 t/ha
Punjab 7 (P-7)
 Developed through back cross method form A. esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x A.
manihot ssp. manihot cv. Ghana.
 Resistant to YVMV. Jassids and cotton boll worm. Fruits 5-ridged, dark green,
medium long. Petiole base is deeply pigmented.
 Productivity 9.5 t/ha.
Punjab Padmini
 Selection made at F8 generation of cross
 between F1 of A. esculentus cv. Rashmi x A.manihot ssp. manihot with F2 of
A.esculentusscv. Pusa sawani x A. manihot ssp. manihot.
 Fruits dark green, 15-20 cm long and five ridged. Resistant to YVMV, Jassids and
cotton boll worm. Yield 10-12 t/ha.cv.

14. Continue
MDU-1 (TNAU)
 Developed through gamma irradiation of seeds of
 Pusa Sawani. Plants compact with close
 arrangement of nodes. Fruits 5-ridged, light
 green, medium long. Productivity 10-11 t/ha.
 Susceptible to YVMV.
Punjab-8 (EMS 8)
 Induced mutant from Pusa Sawani by treating seed with EMS 1%, resistant to
YVMV and tolerant to fruit borer.
Kashi Mahima
 Fruit length 12-14 cm. Yield 20-220 q/ha. UP, Punjab, Bihar, Karnataka,
Chattisgarh, Orissa, AP and Maharastra.
Harbhajan Bhindi
 The variety Perkins long Green was released in 1983-84 as Harbhajan Bhindi from
College of Agri. Solan to commemorate the memory of Dr. Harbhajan Singh. It is
resistant to YVMV.

15.  High pod yield
 For Dark green, tender, thin, medium long, smooth pods at
marketable stage.
 Pods free from conspicuous hair
 Early and prolonged harvest
 Short plant with more number of nodes, short internodes.
 Optimum seed setting ability.
 Pods suitable for processing industry and export market
 Resistance to insects
 Resistance to diseases
 Tolerance to abiotic stressesPods
Breeding Objectives

16. Breeding Methods Applicable to Okra
 Plant Introduction
 Pure-line Selection
 Pedigree Method
 Mutation Breeding
 Heterosis Breeding
Breeding Methods

17.  Pigmentation of calyx, corolla, fruit color were observed to
 have monogenic control (Kolhe and D’Cruz, 1966).
 While in case of plant
 height and spininess, the heterozygotes were intermediate indicating polygenic control (Jasin,
1967).
 One to three groups of dominant genes controlled
 days to flower and number of fruits per plant, while 4 to 5 groups of dominant
 genes controlled plant height.
 Kulkarni (1976) observed that all the three yield
 component characters showed over-dominance, and further analysis of gene
 effects showed that duplicate and complimentary types of epistasis were more
 pronounced (Kulkarni et al., 1973, 1978).
 Jambhale and Nerker (1981) observed single dominant gene to control YVMV resistance in A.
manihot and A. tetraphyllus.
 A Single dominant gene controlled YVMV resistance in A. tetraphyllus was also observed by
Dutta at IIHR, Bangalore, India (pers. comm.).
Inheretance

18. Heterosis

19.  For seed production, adjust sowing in such a way that dry
weather coincides with maturation and drying of pods and
incidence of yellow vein mosaic disease is minimum.
 Being an often cross-pollinated crop, provide an isolation
distance of 400 m from other varieties.
 Field inspection and rouging should be conducted at pre-
flowering, flowering and fruiting phases.
 Harvesting of initial two fruits will be helpful in promoting
growth of plants.
 Average seed yield is 1.0-1.5 t/ha.
Seed Production

20. References
 Journal of New Seeds · February 2005 (Taylor &
Francis publication)
 Vegetable Science - D.Singh
 internet source -
http://eagri.org/eagri50/HORT281/lec06.htmlpublication