Recent advances in Crop Improvement- Introduction, Selection, Clonal selection, Hybridization, Mutation and Polyploidy breeding, Molecular and Transgenic approaches in important fruit crops.

1. DOCTORAL SEMINAR
ON
Recent advances in Crop Improvement-
Introduction, Selection, Clonal selection, Hybridization, Mutation
and Polyploidy breeding, Molecular and Transgenic approaches in important fruit
crops.
COURSE No. - FSC 691
CREDIT HOURS- 1(0+1)
Seminar In charge:
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
Professor and Head
Department of Fruit Science,
COA, IGKV, Raipur
Presented by :
Gunja Thakur
Ph.D. (Hort.) 1st yr
Department of Fruit Science
COA, Raipur (C.G.)

2. Contents
Introduction
Methods of Crop improvement
Conventional methods
Achievements of conventional methods
Modern methods
Achievements of Modern breeding
Case studies
Conclusion
References

3. Crop improvement refers to the genetic alteration of plants to satisfy human needs. Crop improvement refers
to the ways of developing and breeding of crop varieties which are better than the pre-existing cultivars in a
number of characters like taste, height and colour for a better yield.
Crop improvement can be defined as an art, science and technology of improving the genetic make up of
plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind. (Darbani et al., 2007)
Crop Improvement-

4. Crop improvement- Why it is important??
Highly productivity with good quality fruits
Regular, precocious and prolific bearing.
Dwarfing stature of tree to utilize vertical and horizontal spaces
Wide geographical adaptability
Possess strong root system
Compatibility with scion stock union joint
Good processing, keeping and transport quality.
https://ecourses.icar.gov.in

5. Fruit Crop Improvement
• Resilient in
nature
• Horticultural
traits
• Abiotic Stress
• Biotic Stress
Insects, pest
and diseases
Temperature,
Drought,
water
logging,
wind
Higher
yielding and
economically
adaptable
Development
of qualitative
cultivars

6. Major Challenges/Impediments in Perennial Fruit Breeding
Long Juvenile
Phase
Genetic Drag
Highly
Heterozygous
Presence of
incompatibility
Complex
traits

7. Breeding Approaches
Conventional breeding methods
Modern breeding methods
Ahmed et al., 2020
Domestication
Selection
Polyploidy
Mutation Breeding
Marker assisted breeding
Biotechnological approaches
Hybridization

8. INTRODUCTION

9. Achievements of Introduction
Crop Introduced Variety Country
Banana Popoulu
Lady Finger (EC160160)
Grand Naine (EC27237)
Kavri Kalki (ITC 0659)
Kaveri Saba (ABB)
Hawaii
Australia
France
Citrus Torocco Blood, cutter Valencia and Flame grapefruit
US pummelo 145
Sunromon
Thac and Thai -1
USA
Peru
Thailand
Grape Thompson Seedless, Perlette, Dogridge and Beauty
Seedless
Kishmish Beli, Kishmish Charni
Totlocha from Brazil
USA
USSR
Brazil

10. Crop Introduced Variety Country
Guava Beaumont G-35 and Indonesia
Seedless
Verdie
Australia
USA
Mango Tomy Atkins, Zilete, Haden,
Sensation Julie, Miyazaki mango
USA
Papaya Sunrise, wilder, sunset T881211
Soniyimma, Malinchly
USA
Nigeria
Pomegranate Wonderful from USA
Continued..

