1. Aonla is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, with the botanical name Emblica officinalis. It is rich in vitamin C and is widely cultivated in parts of India.
2. There is significant variability in aonla for traits like fruit size and yield. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, frost resistance, and color variation for new markets.
3. Breeding methods that can be used include selection, hybridization, induced polyploidy, mutation breeding, and new biotechnologies. While selection has had some successes, hybridization is challenging due to the long generation time and self-incompatibility of aonla.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
Breeding technology of Okra
vsc - 503
Okra is a seed propagated hot weather crop sensitive to frost, low temperature, and waterlogging as well as drought conditions. It is a multipurpose crop due its various uses. It is grown in many countries and cultivars from different countries have certain adapted distinguishing characteristics specific to the country to which they belong. In home consumption India tops the world. Genetic diversity exists for number of characters. Genetic resistance involving interspecific crosses have been exploited commercially for Yellow Vein Mosaic virus. Hybrids are very much popular in this crop and the hybrid seed production is based on hand emasculation and hand pollination. Proper isolation is necessary between two fields of two varieties for maintaining the genetic purity of the stock.
potato, caulilflower and cabbage breeding .pptxPremSidharthR
This presentation covers topics such as botanical description, Taxonomy, Breeding objectives, Breeding methods, problems and prospectus, and breeding stations related to potato breeding, Cauliflower breeding, Cabbage breeding.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. SR.NO PARTICULAR CHARACTOR
1 Common name Aonla
2 Botanical name Emblica officinalis l
3 Family Euphorbiaceae
4 Origin Indo – china
5 Chromosome number 2n=28
6 Propagation T – budding/patch
7 Bud differentiation 1st week of march
8 Inflorescence Racemose
9 Type of pollination Cross
10 Type of fruit Capsul
11 Number of seed/fruit 6 seed
12 Fruits bear on Determinate shoots
13 Harvesting time November to December
14 Yield 100-150kg/tree
3.
4. It's mineral and vitamin contents
include calcium, phosphorus, iron,
carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and
to vitamin C. Its calorific value is 58.
100 g of fruit provides 470 to 680 mg of vitamin C.
The dehydrated berry provides 2428 to 3470 mg
of vitamin C per 100 g.
It is largely cultivated in Uttar Pradesh Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Karnataka.
It has very good demand for the industries for the
preparation of various health care products also
like hair oils, dye, shampoo, face creams and
tooth powders.
5. Centre of Diversity
Grown in various agroedaphic situation.
Indigenous to tropical South –Eastern Asia
particularly Central and Southern India.
Wild and cultivated species available in the
region extending from the base of Himalayan to
sri lanka and from Malasia to South China.
In India, it is widely grown in UP, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, MP and TN.
6. In Aonla variability existing in seedling
population in respect of fruit size, maturity
period and yield per plant.
Major center where germplasm resources
maintain are CIAH, Bikaner, NDUAT,
Faridabad, AAU, Anand and RBS College,
Agra.
In hill ecosystem of HP, where it was found
that there is ample scope for selection of
frost tolerant type although fruit size smaller
than existing one.
Chomu, Pushkar valley and Badighati region
of Rajasthan is hunting ground for Aonla
variability.
7. Aonla belongs family Euphorbiaceae and scientifically is
Emblica officinalis (formerly known as phyllanthus emblica ).
The genus includes a large number of sp. And other edible
ones are phylenthus acidus (star gooseberry or otaheite goose
berry) and p.longiflorus .
The chromosome number in aonla is 2n=28 and wide
variation from 2n=98 to 104 is reported.
The tree is small to medium in size, 8-18m It has a crooked
trunk and spreading branches.
The plant exhibit phyllanthoid branching habit produsing
short determinate shoots.
Unisexual flowers are produced as axillary cymules on
determinate shoots. 7
8. 8
Fruits are drupaceous and
capsular with fleshy exocarp.
Fruits are sour and astringent and not consumed as
a table fruit.
The branchlets are glabrous or finely pubescent, 10–
20 cm long, usually deciduous.
The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set
along branchlets and light green.
The flowers are greenish-yellow.
It is a deciduous tree shedding its determinate
shoots completely and before this lateral buds
develop new shoots to visibly give it a look of
evergreen tree.
10. Flowers, unisexual, pale
green, 4 to 5 mm in length,
borne in leaf-axils in
clusters of 6 to 10.
staminate flowers, tubular at the base,
having a very small stalk, gamosepalous,
having 6 lobes at the top; stamens 1 to 3,
polyandrous, filaments 2 mm long.
Pistillate flowers, fewer, having a
gamopetalous corolla and two-branched
style.
11. Bearing Behavior: both staminate
and pistillate flowers are borne on
the same branch, but the staminate
flowers occur towards the apices
of small branches.