11. SELECTION
Clonal Selection
Seedling Selection

12. Achievements of Clonal Selection
Crops Clonal Parent Cultivars/Varieties
Mango Dussehari Dussehari No.51
Alphonso MA-1 and Red blush stain
Haden Tommy Atkin
Grape Thompson Seedless Pusa Seedless, Tash-e Ganesh,
Sonaka and Manik Champa
Cheema Sahebi (Sel-7) Rao Sahebi
Anab-e-Shahi Dilkhush
Perlette HS 37-6
Pomegranate Ganesh G-137
Sapota Baramasi CO 2
Guthi PKM 1
OP of PKM 1 PKM 4

13. Crop Variety Salient features Pictures
Guava
Dhawal
A half-sib selection from
Allahabad Safeda with round,
smooth and medium to large
fruits (200-250 g).
white pulp, TSS º Brix,
acidity 0.42%, ascorbic acid
(250mg/100 g pulp) was
released
Lalima A half-sib selection from
Apple guava with attractive
crimson fruits, good yield
(50kg/tree) with higher shelf-
life (5-6 days) at ambient was
released.
ICAR- Annual report 2020

14. Recent achievements of Seedling Selection- Underutilized fruit crops
Crops Cultivars/Varieties Salient features Pictures
Jamun
CISH Jamwant
An elite and bold (24.05 g), oblong,
Fruits are 3.9 cm long with 3.03 cm
diameter, 92.26% pulp, 16 to 17 º Brix.
More pulp: seed ratio (90–92%),
ascorbic acid (49.88 mg/100 g), Total
antioxidant value (38.30 mg AEAC/g).
Thar Kranti
(CISH-J-42)
Jamun is a seedless selection.
fruits are oval and fruit weight is 8g,
Fruits ripen in 75 days from fruit set.
fruit yield 65kg/plant, and suitable for
table purpose
Ber Thar Malti It is a chance seedling selection.
late-maturing type and high fruit
yielding (60 Kg/plant).
Fruits are sweet at green maturity stage
and suitable for cultivation under arid
conditons

15. Crops Cultivars/Varieties Salient features Pictures
Aonla CISH A-33 A seedling selection having large-sized
fruits (32-35 g), yield (55.45 kg/tree),
rich in neutraceuticals (ascorbic acid
490.13 mg/100 g, polyphenols FRAP
value 235.76 mg/g FeSO4) was
identified.
Phalsa Thar Pragati It is dwarf and early variety, suitable
for high density planting.
Fruits ripen in 60 days from fruit set,
Fruit yield is 3-4 kg/plant, fruits are
suitable for table and processing
purpose.
Karonda Karonda-CHESK-
II-7
Seedling selection from Konkan
region, fruit colour- dark blackish
violet ,almost seedless (0.3 seeds/
fruit), sweet, pulp red colour.
TSS-11.5 º Brix, acidity - 0.76%. Yield
3000-3100 fruits per plants.

16. Crops Cultivars/Varieties Salient features Pictures
Mulberry
Thar Harit
It has been developed
through selection.
The fruits are green and
sweet.
Average fruit yield is 20-25
kg/ plant,
suitable for cultivation under
hot-arid conditions
Arka Coorg
Peetabh
Mid season, regular bearer.
fruits are yellow in colour.
The aril is white in colour,
juicy, sweet (TSS-21 º Brix )
and aril recovery of 41 per
cent.

17. Crop Variety Salient features Pictures
Bael
CISH-Bael-1
Selection from OPV especially
identified for its very thin shell, a
Suitable for processing into number of
nutritive and medicinal products, such
as squash, nectar, leather, pulp, powder
and jam.
Released from CISH, Lucknow
Thar Srishti Released by CIAH-ICAR Bikaner.
First variety of Bael with highly
centric seed cavity, year of release-
2020
Thar Neelkanth Released from ICAR-CIAH Bikaner
developed through selection.
The fruit yield is 70-75 kg/ plant (8th
year) with 1.5 kg fruit weight, suitable
for table purpose and processing, fruits
are less affected by sun scald.

18. Crops Cultivars/Varieties Salient features Pictures
Mango
Arka Neelachal
Kesari
Extra early (ripening in
March), Colour, high yield
and free from fruit fly free in
coastal Odisha
Released from CHES
Bhubneshwar
Custard apple
Arka Neelachal
Vikram
Clonal Selection
High yielding, low seed
content, good keeping quality
Released from CHES
Bhubneshwar
CHES-IIHR Annual report
Recent achievements of Clonal Selection

19. Crops Cultivars/Varieties Salient features
Banana
Kaveri
Sugantham
Selection from somaclonal variant of tissue cultured
Manoranjitham, bunch weight is 18-22 kg with 12-14 hands
Resistant to Fusarium wilt, The flavor is comparable with the
fragrance of Manoranjitham flowers (Atrabotrys
odoratissimus). Because of its fragrance nature it fetches high
price in the market, highly suitable for preparing banana ice
creams
Kaveri Haritha Selection from Bangrier.
Released for culinary purpose, It has stable yield in both main
and two ratoon crops (25 kg/ bunch).
Kaveri Kanya Dual purpose variety used for culinary and dessert, tolerant to
deficit soil moisture stress and saline sodic soils.
ICAR-NRCB Annual report

20. Crops Cultivars/Var
ieties
Salient features ICAR-NCRB and CCRI
annual reports
Banana NRCB-7
Selection from the local culinary
landrace, Bangrier (ABB, subgroup
Bontha).
With 15% higher yield (28- 30
kg/bunch) as compared to 22-25 kg
in local che
Mandarin Nagpur
Mandarin
Seedless-4
Attractive seedless fruits 679
fruits/plant (98 kg/plant), 145 g
fruit weight, TSS (10.44º Brix),
acidity (0.72%) and juice
(46.06%). contains less than 2.57
seeds/fruit against standard check,
‘Nagpur Mandarin’(12.68
seeds/fruit).

21. Kaveri Kanya Kaveri Haritha Kaveri Saba
Kaveri Sugantham Kaveri Kalki

22. New Varieties of Litchi through clonal selection
Crop Variety Salient features Pictures
Litchi
Gandaki Sampada Selection from Pant Nagar
Late maturing variety, Fruits are vermilion or
carmine colour at maturity, Fruits are large in
size, Resistant to cracking, Yield up to 120-140
kg/ tree
Gandaki Lalima It is selection from Ranchi
Late maturing variety
Pulp is creamy white, sweet and juicy, Good
shelf life
Yield up to 130-140 kg/ tree
Gandaki Yogita It is selection from Ranchi
Dwarf and late maturing variety, melting texture
with pleasant aroma,Yield 70-80 kg/ tree
ICAR-NRCL- Annual Report- 2019

23. Crop Variety Salient features Pictures
Pummelo
Arka Chandra
Clonal variant of pummelo accession 18,
prolific bearer, fruit weight ranged from
0.8-1kg, spheroid fruit shape and has
white pulp, TSS (11-12°B), acidity
(0.89%) and sweet
Arka Anantha
Clonal variant of pummelo accession 25,
prolific bearer.
Fruit weight ranged from 0.8-1kg,
spheroid fruit shape and has pink pulp,
TSS (11-12°B), acidity (0.90%) and sweet
Pummelo- CHESP Selection of seedlings of pink flesh
cultivar, total soluble solids- 100º brix,
acidity – 0.38 percent, each fruit contains
75-80 seeds, pulp recovery 55-60%. Yield
- 250 to 350 kg per tree per year.
ICAR- IIHR Annual report 2020
IIHR-CHES Annual report
New Varieties of Pummelo through clonal selection

24. • It is a Clonal selection of local mango from Nayapara, Jagdalpur.
• It has attractive shape, appearance and pleasant aroma.
• Average production of 280 kg/tree and fruit size 200-250 g.
• It is very much comparable to Dussehari.
• It has good keeping quality.
• Suitable for export (TSS is 21.30 º Brix and total sugar is 17.87%).
Chhattisgarh Nandiraj

25. Some recent Excellent Mango Varieties – Released/Identified by Department of Fruit
Science, COA, Raipur (C.G.)
1. CG Swarnaprabha
2. CG Gaurav
3. CG Pawan
4. CG Raj
5. CG Achar
Chhattisgarh Swarnaprabha Chhattisgarh Gaurav