Female flowers take about 72 hours
to open fully. Pedicel is very short.
Disc is a lanceolate cup with 3 carpels.
Style is short, connate, twice bifid and
distally dilated.
The new shoot emerge out during first week of April.
The flowering period varied in different varieties from
17-26 days. Flowering period twice in a year February-
March and June-July.
12.
13.
14. The percentage of female flower varies
from 1.12 to 8.33 depending upon varieties.
According to Dhar (1979) the ratio of female
to male flowers may vary from 1:109 to
1:501 depending upon the cultivars.
15. Genetically: Cultivated forms of Emblica
officinalis have variable numbers ranging
from 2n=98 to 2n=104. The vitamin C
content was found to be directly
proportional to the size of the fruit and
size of the fruit is directly related to
chromosome number.
Fruit Dormancy: After successful
pollination and fertilization, the set fruits
do not show any external symptom of
fruit growth for about four months
because the zygote and the endosperm
nucleus rest for this period of time.
16. Main period of anthesis in aonla have been
recorded between 6 AM to 4 PM with a
peak period between 6 AM to 8 AM and
minimum between 4-6 PM .
Just after the anthesis, either dehiscence
starts immediately or after 10-15 minutes of
anthesis .
17. The dehiscence of anthers started just after
opening of flower. The anther lobes started
bursting longitudinally.
All the anthers of flower did not dehisce
synchronously, some of these start to
dehisced just after opening of flower
whereas others did so later in the day, it
took about 10 to 15 minute for complete
dehiscence.
18. I. To breed var. having wider geographic
adaptability.
II. To develop var. suitable for export.
III. To evolve colored var. based on market demand.
IV. To breed var. resistant to frost.
V. To breed var. resistant to biotic and abiotic
stresses.
VI. Exploitation of available hybrid vigour (heterosis)
for yield and quality.
VII. To breed var. having high yield with good quality
fruits.
VIII. Varieties with less fibre content.
IX. Good pollinating var.
X. Var. with hight sex ratio with more number of
female flowers.
20. It is one of the oldest method for
improvement of fruit crops. It is bringing or
exchange of germplasm / genetic material
from one place where it is not known
previously.
Presently, germplasm exchange is being
done in different crop through NBPGR, new
delhi.
This method may be an important tool to
bring exotic materials from foreign country
for further evaluation and incorporation of
specific gene lacking in indigenous aonla.
21. While selecting new ideotypes, plant height, vigour,
growth habit, precocity, fruiting intensity, fruit size etc
are kept in mind.
There are sufficient variation in fruit size and number
of fruit / determinate shoots, which directly affect the
fruit yield and provide ample scope for selecting
superior type.
Major work done at
NDUAT, Faridabad (NA-4, 5, 6 ,7 10)
GAU (Anand-1, 2 and 3)
RBS, college, Agra (Balwant)
Recently some coloured and cluster bearing
genotypes have been identified through exploitation
in Rajasthan, which will be further evaluated at
national repository of aonla at CIAH, Bikaner.
22. Exact ploidy level is not known in aonla but
it is realized by the scientists that aonla is
characterized by polyploidy behavior in
composition of chromosome.
The structural and numerical changes in
chromosome can be made through
application of colchicines, which is found to
be useful for getting small seeded fruit or
seedlessness.
Keeping in view the usefulness of polypoidy
breeding, these principles may be applied in
aonla to obtain desirable economic
attributes.
23. Mutation is sudden heritable change in a
character of plant.
In India, research work related to
application of mutation in aonla is almost
negligible but there is greater prospects to
develop coloured varieties through induced
mutation and selection from bud sport.
24. Incorporation of desirable gene in aonla is
possible only with the application
biotechnological approach.
In fact, there is absolute dearth of information
on biotechnological approaches.
Tissue culture, cell culture and genetic
manipulation through molecular technique may
be useful to get early result in varietal
improvement programme.
This technique can also be helpful to modify
particular traits and in turn provide new
avenue for improving both the colour and
quality of the fruit available for industrial and
domestic uses.
25. Hybridization is crossing of two parents
which are genetically dissimilar. Not a single
variety has been bred so far through this
method.
Occurance of xenia effect between
Chakaiya x Krishna, Banarasi x NA-9,
Francis x NA-7, kanchan x NA-6 and NA-6 x
NA-9 for fruit size and weight were reported
from crosses.
26. Since, aonla is highly heterozygous plant,
therefore, large size of population is required
for selection.
It has long generation cycle i.e. 2-8 years,
depending upon sp. and var.
Lack of recombination.
Long juvenile phase prohibiting early
assessment of strain.
Precedence of self incompatibility.
Frost susceptibility.
Lack of knowledge on inheritance pattern.