26. Chhattisgarh Pawan Chhattisgarh Raj Chhattisgarh Achar

27. Chhattisgarh Pawan
Chhattisgarh Swarnaprabha
Chhattisgarh Nandi raj
Chhattisgarh Gaurav
Chhattisgarh Achar
Chhattisgarh Raj

28. "SIDDU"- Novel Jackfruit Selections with High Nutritive
Value and Attractive Coppery Red Flakes
Sl. No. Parameter SIDDU White color flakes
1. TSS (°º Brix) 31.0 27.0
2. Acidity (%) 0.62 0.43
3.
Vitamin-C
(mg/100 g)
6.48 3.90
4.
Total Phenols
(mg Gallic acid equivalents/100g)
31.76 30.09
5.
Total Flavonoids
(mg catechin equivalents/100g)
3.74 12.97
6.
FRAP
(mg AEAC/100g)
11 3.72
7. DPPH (mg AEAC/100g) 14.93 24.19

30. Recently recognized Farmer’s
Variety

31. Sadabahar Mango
• Farmer’s name- Shri Kishan Kumar
• Growing area- Rajasthan
• Off-season availability grow three times in a year
• Registered under Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights
Act (PPV & FR Act) as a farmer’s variety.
• Immune to major diseases.
• Farmers ahs also received traditional knowledge award of the
National Innovation Foundation –India (NIF).
Indigenous farmers variety-Villagesquare.in

32. An Apple variety-HRMN-99
• Farmer’s name- Hariman Sharma
• Place- Himachal Pradesh
• 700 m above sea level in warm temperatures.
• This variety is resistant to common diseases
• It can be grown in regions with temperatures of 30-35o C.
• He also holds the Plant Breeders’ Rights.
Indigenous farmers variety-Villagesquare.in

33. A Grape Variety- King Berry
• Farmer’s name- Dattaraya N Kale
• It is an elongated variety, (45-50mm )long.
• Best for premium raisins.
• This variety cater to new export markets like China, Hong Kong and
Malaysia.
• It’s high yielding, weather-resistant and fetches higher prices.
• Kale is recipient of Grass Root Innovation Award at Festival of
Innovation and Entrepreneurship (FINE) 2019, that recognizes
innovations of the common man.
Indigenous farmers variety-Villagesquare.in

34. Custard apple variety - NMK-1 (Golden)
• Farmer’s name- Navnath Kaspate
• It has fewer seeds, more pulp and rarely cracks when ripe.
• Mainly grown in dry-land zones.
• The yield of this golden-yellow skinned fruit can be as high as 12 tonnes per
acre.
• The green variety yields 6 to 8 tons.
• In 2015 Kaspate received the Plant Genome Savior Award from PPV&RA.
• He has sold 33 lakhs of saplings so far and earns around Rs 1 crore from the
sale of fruit grown in his 40-acre farm.
Indigenous farmers variety-Villagesquare.in

35. Kanupriya et. al., 2021
• A survey was undertaken in Tumkur district of Karnataka .
• In situ analysis done by ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru and an elite tamarind variety was identified
having broad pods with good pulp colour and recovery.
• Farmer’s tamarind selection “Lakshamana” emerged from participatory breeding research having
significantly better traits compared to local tamarind under Tumkur district of Karnataka.
Farmer’s tamarind selection- Lakshamana

36. Fruits developed through Hybridization

37. Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR-IIHR Annual Report
Arka Suprabhath (H-14) Double cross hybrid
Amrapali (Dussehari x
Neelum)
x Arka Anmol (Alphonso x
Janardhan Pasand)
• Medium vigorous, regular
bunch bearing, yield (35-
40 kg/plant, 240-250g,
• Pulp recovery (>70%),
TSS(>22°B), carotenoids
(8.35mg/100g)
• shelf life of 8-10 days at
room temperature.
Arka Ravi (H-12) Double cross hybrid
Amrapali (Dussehari x
Neelum) x Arka
Anmol (Alphonso x
Janardhan Pasand).
• Medium vigorous plant.
• Fruit wt. 240g, pulp
recovery (>74%), TSS
(24°B), acidity (0.10%).
• regular bearer.
• Shelf life is longer as
compared to other
hybrids.
Recent Achievement- Mango Hybrids

38. Recent Achievement- Mango Hybrids
Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR-Annual Report
Pusa Deepshikha
(Hybrid 11-2)
Amrapali’ x ‘Sensation’ • Regular bearer, bright red
peel with orange-yellow
pulp.
• TSS (18.67 º Brix), high
pulp content (70%) and
ascorbic acid (35.34
mg/100 g pulp).
• β-carotene (9.48 mg per
kg pulp), semi-dwarf
Pusa Manohari
(Hybrid 8-11))
Amrapali’ x ‘Lal Sundari’, • Tolerant to mango
malformation (10-15%).
• Fibreless, good TSS (20.3
ºBrix), acidity (0.27%),
ascorbic acid (39.78
mg/100g pulp), β-carotene
content (9.73 mg/100g).

39. Recent Achievement- Pomegranate Hybrids
Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR- NRCP-Annual
Report
Solapur Lal (Bhagwa x[Ganesh x
Nana]x Daru)
• Early maturing (160-165
days), yield up to 23-27
tonnes/ha.
• TSS (17.5-17.7°B),
vitamin C (19.4-19.8 mg/
100g),Anthocyanin-385-
395 mg/100g).
• Zn (0.64-0.69 mg/ 100g)
Iron content- (5.6-
6.1mg/100 gm)
Solapur
Anardana
• Suitable for processing,
higher yield of 22-24
tonnes/ha. acidity of 4.7-
4.9% , anthocyanin
content of 457-467 mg/
100g

40. Recent Achievement- Grape Hybrids
Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR- NRCG-Annual
Report
Charark Chardonnay × Arkavati • observed resistant to
downy mildew
• Good for wine making
• Very juicy in nature
Manjari Shyama
Black Champa × Thompson
Seedless)
It is a hybrid (Black Champa
× Thompson Seedless) with
black, crunchy and bold
berries identified for table
purpose.

41. Recent Achievement- Apple Hybrids
Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR- CITH-Annual
Report
Ammol
(Ambri × Mollies
Delicious)
for early maturity
Ambrit (Ambri × Top Red) with typical ambri flavour

42. Hybrid Name Breeding method Salient features ICAR- CITH-Annual
Report
Priame
(Prima × Ambri) with scab resistance
Pride
(Prima × Red
Delicious)
with scab resistance
Pritor (Prima × Top
Red)
with scab resistance

43. A New Apple hybrid resulted from time consuming conventional
plant breeding method from Washington State University in
2020
Cosmic Crisp (Enterprise x Honey crisp)
developed by A horticulturist and developer of this new apple variety.
• High packout and storage potential
• Not sensitive to bruising
• Self thinning variety
• Can be stored up to 1 year in CA storage with or without 1-MCP
• None of the storage disorders have been recorded.
• Susceptible from mildew

45. Mutation
Breeding

46. Species Varieties released Mutagen Traits improved
Banana Novaria
Klue Hom Thong KU1
Gamma rays
Gamma rays, in vitro
Earliness
Bunch size
Orange/
mandarin
Valencia 2 INTA
Eureka 22 INTA
PAU Kinnow 1 and 2
X-rays
X-rays
Fruit set, quality
Fruit set, quality
Papaya Pusa Nanha Gamma rays Dwarfness
Grape Fikreti Gamma rays Earliness
Achievements of mutation breeding

47. Species Varieties released Mutagen Traits improved
Apple GoldenHaidegg
Lysgolden
Courtavel
Senbatsu-Fuji-2-Kei
Gamma rays
Gamma rays
Gamma rays
Gamma rays
Large fruit size
Rust resistance
Shortness
Fruit colour
Pear Kotobuki shinsui Gamma rays Disease resistance
Peach Mangnif 135
Plovdiv 6
Gamma rays
Gamma rays
Fruit size
yield
Plum Spurdente-Ferco Gamma rays Earliness
Sour cherry Plodorodnaya Michurina
Plodorodnaya Orlovskoi
Karlik Samorodka
X-rays Gamma rays
Gamma rays
Fruit set,
Dwarfness
Dwarfness
sweet cherry Burlat C1 Ferrovia
spur
Compact Stella 35B11
Gamma raysX-rays
X-rays
Compact growth
Dwarfness Compact
growth
Apricot Early Blenheim ThN Earliness
Continued..

48. Achievements of Mutation Breeding in India
Crops Mutant Variety
Mango Rosica from Rasado-de-ica
Papaya Pusa Nanha from Local Type
Grape Marvel Seedling from Delight
Banana Highgate from Gross Michel
Motta Poovan from Poovan
Grand Naine from Dwarf cavendish
Grapefruits Marsh from Thompson

49. Transgenic Breeding

50. Details of on-going transgenic research in fruit crops for different disease resistance
traits.
Fruit Resistance trait Gene transferred Working centre
Apple
M. X domestica
 Fire blight resistance
 Scab resistance
BpMADS4, NPTII attE, nptII,
gusA ech42, nag70, nptII
Cornell University, University
of California/Davis, USDA.
Banana
Musa spp.
 Bunchy top resistance
 Resistant to Xanthomonas
wilt
 Tolerance to Sigatoka leaf
spot
 Resistance to virus
 Resistance to Fusarium wilt
Replicase associated protein,
replicase inverted repeat, nptII,
Hrap and Pflp, pYC39, pAB6,
pAHC17, pH1, pflp, nptII
University of Hawaii
Papaya  PRSV resistant Coat Protein gene Hawaii Agriculture Research
Center, Cornell U. and U.
Florida

51. Grapevine
V. vinifera
 Xylella fastidiosa resistance
 Powdery mildew resistance
 Resistance to viruses, crown
gall, fungal pathogen
Endogenous grapevine antifungal
gene, Albgene, defensin gene,
EGFP/NPTII, Lima-A, Lima-B,
Mutant virE2, nptII
GLRaV-3cp; chitinase, rip, nptII
University of Florida;
Plum  Resistance to Plum pox
virus (PPV)
PPV coat protein Okanagan Specialty Fruits
Guava  Wilt resistance Endochitinase gene, nptII and GUS IIHR, CISH
Details of on-going transgenic research in fruit crops for different disease resistance
traits.
Fruit Resistance trait Gene transferred Working centre

52. Transgenic papaya cultivars
Papaya:-
Indeed, two new transgenic cultivars were developed—'SunUp' and 'Rainbow'.
'SunUp' is a transgenic red-fleshed Sunset that is homozygous for the coat protein gene.
'Rainbow' is a yellow-fleshed F1 hybrid developed by crossing 'SunUp' and non transgenic yellow-
fleshed 'Kapoho’.

57. Dutt et al., 2016

58. Fast Track Breeding
• Fast Track utilizes genetic engineering strategies for inducing early flowering that produces generation cycles of one year or
less.
• Introgression of resistance genes from wild species by hybridization with early flowering transgenic line.
• Selection of early flowering seedlings carrying the trait of interest (resistance gene) using molecular markers for further
back crossing.
• Repeated back crossing until the linkage drag is minimized and desired parental traits are combined in a seedling population.
• The final progeny (null segregant) released for commercial use must not carry early flowering transgene.
• Technology has the potential to integrate into existing breeding programs and addresses its limitations and vulnerabilities.
• Hypothesis was first time proposed in Poplar.
• The proof of concept was first time provided in Apple using transgenic apple plants over expressing the BpMADS4 (Flachowsky
et al., 2007).
• Fast Track fruit tree breeding are currently being applied to other perennial tree fruits such as plum and citrus (Rodriguez et al.,
2014).

59. (Endo et. al., 2020)
Fast-track breeding system to introduce CTV resistance of trifoliate orange
Precocious flowering and fruiting of the BC2 progenies a, b, c and precocious flowering of the BC3 progenies
around 3 weeks after seed planting d. The normal flower e was generated in the BC3 progenies with transgenes and
fertile pollen f that was obtained from the flowers.

60. Molecular Approach

61. Types of markers
Ahmed et al., 2020

62. Identification of zygotic ad nucellar seedlings in citrus Interspecific
crosses by ISSR markers
Breeding problem- polyembryony
Objective population for scion breeding
Maternal parents- Yashar (Y)
Pollen parents- Hamlin, Changsha, Ponkan, Marrs
227 plantlets- 67 hybrids and 160 nucellar seedlings
White arrowheads- confirmed polymorphic markers in N1, N4, N9, and N10 for
pollen prent.
Golden et al., 2017

63. Identification of zygotic and nucellar seedlings by simple
sequence repeat markers
• Rough lemon- highly susceptible to phytopthora root rot
• Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri)- female parent
• X-639 citrandarin (Cleopatra mandarin x trifoliate orange)- Male Parent
• After embryo rescue-, only hybrid seedlings From rough lemon crosses were screened.
Yellow labeled zygotic seedlings with bifoliate and trifoliate leaves
Singh et al., (2020), PAU, Ludhiana

64. Hybridity confirmation of low chill peach (Prunus persica) hybrids using
SSR markers
• Breeding constraint- small genome size
(265 Mb)
• Objectives- to widen the varietal range
with improved fruit quality
• Female parent- Shan-e-Punjab, Tropic
sweet
• Male parents- Florida prince, Flordaglo
and Prabhat
• Hybridity confirmation by- 22 SSR
markers
• 6 markers are used for test the hybridity
of F1 seedling
H-1 Shan-e-Punjab x Florda prince Hybridity confirmed
H-2 Shan-e-Punjab x Flordaglo Hybridity confirmed
H-3 Shan-e-Punjab x prabhat Hybridity confirmed
H-4 Tropic sweet x Florda prince Hybridity confirmed
H-5 Tropic sweet x flordaglo Hybridity confirmed
H-6 Tropic sweet x prabhat Hybridity confirmed
Devi et al., 2018, PAU, Ludhiana

65. Fruit name Marker Types Work done References
Citrus RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs,
SSRs, ISSRs, SNPs and
DArTs
Identification of hybrids, phylogenetic studies and
association of genome mapping to detect various
QTL
Ahmed et al., 2017
Imai et al., 2018
Mango Mango AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs
and ISSRs
Identification of hybrids and cultivars Pandit et al., 2007
Banana RAPDs, SSRs and ISSRs
Genetic variability and
phylogenetic studies
Genetic variability and phylogenetic studies Amorim et al., 2009
Apple RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, ISSRs,
SCARs, SNPs and DArTs
Identification of QTLs controlling flesh mealiness,
construction of genome map of woolly aphid and
detect resistance genes,
GWAS applications in QTLs analysis and MYB10
gene linked with a locus responsible for red flesh
and foliage.
Chagne et al., 2007
Costa et al., 2005
Li et al., 2015
Grapes AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, ISSRs,
SNPs, SCC8, SCF27 and
GSLP1
Sex expression, identification of seedless parents,
identification of QTLs association with downy
mildew resistance
Rao et al., 2017
Divilov et al., 2018
Achievements made in breeding of fruit crops through molecular approaches

66. Fruit name Marker Types Work done References
Pomegranate RAPDs, SRAPs, SSRs, ISSRs and
SNPs
Genome mapping and genetic relationships Ophir et al., (2014)
Pear AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, SNPs,
ISSRs, PPACS 2 and BGA 35
Genetic variability, relationship among
cultivars and development of a high-density
genetic linkage map in pear (Pyrus
communis × Pyrus pyrifolia) [41,46
Kalkisim et al., (2014)
Costa et al., (2006)
Guava RAPDs and SSRs Genetic diversity and evaluation of genetic
variant
Pessanha et al., (2011)
Peach RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, SRAPs and
SSAPs
Species diversity and identification of
brown rot causing genes, i. e., MAT1-1 and
MAT1-2 [53–56]
Perez et al., (2020)
Rajapakse et al., (1995)
Strawberry RAPDs, SNPs, SSRs and SCARs, DNA fingerprinting, identification of genes,
i.e., Hsp70, LOC101295509 and
LOC101311180 involved in heat tolerance [
Ahmed et al., (2020)
Lee et al., (2020)
Miller et al., (2019)
Continued…

67. #Case Study-1

68. #Case Study 2 #Case Study- 3

69. Case Study- 4

71. Genetic variability studies and scope of improvement in Cape- gooseberry genotypes in
Chhattisgarh
Miss. Ratna Suryvanshi and Dr. G. D. Sahu
Materials and methods
Locatin of experiment
The genotype were sown using randomized block design
with three replication at PFDC (Precision Farming
Development Center), Department of Fruit science,
Collage of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh(India) during kharif season, 2016-17.
Plant materials and source
The investigation comprised 12 genotypes of Cape
gooseberry collected from various parts of Chhattisgarh
state.
Case study-5

72. S. No Parameters Range Cofficient of Variation
(%)
h2 (b)
(%)
Genetic
Advance
G.A.as % of
mean
Character Minimum Maximum Mean GCV PCV
1 Days of flower
initiation
63.33 70 65.82 2.81 2.9 0.94 3.71 5.63
2 Plant height
(cm)
98.88 144.77 127.18 10.04 10.05 0.99 26.27 20.65
3 No. of
branches/plant
10 13.11 11.58 8.5 9.55 0.79 1.81 15.63
4 No. of fruits/plant 70.59 94.37 83.79 10 10.8 0.85 15.99 19.08
5 Fruit weight
(g)/plant
9.22 10.27 9.66 2.61 4.03 0.42 0.34 3.51
6
TSSº º Brix
11.22 14 12.46 6.53 7.76 0.7 1.41 11.31
7 Shelf life of
fruits(days)
6.22 9.11 7.62 9.84 13.12 0.56 1.61 21.12
8 Fruit yield/plant
(Kg)
1.5 3.9 2.52 30.84 32.34 0.9 1.53 39.23
Genetic parameter of variation for fruit yield and its components in Cape gooseberry

73. • Fruit breeding is a long- term process but new molecular approaches to breeding are reducing breeding time. A
traditional breeding and biotechnology can play fundamental role in fruit crop improvement.
• Recent improvements have decreased the cost of different sequencing techniques while increasing their throughput
analyses. To use of rootstock developing to biotic and abiotic resistance plant. Greater efforts are required to make
improvement upon the traditional varieties.
• Genetic engineering can make a substantial contribution to improved nutrition in crops.
• Transfer gene for disease resistance, abiotic stress resistance and many other quality character.
• The current study encompasses the applications of numerous markers systems used to assess genetic diversity on
DNA basis in fruit crops. Molecular markers are able to enhance the effectiveness of breeding new and adapted
cultivars in terms of time and cost.
• Fruit breeding requires more time compared to other crops due to long juvenile phase, high level of heterozygosity
and self-incompatibility between cultivars. Conclusively, MAS plays a significant role in the construction of high-
density molecular marker maps of fruit crops.
Conclusion

74. References
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16.
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